United States v. Shenita Simmons

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted March 8, 2017
Decided March 9, 2017
Before
WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
No. 16-3481
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellee, Court for the Southern District of Illinois.
v. No. 14-CR-30079-02-MJR
SHENITA SIMMONS, Michael J. Reagan,
Defendant-Appellant. Chief Judge.
ORDER
Shenita Simmons was caught buying a handgun for her brother-in-law, a felon,
and in 2014 she pleaded guilty to lying on a required form by saying that the gun was
for her. See 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a). The guidelines imprisonment range was 10 to 16 months,
but the district court sentenced Simmons to 3 years’ probation. Eighteen months later
her probation officer sought revocation for a litany of violations, see 18 U.S.C. § 3565,
including possessing and using cocaine and marijuana, lying to the probation officer
about her drug use, and associating with a felon known to be involved in criminal
activity. Simmons did not contest any of the accusations, and, by statute, her drug
possession was enough to compel revocation and imprisonment, see id. § 3565(b)(1).
The district court revoked her probation but postponed the punishment phase to give
Simmons a chance to demonstrate good behavior. During that reprieve she instead
No. 16-3481 Page 2
engaged in further misconduct, prompting the court to conclude that a term of
supervised release after incarceration would be pointless. The court calculated a
post-revocation imprisonment range of 4 to 10 months, see U.S.S.G. ch. 7, pt. B, and
imposed a 10-month term. Simmons filed a notice of appeal, but her appointed attorney
asserts that the appeal is frivolous and seeks to withdraw under Anders v. California,
386 U.S. 738 (1967).
A defendant facing revocation of probation does not have a constitutional right to
counsel if, like Simmons, she concedes the alleged violations without disputing the
appropriateness of revocation or asserting substantial and complex grounds in
mitigation. Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 790–91 (1973); United States v. Yancey,
827 F.2d 83, 89 (7th Cir. 1987); see United States v. Eskridge, 445 F.3d 930, 932–33 (7th Cir.
2006) (same as to revocations of supervised release). And when counsel’s service is not
constitutionally required, we are not compelled to apply the Anders safeguards in ruling
on a motion to withdraw. Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 554–55 (1987); United States
v. Wheeler, 814 F.3d 856, 857 (7th Cir. 2016). Yet we do so as a matter of practice, and thus
we invited Simmons to comment on counsel's motion. See CIR. R. 51(b). She has not
responded, and the lawyer’s supporting brief explains the nature of the case and
addresses potential issues that an appeal of this kind might be expected to involve. The
analysis appears to be thorough, so we focus our review on the subjects that counsel
discusses. See United States v. Bey, 748 F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014); United States v.
Wagner, 103 F.3d 551, 553 (7th Cir. 1996).
Counsel first advises that Simmons, although dissatisfied with the length of her
prison term, does not want to contest the revocation of her probation. Thus the lawyer
properly refrains from discussing whether Simmons could challenge the adequacy or
voluntariness of her admissions to the charged violations. See United States v. Wheaton,
610 F.3d 389, 390 (7th Cir. 2010).
As for potential appellate claims, counsel evaluates whether Simmons could
argue that the district court, in applying the sentencing guidelines, misclassified her
violations of probation and thus overstated the post-revocation imprisonment range.
The court calculated that range at 4 to 10 months, although Simmons could have been
given up to 5 years, the same statutory maximum she faced when sentenced initially to
probation. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1001(a), 3565(a)(2); United States v. Tatum, 760 F.3d 696, 697
(7th Cir. 2014) (explaining that maximum penalties applicable at initial sentencing also
apply on revocation of probation). The district court concluded—without objection from
Simmons—that possessing cocaine and lying to a probation officer are Grade B
No. 16-3481 Page 3
violations, which U.S.S.G. § 7B1.1(a)(2) defines as federal or state crimes punishable by
more than a year in jail. (Misconduct short of a felony is a Grade C violation, and
without a Grade B violation, the defendant’s imprisonment range would have been a
month less at each end. U.S.S.G. §§ 7B1.1(a)(3); 7B1.4(a).)
Appellate counsel asserts that the lies alone support the finding of Grade B
violations; counsel relies on a 1995 opinion from the Eighth Circuit and a pair of
nonprecedential decisions from this court, all of which assume that lying to a
supervising probation officer is a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a), a felony.
See United States v. Wagner, 573 F. App’x 598, 598–99 (7th Cir. 2014); United States v.
Quillman, 409 F. App’x 18, 21 (7th Cir. 2011); United States v. Grimes, 54 F.3d 489, 491–92
(8th Cir. 1995). But Grimes was decided before Congress amended § 1001 to exempt from
its coverage any false statement made to a “judge or magistrate” by a party in a “judicial
proceeding,” 18 U.S.C. § 1001(b), and we haven’t yet considered whether, or to what
extent, that exemption covers lies made to a probation officer by a person under
supervision, compare United States v. Horvath, 492 F.3d 1075, 1076 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding
that defendant’s lies to probation officer preparing presentence report fall within
§ 1001(b) exception if probation officer must include particular statement in report),
with United States v. Vreeland, 684 F.3d 653, 661–66 (6th Cir. 2012) (concluding that
monitoring of defendant on supervised release is not a “judicial proceeding” and, thus,
false statements to supervising probation officer are not exempt from prosecution under
§ 1001(b)), and United States v. Manning, 526 F.3d 611, 614–21 (10th Cir. 2008) (concluding
that language and legislative history of § 1001(b) exclude from exemption’s coverage a
false statement to probation officer); see also United States v. Westberry, 491 F. App’x 364,
365–66 (4th Cir. 2012) (upholding § 1001(a) convictions, on plain-error review, because
defendant had forfeited any possible error by not asserting at trial that § 1001(b)
forecloses prosecuting lies made to probation officer while on supervised release);
United States v. Grace, 396 F. App’x 65, 65–66 (5th Cir. 2010) (concluding that any error in
calculating range of reimprisonment was not plain where defendant never objected,
based on § 1001(b), to sentencing court’s finding that lying to probation officer in
monthly supervision reports constitutes Grade B violation). We would not have to
address the impact of § 1001(b), however, because in Illinois possessing even a user
quantity of cocaine is a felony that is punishable by more than a year in prison,
see 720 ILCS 570/402(c); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-45(a). For that reason it would be frivolous for
Simmons to claim that the sentencing court misclassified the most-serious violations of
the conditions of her probation.
No. 16-3481 Page 4
Counsel also considers whether Simmons could argue that the 10-month prison
term is unreasonable. As required by § 3565, the district judge applied the relevant
factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), taking into account the defendant’s “minimal criminal
history,” her role as sole caregiver for her minor child, her full-time work during most of
the time she was on probation, and her financial dependence on her deceased husband’s
brother—who recruited her to buy the gun. But these mitigating factors were
outweighed, the judge concluded, by Simmons’ repeated violations, in particular lying
to the probation officer about her drug use. Simmons repeatedly had flaunted the law,
the court explained, and shown disdain for the significant leniency she had received,
warranting a 10-month term. As appellate counsel recognizes, we would not find that
term to be unreasonable.
Counsel’s motion to withdraw is GRANTED, and the appeal is DISMISSED.