DocketNumber: 13-2756
Citation Numbers: 757 F.3d 604
Judges: Hamilton, Williams, Wood
Filed Date: 7/2/2014
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 8/31/2023
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 13-2756 JOSEPH M. GAMBINO, as Independent Administrator of the Estate of Joseph J. Gambino Deceased, Plaintiff -Appellee, v. DENNIS D. KOONCE, Defendant -Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 11-CV-07379 — Joan Humphrey Lefkow, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED MARCH 31, 2014 — DECIDED JULY 2, 2014 ____________________ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and WILLIAMS and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. The decedent, Joseph J. Gam- bino, 1 alleged in a state lawsuit to clear his title to three 1 After Joseph J. Gambino died, Joseph M. Gambino continued the suit. Joseph J. Gambino and Joseph M. Gambino will be referred to inter- changeably as “Gambino.” 2 No. 13-2756 properties that various defendants, including Dennis Koonce, used forged deeds and other fraudulent documents to improperly gain title to the properties he owned. The Illi- nois state trial court found that Koonce acted with fraud and malice and ordered him to pay compensatory and punitive damages. After the state appellate court affirmed the state trial court’s rulings, but before Koonce satisfied the Illinois state court’s judgment, Koonce filed for bankruptcy. As part of the bankruptcy proceedings, Gambino filed an adversary action against Koonce, seeking to have the state judgment declared nondischargeable pursuant to11 U.S.C. §§ 523
(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6). The bankruptcy court agreed with Gambino, finding that he conclusively established that Koonce’s debt was nondischargeable and that Koonce was collaterally estopped from relitigating the issue of his intent. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s determi- nation and ruled that Gambino’s motion for judgment on the pleadings should be granted. Koonce now appeals, arguing that the issue of his fraud- ulent intent was not actually litigated in state court. We dis- agree. Whether he acted with fraud was raised, litigated, and ruled on in state court. Second, he claims that the finding of fraudulent intent is not necessary to the slander of title ac- tion or in assessing punitive damages, but we disagree be- cause the state court could not have decided if Koonce slan- dered Gambino’s title or assessed punitive damages without first deciding whether he did so with fraudulent intent. Fi- nally, we reject his argument that a hearing in the bankrupt- cy court was necessary to determine whether the punitive damage award reflected the amount actually obtained by the fraud or constituted a penalty imposed by the court caused No. 13-2756 3 by the fraud because it was not raised below. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s judgment. I. BACKGROUND Joseph J. Gambino filed suit in Illinois state court seeking to quiet title to three parcels of real estate and to recover damages for slander of title against a number of individuals and entities, including Dennis Koonce and two companies Koonce owned. Gambino alleged that Koonce, along with others, used forged deeds and other fraudulent documents to obtain title to three of Gambino’s properties and, with malice, slandered Gambino’s titles. The case went to trial in the fall of 2007. The court found that the deeds conveying title to the three parcels of land were forged by the defendants, that Koonce and his compat- riots slandered Gambino’s title to the properties, and that title rested with Gambino. The court ordered Koonce to pay Gambino $595,574 in compensatory damages and $500,000 in punitive damages. Koonce appealed the state court’s deci- sion, and the appellate court affirmed the trial court’s ruling. On the quiet title counts, the appellate court rejected Koonce’s argument that the trial court did not make the re- quired finding of intent to defraud. The appellate court stat- ed that “there was ample evidence of Koonce’s intent to de- fraud by the use of forged documents.” The appellate court also found that the trial court’s finding of Koonce’s malice to support the slander of title counts was not against the mani- fest weight of the evidence. Koonce argued that punitive damages should not have been awarded because there was “no evidence to support a finding of malice beyond that nec- essary for a finding of liability on the tort of slander of title 4 No. 13-2756 itself.” The appellate court rejected this argument and stated that the harm Koonce inflicted “was the result of intentional malice, trickery, and deceit.” In October 2009, Koonce filed for bankruptcy. Gambino opposed the petition and sought a determination as to whether, under11 U.S.C. §§ 523
(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6), Koonce’s debt arising from the state court judgment could be dis- charged. Under § 523(a)(2)(A), a debtor’s debt may not be discharged if the debt was for money and property obtained by false pretenses, false representations, or actual fraud. McClellan v. Cantrell,217 F.3d 890
, 892 (7th Cir. 2000). Under § 523(a)(6), a debtor’s debt may not be discharged if he will- fully and maliciously injured the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s property. Jendusa-Nicolai v. Larsen,677 F.3d 320
, 321 (7th Cir. 2012). Gambino alleged that Koonce engaged in a fraud to di- vest him of ownership of certain real estate through forgery, misrepresentation, and other fraudulent conduct. Gambino incorporated the state trial court’s judgment orders and find- ings of fact as well as the appellate court’s opinion affirming these orders in his adversary complaint. Gambino sought summary judgment on the adversary complaint, arguing that the state court’s findings of fact conclusively established that the debt was nondischargeable under §§ 523(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6) and that Koonce was collaterally estopped from relitigating those issues. The bankruptcy court denied Gambino’s motion for summary judgment and set a date for trial. Gambino filed a motion in limine, which the bankruptcy court granted on Ju- ly 13, 2011, to bar Koonce from introducing evidence or tes- timony disputing the issues and findings of fact from the No. 13-2756 5 state court proceeding. The bankruptcy court concluded that the requirements for collateral estoppel were met because the state trial court’s decision on punitive damages neces- sarily included a finding that Koonce acted intentionally and maliciously. After Gambino filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the bankruptcy court found that the state court judgment of $594,574 in compensatory damages and $500,000 in punitive damages was a nondischargeable debt. Koonce appealed the bankruptcy court’s decision prohib- iting him from introducing evidence about fraudulent intent and its judgment on the pleadings to the district court. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s orders, hold- ing that Koonce was collaterally estopped from raising the issue of his fraudulent intent in bankruptcy court. Koonce now appeals. II. ANALYSIS Koonce seeks reversal of the district court’s affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s order granting Gambino judgment on the pleadings. This court reviews a district court’s adjudi- cation of a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Fed- eral Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) de novo and draws all rea- sonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Gus- tafson v. Jones,117 F.3d 1015
, 1017 (7th Cir. 1997). “Whether the issue of intent was litigated and resolved in the state court action, as required for application of collateral estop- pel, is a question of law” reviewed de novo. In re Davis,638 F.3d 549
, 553 (7th Cir. 2011). Collateral estoppel bars relitiga- tion of issues determined in prior court actions and applies to discharge exception proceedings under § 523(a). Grogan v. Garner,498 U.S. 279
, 284 n.11 (1991). “Federal courts must give state court judgments the same preclusive effect as a 6 No. 13-2756 court in the rendering state, applying that state’s law.” Jensen v. Foley,295 F.3d 745
, 748 (7th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the law of Illinois determines the extent to which the state court decision should be given pre- clusive effect.28 U.S.C. § 1738
; PaineWebber, Inc. v. Farnam,870 F.2d 1286
, 1290 (7th Cir. 1989). Under Illinois law, collateral estoppel requires that “(1) the issues decided in the prior adjudication are identical to issues presented for adjudication in the current proceeding; (2) there be a final judgment on the merits; and (3) the party against whom estoppel is asserted was a party or in privity with a party in the prior action.” Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Savickas,739 N.E.2d 445
, 451 (Ill. 2000). In addition, “the par- ty sought to be bound must actually have litigated the issue in the first suit and a decision on the issue must have been necessary to the judgment in the first litigation.”Id.
A. Fraudulent Intent Litigated in Slander of Title Action Koonce argues that the issue of whether he acted with fraudulent intent was not actually litigated in the state court proceedings. “[A]ctually litigated does not mean thoroughly litigated, but only that the parties disputed the issue and the trier of fact resolved it.” Harmon v. Gordon,712 F.3d 1044
, 1055 n.4 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Taylor v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.,656 N.E.2d 134
, 141 (Ill. App. Ct. 1995)). It can be satisfied even if “only a slight amount of evidence was pre- sented on the disputed matter decided in the first suit.” Id; see also In re Catt,368 F.3d 789
, 792 (7th Cir. 2004). Koonce’s argument fails because the issue of his fraudu- lent intent was actually litigated. Gambino sued Koonce to No. 13-2756 7 quiet title to three parcels of real estate and to recover dam- ages for slander of title. In order to determine whether Koonce slandered Gambino’s title, the state court had to in- quire into his intent. To prove that Koonce slandered Gam- bino’s title, Gambino had to prove that: (1) Koonce made a false and malicious publication; (2) the publication dispar- aged Gambino’s title to his property; (3) Gambino suffered damages due to the publication; and (4) Koonce acted with malice. See Chi. Title & Trust Co. v. Levine,789 N.E.2d 769
, 772 (Ill. App. Ct. 2002). Gambino could prove that Koonce acted with malice if he showed that Koonce knew that the dispar- aging statements were false or had serious doubts as to the truth of the slandering documents.Id.
Not only was the issue of Koonce’s intent raised before the state court, it is clear from the short state trial transcript excerpt that Koonce submitted that both parties discussed the issue. Gambino alleged Koonce acted with malice when he used forged and fraudulent documents to slander Gam- bino’s property titles and Koonce tried to refute the allega- tion in court. Koonce’s attorney asked Koonce about a resi- dential loan application that he submitted on which Koonce stated that he owned two of the properties at issue. Koonce admitted that he did not own the two properties when he submitted the loan application, and tried to explain why he represented to a financial institution that he owned the properties when in fact he did not. Based, in part, on this tes- timony, the court made a finding of fact that Koonce submit- ted fabricated documents, including fabricated trust agree- ments and leases, to a financial institution. The court con- cluded not only did Koonce act with malice when he slan- dered Gambino’s title, but that fraud was the only reasona- ble explanation for why he submitted numerous forged and 8 No. 13-2756 fabricated documents. The state trial transcript demonstrates that he was allowed to testify as to why he took certain ac- tions, which goes to Koonce’s intent and state of mind. Be- cause Koonce and Gambino disputed whether Koonce acted with fraudulent intent and the state trial court found that he did, the district court did not err when it found that this is- sue was previously litigated in state court. B. Finding of Fraud Necessary to Slander of Title Action and Punitive Damages Next, Koonce argues that the issue of whether he had fraudulent intent was not necessary to the state court’s de- termination that he slandered Gambino’s title or the imposi- tion of punitive damages. For collateral estoppel to apply, a decision on the issue must have been necessary for the judgment in the first litigation, and the person to be bound must have actually litigated the issue in the first suit. Savick- as,739 N.E.2d at 451
. Koonce argues that the intent element of “malice” for a slander of title claim is not identical to the intent element of actual fraud in § 523(a)(2)(A) and that a finding of fraud is not necessary to award punitive damages because the award can be granted on lesser grounds. He reasons that the intent element of fraud is not a necessary element of a slander of title claim or the punitive damages award. Koonce incorrect- ly conceptualizes what makes an element necessary. An is- sue is necessary if it is required to reach a judgment in the first case. Savickas,739 N.E.2d at 451
(stating that a determi- nation of defendant’s mental state was necessary to his con- viction); see also Taylor,656 N.E.2d at 139
(“[Issue preclusion] operates to preclude relitigation of an issue that has been No. 13-2756 9 fairly, completely, and necessarily resolved in a prior pro- ceeding.”). Here, the issue of Koonce’s fraudulent intent formed the basis of the state court’s decision. Although slander of title requires a showing of malice, which could include reckless- ness, see Levine,789 N.E.2d at 772
, and punitive damages re- quires showing the defendant was grossly negligent, see Slovinski v. Elliot,927 N.E.2d 1221
, 1225 (Ill. 2010), the state trial court did not rely only on a finding of recklessness or gross negligence in reaching its decision. In determining whether Koonce slandered Gambino’s title and whether he should pay punitive damages, the court found that Koonce acted fraudulently and with malice. These findings formed the basis of the court’s imposition of punitive damages and support for the slander of title counts. Moreover, as we ex- plained, the issue of Koonce’s intent was litigated in state court. Therefore, the district court did not err when it found that Koonce’s fraudulent intent was necessary for the judg- ment. Finally, Koonce argues that the bankruptcy court erred in denying him a hearing to determine whether the punitive damage award reflected the amount actually obtained by the fraud or constituted a penalty imposed by the court because of the fraud. However, this issue was not raised before the district court. Therefore it is waived. Wellness Int’l Network, Ltd. v. Sharif,727 F.3d 751
, 781 (7th Cir. 2013). III. CONCLUSION The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
gene-jensen-and-kim-stark-individually-and-on-behalf-of-their-infant , 295 F.3d 745 ( 2002 )
Reeves v. Davis , 638 F.3d 549 ( 2011 )
Harold W. McClellan v. Bobbie Darrell Cantrell , 217 F.3d 890 ( 2000 )
In Re: John W. Catt, Ii. Appeal Of: Shirley and Gerald Hash , 368 F.3d 789 ( 2004 )
Painewebber Incorporated v. Franklin Farnam, Robert Farnam, ... , 870 F.2d 1286 ( 1989 )
Jendusa-Nicolai v. Larsen , 677 F.3d 320 ( 2012 )
Chicago Title and Trust Co. v. Levine , 333 Ill. App. 3d 420 ( 2002 )
American Family Mutual Insurance v. Savickas , 193 Ill. 2d 378 ( 2000 )
Slovinski v. Elliot , 51 Ill. 2d 51 ( 2010 )
Taylor v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. , 211 Ill. Dec. 942 ( 1995 )
rod-gustafson-and-javier-cornejo-v-arthur-jones-deputy-inspector-jeffrey , 117 F.3d 1015 ( 1997 )