John Jeffries v. DeWayne Burton

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0596n.06
No. 16-2079
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Oct 31, 2017
JOHN MARK JEFFRIES, )
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Petitioner-Appellant, )
)
ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
)
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DEWAYNE BURTON, Warden, )
DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
)
)
Before: BOGGS, BATCHELDER, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. A Michigan jury convicted John Mark Jeffries of second-
degree murder and other crimes committed during a 2006 drug deal gone wrong. The district
court denied his petition for federal habeas relief. We affirm.
I.
In 2006, Jeffries arranged to buy ten pounds of marijuana from Gregory Bradley for
$10,000. To complete the sale, Jeffries and his friend James (whom he identified at trial as the
late James Dobbins) met Bradley, Wayne Slanaker, and Gregory Romej at Slanaker’s house in
Dearborn Heights, Michigan. When Jeffries saw a sample of the marijuana, however, he told
Bradley that it “was some bullshit weed, that [he] didn’t want it, that [he] could get better.”
What happened next was the principal dispute at trial. Romej testified that Jeffries struck
a better deal for the marijuana, went to the car to get the money, and after returning tried to take
the drugs at gunpoint. Jeffries, for his part, testified that he had brought the cash—but no gun—
No. 16-2079, Jeffries v. Burton
and started to leave after refusing to buy the “bullshit weed.” Jeffries also said that Bradley and
Slanaker tried to take his money, and that Slanaker pointed a gun at him. Nobody disputes that
Jeffries and Slanaker tussled over a gun, whoever pulled it; that gunshots killed Bradley and
wounded Slanaker (who died before trial from an unrelated cause); or that Jeffries and James
fled.
The jury evidently believed Romej over Jeffries, and returned guilty verdicts on charges
of second-degree murder, assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, felon in
possession of a firearm, and felony firearm. See Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 750.317, 750.84,
750.224f, 750.227b. The trial court sentenced Jeffries to a total of 37 to 67 years’ imprisonment.
In state court, he brought a direct appeal and a motion for relief from judgment, without success.
Jeffries thereafter filed a federal habeas petition, which the district court denied. This appeal
followed.
II.
We review de novo the district court’s order denying Jeffries’s habeas petition. See
Babick v. Berghuis, 620 F.3d 571, 576 (6th Cir. 2010). In doing so, we choose to cut to the
merits of this case rather than first address the question whether Jeffries’s claims are
procedurally defaulted. See Storey v. Vasbinder, 657 F.3d 372, 380 (6th Cir. 2011).
Jeffries first argues that the trial court unduly hampered his defense because, he says, it
did not allow him to testify fully about his version of events on the night of the shootings.
Specifically, he wanted to testify that (in his version) Bradley and Slanaker had threatened him
before Slanaker pulled a gun on him. The trial court excluded the testimony on hearsay grounds.
In doing so, the court erred: the threats were not hearsay because Jeffries offered them to explain
his state of mind and his reaction upon hearing them, not for their truth. See People v. Lee,
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218 N.W.2d 655, 666-67 (Mich. 1974). But that state-law error can give rise to federal habeas
relief only if it rendered Jeffries’s trial fundamentally unfair, in violation of due process. See
Moreland v. Bradshaw, 699 F.3d 908, 923 (6th Cir. 2012).
In Jeffries’s view, that standard is met here: he needed to tell the jury Bradley’s and
Slanaker’s precise words to prove that they tried to rob him and not vice versa. Jeffries did
testify, however, to the following events. He entered Slanaker’s house and showed the other
men that he was unarmed and carrying $12,000 in cash. Jeffries refused to buy the “bullshit
weed” and tried to leave, but “was told [he] wasn’t leaving the house with the money.” He
exchanged “intense” words with Bradley and Slanaker. Slanaker pulled a gun and pointed it at
Jeffries’s face; Jeffries grabbed the gun, but “never had full possession” of it. The two men
fought over the gun, the gun went off, and shots hit Bradley and Slanaker. This testimony was
enough to convey Jeffries’s defense that he was the victim, not the perpetrator, of an attempted
armed robbery. The particulars of Bradley’s and Slanaker’s purported threats would have added
little substance. There was no constitutional error.
Jeffries also contends that his appellate counsel should have raised this same issue on
direct appeal, where the court could have granted relief on state-law grounds rather than only
federal constitutional ones. But we presume that appellate counsel was effective, unless he
ignored issues that were “clearly stronger” than those presented. See Hoffner v. Bradshaw,
622 F.3d 487, 505 (6th Cir. 2010). Here, given the lack of prejudice that resulted from the trial
court’s exclusion of the putative “threat” testimony, this issue was not “clearly stronger” than the
seven issues that counsel did raise on appeal. See People v. Gaines, 856 N.W.2d 222, 236-37
(Mich. Ct. App. 2014); cf. Bourne v. Curtin, 666 F.3d 411, 414-15 (6th Cir. 2012). Hence this
claim fails.
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Finally, Jeffries argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing
arguments. Specifically, Jeffries asserts that the prosecutor “declar[ed] personal knowledge” that
James—Jeffries’s friend, who also saw the shootings—was alive at the time of trial even though
she knew that James had died. Jeffries is right that a prosecutor might commit misconduct by
arguing facts outside the evidence, misstating the evidence, or knowingly relying on false
evidence. See Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 517, 535 (6th Cir. 2000). But a prosecutor is
allowed—indeed, expected—to argue reasonable inferences from the evidence and to point out
inconsistencies or holes in the defense. See Bates v. Bell, 402 F.3d 635, 646 (6th Cir. 2005). In
the closing arguments here, the prosecutor urged the jury not to believe Jeffries for two reasons:
first, Jeffries waited until trial to tell his story and offered nothing to back up his assertion that
James, who could have supported his version of events, had died; and second, Jeffries did not
explain in his trial testimony James’s whereabouts at the crime scene. We agree with the district
court that these arguments were permissible. Jeffries’s prosecutorial-misconduct claim thus
fails. So too do the related ineffective-assistance claims. See Henness v. Bagley, 644 F.3d 308,
319 (6th Cir. 2011).
* * *
The district court’s judgment is affirmed.
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No. 16-2079, Jeffries v. Burton
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge, concurring. I write separately because I
disagree with the majority’s decision to “cut to the merits of this case rather than first address the
question whether Jeffries’s claims are procedurally defaulted.” Jeffries’s claims were
procedurally defaulted in state court, except for his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel, which is meritless. I would affirm the district court on that ground.
Federal courts “may not review federal claims that were procedurally defaulted in state
court.” Davila v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 2058, 2064 (2017). This “fundamental tenet[] of federal
review of state convictions,” id., ensures that federal courts show the respect to “the States and
the States’ procedural rules” that our federalist system requires. Shorter v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehab.
and Corr., 180 F.3d 723, 725 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 726
(1991)). Our ignoring procedural default arguments and providing an additional layer of
appellate review to claims that have been procedurally defaulted in state court causes “significant
harm” to “the important interest in finality served by state procedural rules,” Coleman, 501 U.S.
at 750, even when we ultimately deny the claims on the merits.
The Supreme Court has instructed us that “the procedural-bar issue should ordinarily be
considered first.” Labrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 524 (1997). We have no obligation to
raise sua sponte the issue of procedural default. Trest v. Cain, 522 U.S. 87, 89 (1997). But when
a State raises the issue, we should take its arguments seriously and try to determine whether the
claims have been procedurally defaulted. To be sure, the procedural default question will still
not be clear in some cases and “[j]udicial economy might counsel” addressing the merits to avoid
“complicated issues of state law.” Labrix, 520 U.S. at 525. However, where a straightforward
analysis of settled state procedural default law is possible, we cannot justify bypassing the
procedural default issue. Cf. Duyst v. Rapelje, 483 F. App’x 36, 44–45 (6th Cir. 2012)
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(addressing merits only where state procedural default law was unsettled); Hudson v. Jones,
351 F.3d 212, 215–16 (6th Cir. 2003) (bypassing the procedural default issue in an “especially
complex” case where the state procedural rule was enacted “long after” defendant’s conviction
and direct appeal).
“A habeas petitioner procedurally defaults a claim if: (1) the petitioner fails to comply
with a state procedural rule; (2) the state courts enforce the rule; (3) the state procedural rule is
an adequate and independent state ground for denying review of a federal constitutional claim;
and (4) the petitioner cannot show cause and prejudice excusing the default.” Guilmette v.
Howes, 624 F.3d 286, 290 (6th Cir. 2010) (en banc). Each of the claims that Jeffries raised in his
state post-conviction proceedings, except for his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel
claim, satisfies these four prongs and was procedurally defaulted.
First, Jeffries failed to comply with a state procedural rule. Michigan Court Rule
6.508(D)(3) precludes defendants from raising claims for relief in state post-conviction
proceedings that could have been raised on direct appeal but were not. Jones v. Bell, 801 F.3d
556, 561–62 (6th Cir. 2015). All of the claims that Jeffries raised in his state post-conviction
proceedings, except for his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, could have been
raised on direct appeal but were not.
Second, the Michigan state courts enforced the rule against Jeffries. Both the Michigan
Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court summarily denied Jeffries leave to appeal the
trial court’s denial of his post-conviction motion, citing Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D).
However, we do not treat these summary orders as invoking procedural default. Guilmette,
624 F.3d at 286. Instead, we look through to the last “reasoned state judgment” to see if that
court relied on procedural default, and if so, we assume that the later summary decisions also
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rely on procedural default. Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803 (1991). Here, the last
reasoned state judgment was the Michigan trial court’s ruling from the bench denying Jeffries’s
post-conviction motion. The trial court did not expressly cite Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D)(3)
in its ruling, but it clearly relied on “procedural default.” The trial court’s reasoning followed the
text and structure of Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D)(3). It stated that “[s]ome of the claims
should have been raised in the earlier appeal” and concluded that Jeffries’s claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel did not establish good cause for failing to raise those claims on
direct appeal. The Michigan courts, therefore, enforced Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D)(3)
against Jeffries.
Third, the rule is an adequate and independent state ground for denying review. “It is
well-established in this circuit that the procedural bar rule set forth in Rule 6.508(D) constitutes
an adequate and independent state ground on which [Michigan courts] may rely in foreclosing
review of federal claims.” Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d 459, 477 (6th Cir. 2005).
Fourth, Jeffries has not shown cause and prejudice excusing the procedural default.
Jeffries argues that he was prejudiced by the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. In
Michigan, a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel cannot excuse procedural default
unless the petitioner shows that his appellate counsel was constitutionally deficient. People v.
Reed, 535 N.W.2d 496, 500–01 (Mich. 1995). I agree with the majority that Jeffries has not
shown that his appellate counsel was constitutionally deficient. Jeffries’s ineffective assistance
of appellate counsel claim cannot excuse the procedural default of the rest of his claims.
I would therefore affirm the district court’s denial of Jeffries’s habeas petition because
Jeffries’s claims were procedurally defaulted in state court, and his ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel claim is meritless.
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