United States v. Jesus Sanchez-Lopez

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 16-3872
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
JESUS SANCHEZ-LOPEZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 3:16-cr-00061-wmc-1 — William M. Conley, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED APRIL 26, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 2, 2017
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and RIPPLE and SYKES, Circuit
Judges.
PER CURIAM. Jesus Sanchez-Lopez pleaded guilty to unau-
thorized presence in the United States after removal,
see 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), and was sentenced to twenty-four
months’ imprisonment—a term ninety days above the
properly calculated guidelines range. Mr. Sanchez-Lopez
contends that the district court erred when, in an effort to de-
ter future illegal reentry by Mr. Sanchez-Lopez, it deviated
2 No. 16-3872
from the Guidelines and sentenced him to a lengthier term
than the sentence he had served the last time he was convicted
of the same offense. Because the district court thoroughly ex-
plained its reasons and acted well within its discretion, we af-
firm the sentence.
I
BACKGROUND
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez came to the attention of immigration
authorities after local police arrested him for retail theft at a
Home Depot in June 2016. Mr. Sanchez-Lopez was indicted
for illegally reentering the United States after removal,
see 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), and pleaded guilty shortly thereafter.
A probation officer compiled a report detailing
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s long history of criminal activity in and
removal from the United States. He first entered the country
without authorization and settled in Wisconsin in 1994. The
majority of his convictions over the years were driving-re-
lated: four DUIs, one hit-and-run accident, and three charges
of driving with a suspended license. His criminal history,
however, also includes convictions for battery, sexually as-
saulting an eleven-year-old child, and criminal escape.
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez first was removed in January 2010, but
Border Patrol agents arrested him in Arizona only seven
months later. Mr. Sanchez-Lopez was convicted of attempted
reentry after removal, sentenced to eighteen months’ impris-
onment, and removed for the second time in November 2011.
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez told the probation officer that he had
reentered the United States, despite the risk of criminal pros-
ecution and removal, because his common-law wife suffered
No. 16-3872 3
serious work-related injuries and needed care. Mr. Sanchez-
Lopez said that he returned to Wisconsin sometime in 2013
but could not remember the date. His wife told the district
court that he had returned in January 2014. If Mr. Sanchez-
Lopez returned to the United States after October 2013, his
convictions for battery and sexual assault of a child fall out-
side the ten-year period factored into his criminal-history
score. Taking a cautious approach, the probation officer ex-
cluded those convictions when calculating his criminal his-
tory category, but noted that the court might wish to consider
those convictions nonetheless.
With respect to Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s offense, the proba-
tion officer employed a base offense level of eight, see U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2(a), and Mr. Sanchez-Lopez received a four-level up-
ward adjustment because he had been removed after a con-
viction for a felony, see id. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(D). After a two-level
decrease for acceptance of responsibility, id. § 3E1.1(a),
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s total offense level was ten. When com-
bined with Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s criminal history category of
IV, this yielded a guidelines range of fifteen to twenty-one
months’ imprisonment. If the judge had believed that
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez entered the country during or before Oc-
tober 2013—and his convictions for battery and sexual assault
thus factored in to his criminal-history score—his guidelines
range would have been twenty-one to twenty-seven months.
The district judge began the sentencing hearing by ex-
pressing misgivings about the appropriateness of a sentence
within the guidelines range:
The difficulty that I’m having with that
range is that the defendant has reentered after
4 No. 16-3872
receiving a sentence of 18 months from the Dis-
trict Court in Arizona. I understand, to the de-
fendant’s credit, that he reentered and has not
offended, as far as we know, again. Hopefully
that includes not drinking and not driving
while drunk as well as no further battery of-
fenses.
But I’m offsetting that against the fact that
the defendant benefits by a favorable calcula-
tion … in terms of his criminal history as well
as, as I say, the fact that it would seem some
graduated penalty is appropriate for reentry,
notwithstanding the defendant’s representation
that he did so solely to assist his girlfriend … .[ 1]
The Government then requested that the court sentence
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez to twenty-one months’ imprisonment, the
top of the guidelines range, arguing that a graduated penalty
is appropriate given his prior conviction for the same offense.
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s counsel made no specific sentencing rec-
ommendation to the court. Counsel pointed out, however,
that Mr. Sanchez-Lopez had not been convicted of any new
crimes since returning to the country (the retail theft charges
having been dropped after he was picked up by immigration
authorities) and urged the court to consider that his wife’s ill-
ness prompted his return.
After a short allocution by Mr. Sanchez-Lopez, the court
explained the rationale behind its decision to impose a
twenty-four-month sentence. The court said it wanted to give
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez some credit for having cared for his wife
1 R.21 at 4–5.
No. 16-3872 5
after returning to the United States and for not having “en-
gaged in at least serious criminal conduct.” 2 But, the court ex-
plained, Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s inability to control himself
while drinking made him a danger to society, and, according
to the court, his “noble reason for returning” was offset by the
seriousness of having reentered the country after twice being
removed. 3 The court also considered Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s
“very lengthy criminal record,” including his convictions for
battery and sexual assault of a child that, because of their age,
were excluded from the guidelines calculation. 4 It then elabo-
rated on its reason for deviating ninety days above the guide-
lines imprisonment range:
As previously noted, the present offense is
the defendant’s second criminal conviction for
illegal reentry after deportation. And having
been sentenced to 18 months the first time, the
Court is concerned about sending a message if
not to those who reenter this country for lots of
economic and other hardship reasons, at least
sending a message to this defendant that he
simply has to make a life in Mexico, notwith-
standing whatever pulls there may be for him to
attempt to return again to this country.
Taking into consideration the nature of the
offense as well as the defendant’s personal his-
tory and characteristics, I am persuaded that a
custodial sentence slightly above the guideline
2 Id. at 11.
3 Id.
4 Id. at 12.
6 No. 16-3872
range is reasonable and no greater than neces-
sary to hold the defendant accountable, protect
the community, provide the defendant the op-
portunity for rehabilitative programs and
achieve parity with the sentences of similarly-
situated offenders.[ 5]
II
DISCUSSION
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez challenges the district court’s ninety-
day variance above his guidelines imprisonment range. Ra-
ther than attacking the sentence as substantively unreasona-
ble, he argues that the court erred by taking into account his
previous § 1326(a) sentence because “there is no recognized
sentencing factor that a person must serve a higher sentence
for a later offense … for no other reason than that it took place
afterwards.” 6 Mr. Sanchez-Lopez contends that the court
failed to make an individualized assessment of the circum-
stances of his crime, but instead “treated the notion of incre-
mental punishment as a general policy matter with scant re-
gard for whether it was appropriate in this case.” 7
We cannot accept this contention. Right from the start the
district judge told Mr. Sanchez-Lopez what troubled him
about the guidelines range, then handled the hearing suc-
cinctly, crisply, and carefully. The court thoughtfully consid-
ered Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s personal characteristics, including
5 Id. at 14–15.
6 Appellant’s Br. at 6–7.
7 Id. at 11.
No. 16-3872 7
the nature of his previous convictions, the fact that he had not
committed “serious offenses” since reentering, his reason for
returning to Wisconsin, and the danger posed to society by
his many arrests for drunk driving. But the court honed in on
one particular concern in fashioning an appropriate sen-
tence—the need to deter Mr. Sanchez-Lopez from continuing
to enter the country illegally—and that decision was entirely
proper given that 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B) specifically in-
structs sentencing courts to consider the need “to afford ade-
quate deterrence to criminal conduct.” See United States v. Pe-
rez-Molina, 627 F.3d 1049, 1050–51 (7th Cir. 2010) (affirming
sentence more than double the guidelines range that was im-
posed based on “the particular need to deter [the defendant]
from further reentry”); United States v. Huffstatler, 571 F.3d
620, 622, 624 (7th Cir. 2009) (rejecting reasonableness chal-
lenge to sentence substantially above guidelines range where
district judge cited fact that previous sentences had not de-
terred defendant and need to protect society from future seri-
ous crimes). The district court acted well within its discretion
in concluding that Mr. Sanchez-Lopez could best be deterred
by serving a longer sentence than he received the last time he
committed the same offense. 8
8 Furthermore, there is no presumption that an above-guidelines sentence
is unreasonable, as long as the increase rests on factors particularized to
the individual defendant. See United States v. Hallahan, 756 F.3d 962, 982
(7th Cir. 2014); see also United States v. McKinney, 543 F.3d 911, 913–914
(7th Cir. 2008) (affirming above-guidelines sentence where judge found
explicitly that lower sentence would not provide adequate deterrence or
sufficient punishment). The court was not required to specifically use the
word deterrence, since it said more than enough to explain its reasoning.
8 No. 16-3872
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez also contends that the district court
“simply ignore[d] the fact that the defendant had not commit-
ted a serious crime in the past decade.” 9 That assertion is in-
correct; the court stated specifically that “the only offset” to
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s long criminal history “is that he has not
apparently committed a major crime since he returned” most
recently. 10 More importantly, however, Mr. Sanchez-Lopez
incurred three convictions for driving with a suspended li-
cense, his fourth DUI, and his previous illegal reentry convic-
tion within ten years of this offense. We consider these “seri-
ous” crimes.
Mr. Sanchez-Lopez makes one additional argument, but it
is not supported by the record. At sentencing, defense counsel
asserted that Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s sentence should not exceed
his previous term because, according to counsel, the guide-
lines ranges for § 1326(a) crimes had decreased in recent years
and “it’s probably likely that Mr. Sanchez-Lopez received a
guideline sentence in Arizona.” 11 Mr. Sanchez-Lopez now ar-
gues that the district court erred by failing to consider his ar-
gument that, under the current Guidelines, his 2010 sentence
would have been lower, “thereby setting a lower baseline for
any comparative sentence.” 12
The plea agreement from Mr. Sanchez-Lopez’s 2010 con-
viction—which is publicly available—shows this assertion to
be incorrect. Mr. Sanchez-Lopez entered into a “fast track”
plea agreement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K3.1, under which he
9 Appellant’s Br. at 10.
10 R.21 at 7.
11 Id. at 7–8.
12 Appellant’s Br. at 7.
No. 16-3872 9
benefited from a four-level reduction in his offense level. 13
Based on his criminal-history category of V (the battery and
child sexual assault convictions were included at that time),
the plea agreement bound the district court to an eighteen-
month term of imprisonment. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1)(C).
In other words, Mr. Sanchez-Lopez did not receive a guide-
lines sentence in 2010, as counsel contends, but instead took
advantage of a substantial downward variance. He also ben-
efited in the present case from the fact that the amendments
to the 2016 Guidelines had not yet taken effect. Under those
amendments, Mr. Sanchez-Lopez would have received a
four-level increase for his previous § 1326(a) conviction, see
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), which would have raised his guide-
lines range to twenty-seven to thirty-three months—even
with the “favorable calculation” 14 of his criminal-history
score.
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
13United States v. Sanchez-Lopez, No. 4:10-cr-02209-RCC-JCG (D. Ariz Oct.
26, 2010) (Plea Agreement).
14 R.21 at 4.