United States v. Raequon Allen

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted August 9, 2017
Decided August 21, 2017
Before
DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge
DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge
No. 16-2950
Appeal from the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, United States District Court
Plaintiff-Appellee, for the Western District of Wisconsin.
v. No. 3:15CR00067-001
RAEQUON ALLEN, William M. Conley,
Defendant-Appellant. Judge.
ORDER
Raequon Allen pleaded guilty to robbery in violation of the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C.
§ 1951(a), and to brandishing a gun during that crime in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). The district judge sentenced Allen to 36 months in prison for the Hobbs
Act violation plus a consecutive, statutory minimum term of 84 months for the firearm
offense. Allen challenges his firearm conviction, term of imprisonment, and various
conditions of his supervised release. We affirm Allen’s firearm conviction because his
conviction for Hobbs Act robbery is a valid predicate for his § 924(c) conviction. We
vacate the sentence and remand to allow the judge to exercise his discretion, consistent
with Dean v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 1170 (2017), in calculating an appropriate sentence.
Any infirmities in the supervised-release conditions may be addressed at resentencing.
No. 16-2950 Page 2
Over three days in January and February of 2015, Allen robbed three gas stations
near Madison, Wisconsin, by pointing a gun at the cashiers and demanding cash and
cigarettes. He was arrested a few days later by local police and charged with three
counts of Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and two counts of brandishing a
firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii).
After Allen fired his first appointed attorney and twice attempted to fire his
second attorney, he eventually pleaded guilty to one count of Hobbs Act robbery and
one count of brandishing a firearm in furtherance of the robbery in exchange for the
government’s agreement to dismiss the remaining three counts of the indictment and to
recommend a sentence reduction for Allen’s acceptance of responsibility.
The judge calculated a guidelines imprisonment range of 51 to 63 months for the
robbery conviction and a statutory minimum of 84 months for the firearm conviction.
The government argued that the court was constrained by United States v. Roberson,
474 F.3d 432, 436–37 (7th Cir. 2007), which held that a sentencing judge must not reduce
the sentence for the predicate crime in consideration of the mandatory sentence for the
§ 924(c) offense. So the judge imposed the seven-year statutory minimum for the firearm
offense but recognized he could not consider that term when sentencing for the robbery
conviction. After a lengthy colloquy with Allen, the judge explained the rationale behind
imposing a 36-month sentence on the robbery count. He then imposed three years of
supervised release on each count, to run concurrently. The judge noted that neither party
had objected to the proposed conditions of supervised release but nonetheless read them
aloud and confirmed that Allen understood the conditions.
On appeal Allen first contends that a violation of the Hobbs Act is not
categorically a “crime of violence” that serves as a predicate offense to support a § 924(c)
conviction. The government argues that Allen waived this argument by pleading guilty
unconditionally because “a defendant who pleads guilty waives his right to appeal all
non-jurisdictional issues.” United States v. Phillips, 645 F.3d 859, 862 (7th Cir. 2011). Allen
concedes that waiver forecloses his challenge, but he presses it nonetheless.
Allen indeed waived this challenge, and in any event, his argument fails on the
merits. After Allen filed his opening brief, this circuit “join[ed] the unbroken consensus
of other circuits” and concluded that a Hobbs Act robbery is a crime of violence under
the elements clause of § 924(c). United States v. Anglin, 846 F.3d 954, 965 (7th Cir. 2017),
petition for cert. filed (May 31, 2017) (No. 16-9411). We elaborated on that holding in United
States v. Rivera, 847 F.3d 847, 848–49 (7th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 2228 (2017),
No. 16-2950 Page 3
noting that “one cannot commit Hobbs Act robbery without using or threatening
physical force.”
Allen next maintains (and the government agrees) that he must be resentenced in
light of Dean because the district judge misapprehended his discretion to consider the
mandatory seven-year sentence for the § 924(c) conviction when imposing punishment
for the predicate robbery. Following Roberson, the judge recognized that he could not
consider the seven-year sentence as “mitigating” and must review each conviction
“distinctly.” Roberson is no longer good law, however, after the Court in Dean held that
“[n]othing in § 924(c) restricts the authority conferred on sentencing courts by § 3553(a)
and the related provisions to consider a sentence imposed under § 924(c) when
calculating a just sentence for the predicate count.” 137 S. Ct. at 1176–77. Thus we vacate
Allen’s sentence and remand for resentencing consistent with Dean.
Finally, Allen attacks his three-year term of supervised release, but he can seek a
clarification or modification at his resentencing upon remand and to the extent
authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(2). See United States v. Neal, 810 F.3d 512, 519–20 (7th
Cir. 2016). Supervised release is part of the overall “sentencing package” and must be
justified and imposed again as part of the new sentence. United States v. Mobley, 833 F.3d
797, 801 (7th Cir. 2016).
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the convictions. We VACATE the sentence and
REMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this order.