Gallo v. Mayo Clinic Health Sys.-Franciscan Med. Ctr., Inc.

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 17-1623
ELISA S. GALLO, M.D.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
MAYO CLINIC HEALTH SYSTEM-
FRANCISCAN MEDICAL CENTER, INC., et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 15 C 304 — James D. Peterson, Chief Judge.
____________________
ARGUED APRIL 20, 2018 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 1, 2018
____________________
Before SYKES, and BARRETT, Circuit Judges, and DURKIN, Dis-
trict Judge.*
DURKIN, District Judge. Elisa Gallo was a dermatologist at
the Mayo Clinic. Less than a year into her employment, she
resigned and entered into a separation agreement to prevent
the Mayo Clinic from saying anything negative about her to
* The Honorable Thomas M. Durkin, Northern District of Illinois, sit-
ting by designation.
2 No. 17-1623
prospective employers. Years later, her former supervisor
rated her performance as “fair” on two criteria in a credential-
ing form. Gallo then sued the Mayo Clinic for breach of the
separation agreement. The district court granted the Mayo
Clinic’s motion for summary judgment. Gallo appeals that or-
der. We affirm.
I. Background
Gallo began working as a dermatologist at the Mayo Clinic
in February 2010. In September 2010, she started having per-
formance issues and conflicts with her supervisor, Dr. Mi-
chael White. The Mayo Clinic contends that White outlined
corrective steps for Gallo to take to continue her employment,
but that Gallo refused to take those steps, causing the Mayo
Clinic to place her on unpaid leave. No matter the circum-
stances, Gallo soon hired an attorney, resigned, and entered
into a separation agreement with the Mayo Clinic. The sepa-
ration agreement was intended to prevent the Mayo Clinic
from saying anything negative about Gallo in response to em-
ployment inquiries. Specifically, the separation agreement
stated:
The parties have agreed upon a letter of refer-
ence for Employee to be provided to potential
employers seeking a reference. The letter of ref-
erence is attached hereto as Exhibit A and incor-
porated herein… . Employer will state nothing
that will be inconsistent with the letter of refer-
ence (Exhibit A) attached hereto. No reference
will be made to any performance issue and
nothing derogatory will be stated.
In June 2013, Dr. Mark Lebwohl, a dermatologist at Mount
Sinai Hospital in New York, recommended that Gallo apply
No. 17-1623 3
to a position at Refuah Health Center (also in New York),
which had a relationship with Mount Sinai. Refuah extended
an offer to Gallo in August 2013. The proposed employment
relationship was to be between Gallo and Refuah only, and
not with Mount Sinai.
From August to September 2013, Gallo negotiated various
terms of her employment contract with Dr. Corinna Manini at
Refuah. During negotiations, Manini wrote an email to one of
her colleagues stating, “I can’t stand Gallo.” Refuah rescinded
its offer a few days later on September 18, 2013. About a
month later, Gallo wrote to Manini and explained that she did
not understand the negotiating process and that she would
accept whatever Refuah had to offer. Between mid-October to
December 2013, Gallo and Manini discussed the prospect of
Refuah hiring Gallo for a part-time position at Refuah. In De-
cember 2013, Refuah extended an offer to Gallo for that posi-
tion.
Because Refuah physicians supervise Mount Sinai resi-
dents, Gallo had to be credentialed by Mount Sinai to work at
Refuah. Credentialing grants a physician privileges at a hos-
pital to perform specific procedures there. Doctors do not
have to be employed by a hospital to be credentialed at that
hospital. As part of the credentialing process, Mount Sinai
sent an Affiliation Verification form (the “credentialing
form”) to the Mayo Clinic. In-house counsel at the Mayo
Clinic sent the form to White to complete. The form asked
White to rate Gallo from “poor” to “superior” in 13 categories.
White completed the form after seeking advice from in-house
counsel and approval from another doctor. For 11 out of the
13 categories, White rated Gallo “superior” or “good.” White
rated Gallo “fair” on two categories: accepting feedback and
4 No. 17-1623
ability to work with others. After discovering that his ratings
might hurt Gallo’s credentialing chances, White sent an email
to Lebwohl recommending Gallo, but saying that he was not
willing to artificially inflate the evaluation. White also spoke
with the director of credentialing at Mount Sinai and told her
that Gallo was a good physician and that he did not want to
hurt Gallo’s credentialing prospects.
Because Gallo was not yet licensed to practice medicine in
New York, she did not sign the December 2013 offer. After
Gallo received her license to practice in New York in April
2014, Refuah sent Gallo an employment agreement for contin-
gent part-time employment at Refuah. Gallo then began fur-
ther negotiation of the terms of her employment. On April 30,
2014, Manini wrote to Lebwohl that “Gallo is driving us
nuts.” On May 6, 2014, Gallo wrote an email raising 18 addi-
tional issues concerning her employment contract. Another
Refuah employee asked Manini “Is this provider that amaz-
ing?,” to which Manini responded, “I’m happy to rescind the
offer.” Manini also told Lebwohl that Gallo was being “very
unreasonable” and “questioned whether Gallo was the right
person for the job.” Refuah rescinded its offer to Gallo and
filled the position with another individual.
After Mount Sinai received the credentialing form from
the Mayo Clinic, the credentialing process required Lebwohl,
as department head, to recommend Gallo for approval to the
credentialing committee. But Lebwohl never made any rec-
ommendation to approve Gallo for credentialing because he
was aware that no job was available to her at Refuah. As a
result, Gallo was neither approved for nor denied credential-
ing by Mount Sinai. Nonetheless, on May 15, 2014, Lebwohl
emailed Gallo stating: “Dear Elisa, Your application was not
No. 17-1623 5
adequate for credentialing by the Mount Sinai credentialing
committee and Refuah is therefore not waiting to offer you
the job. Sorry to deliver this news. I’d be happy to discuss
with you as I’m sure you’ll be applying for other positions.”
Gallo sued the Mayo Clinic for breaching the separation
agreement. The Mayo Clinic moved for summary judgment.
The district court concluded as a matter of law that 1) the sep-
aration agreement did not apply because the credentialing
form was not an employment reference and 2) the credential-
ing form was not the reason Refuah declined to hire Gallo.
Gallo filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment, which
the district court denied. Gallo now appeals the district
court’s summary judgment decision.
II. Analysis
A. Motion to Supplement the Record
Preliminarily, the Court addresses Gallo’s motion to sup-
plement the record on appeal. Gallo seeks to add to the appel-
late record eight documents produced during discovery but
never presented to the district court. We instructed Gallo to
present her motion to the district court in the first instance as
required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(e) and
Circuit Rule 10(b). The district court denied Gallo’s request
because none of the documents she sought to add were pre-
sented to it during the case proceedings. This Court then held
it would review her motion with this appeal.
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(e) permits a party
to supplement the appellate record “[i]f anything material to
either party is omitted from or misstated in the record by error
or accident.” “This rule is meant to ensure that the record re-
flects what really happened in the district court, but not to
6 No. 17-1623
enable the losing party to add new material to the record in
order to collaterally attack the trial court’s judgment.” United
States v. Banks, 405 F.3d 559, 567 (7th Cir. 2005).
None of the documents Gallo seeks to add to the record
are relevant to this appeal. Gallo’s proposed documents are
(1) six documents containing employment records containing
general praise of Gallo by third parties (A21 to A27, A30 to
A31); (2) one document consisting of Exhibit A to the separa-
tion agreement (A28), which reflected the agreed form for
what the Mayo Clinic could say to Gallo’s prospective em-
ployers; and (3) one document containing an email from
Refuah confirming that Refuah was no longer considering
Gallo for the part-time dermatologist position (A29). The evi-
dence of third-party praise for Gallo is entirely irrelevant to
this appeal regarding an alleged breach of contract. The ex-
hibit to the agreement is likewise irrelevant because, as ex-
plained below, Gallo has failed to refute the Mayo Clinic’s sig-
nificant evidence that Refuah denied her employment for rea-
sons unrelated to the credentialing form. There is no dispute
that White did not follow the agreed upon reference form
when he filled out Mount Sinai’s request. The exact content of
the agreed form is thus unnecessary to this decision. Finally,
the email is an unnecessary hearsay version of an email al-
ready in the record. For those reasons, Gallo’s motion to sup-
plement the record is denied.
The Mayo Clinic seeks costs and attorney’s fees incurred
in responding to the motion and requests that the Court strike
references to the documents and argument based on those
documents. Gallo has known that the form letter (as an exhibit
to the separation agreement) was excluded from the record
for some time. Indeed, in its summary judgment opinion, the
No. 17-1623 7
district court stated that neither side had put the form letter
into the record. Gallo also made no effort to put the letter into
the record in her motion to alter or amend the judgment.
Gallo’s late attempt to add it to the appellate record now,
along with irrelevant documents boasting of her credentials
and a redundant email, is meritless. The Mayo Clinic’s motion
is granted.
B. Summary Judgment1
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment
de novo, construing all facts and reasonable inferences in
Gallo’s favor. Trentadue v. Redmon, 619 F.3d 648, 652 (7th Cir.
2010). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant
shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists
if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
To prevail on her breach of contract claim under Wiscon-
sin law, Gallo needed to establish (1) the existence of a con-
tract; (2) a breach of the contract; and (3) damages from the
breach. See Matthews v. Wisconsin Energy Corp. Inc., 534 F.3d
1 Gallo has waived any arguments regarding her tortious interference
claim and her breach of contract claims based on derogatory or disparag-
ing statements or based on the verbal employment reference language in
the separation agreement, because she failed to address them before the
district court. See United States v. 5443 Suffield Terrace, Skokie, Ill., 607 F.3d
504, 510 (7th Cir. 2010) (issue waived when not presented to the district
court on summary judgment); Oates v. Discovery Zone, 116 F.3d 1161, 1168
(7th Cir. 1997) (“[I]t is axiomatic that arguments not raised below are
waived on appeal.”).
8 No. 17-1623
547, 553 (7th Cir. 2008). The district court found that the Mayo
Clinic’s return of the credentialing form to Mount Sinai was
not a breach of the separation agreement because the agree-
ment only applied to prospective employers seeking a refer-
ence, and Mount Sinai was not a prospective employer. The
district court also held that Gallo could not show damages re-
sulting from anything the Mayo Clinic did—there was no ev-
idence to indicate that the two “fair” ratings prevented Gallo
from getting hired. The court further noted that the Mayo
Clinic had shown sufficient evidence that Refuah had other
reasons to not hire Gallo, including that it had other personnel
available and that Gallo had been difficult to deal with. For
those reasons, the court held that Gallo’s breach of contract
claim failed.
Reviewing the record de novo, the Court agrees that
Gallo’s breach of contract claim fails. The evidence shows that
the separation agreement did not apply to Mount Sinai’s cre-
dentialing form request. The separation agreement is unam-
biguous. It states: “The parties have agreed upon a letter of
reference for Employee to be provided to potential employers
seeking a reference.” This provision thus applies only to 1)
potential employers 2) seeking a reference.
It is undisputed that Mount Sinai was not a “potential em-
ployer seeking a reference.” In the parties’ proposed findings
of fact, Gallo admitted that she had no employment oppor-
tunity with any entity other than Refuah:
Proposed Finding of Fact 122. MSH [Mount Si-
nai] had never offered Dr. Gallo an employment
position at any MSH entity and had not prom-
ised Dr. Gallo any future position at any MSH
entity.
No. 17-1623 9
ANSWER: Plaintiff admits Fact 122.
Proposed Finding of Fact 141. Dr. Lebwohl, at
no point, promised Dr. Gallo employment at
MSH.
ANSWER: Plaintiff admits Fact 141.
Proposed Finding of Fact 142. The employment
relationship was to be between Dr. Gallo and
[Refuah] and not Dr. Gallo and MSH.
ANSWER: Plaintiff admits Fact 142.
Gallo nonetheless argues that the parties intended the sep-
aration agreement to broadly apply to all potential employers.
She says Mount Sinai was a potential employer, even if it was
not Gallo’s imminent prospective employer. But the separation
agreement does not apply to every potential employer. Such
an interpretation would include every medical institution that
might hire Gallo at any time in the future. The separation
agreement instead limits itself to a potential employer seeking
a reference. The limitless scope suggested by Gallo does not
comport with the present facts and is inconsistent with her
admissions. Those facts and admissions make clear that there
was to be no employment relationship between Gallo and
Mount Sinai. Only Refuah was potentially hiring Gallo. Fur-
ther, the credentialing form was not a reference request.
Mount Sinai sent the credentialing form only for purposes of
determining whether Gallo could have privileges to perform
procedures at Mount Sinai in order to supervise residents—
not to hire Gallo. For these reasons, the Court declines to
broadly read the contract to interpret the credentialing form
as a “reference” request from a potential employer.
10 No. 17-1623
Regardless, even if the separation agreement did apply to
Mount Sinai’s request, Gallo cannot prove causation. Ma-
nini’s declaration, which Gallo failed to refute,2 is dispositive.
In that declaration, Manini made clear that Refuah’s decision
to not hire Gallo was
[N]ot based, in any way, on any credentialing
decision by any other party; rather, the decision
was based upon the combination of Dr. Gallo’s
continued efforts to re-negotiate her employ-
ment contract, her demand to make changes to
the contract that were unacceptable to [Refuah]
and the ability to fulfill [Refuah’s] staffing needs
with a dermatologist who was already provid-
ing dermatological services at [Refuah].
Manini’s emails during the negotiation process support
her declaration. On several occasions, Manini noted she
“[couldn’t] stand [G]allo” and that “Gallo [was] driving
[Refuah] nuts.” In May 2014, after Gallo requested 18 changes
to the employment contract, Manini declared to another
Refuah employee: “I’m happy to rescind the offer.” Lebwohl
corroborated Manini’s declaration. In his deposition, he testi-
fied that Refuah decided not to hire Gallo because of her end-
less negotiating and Manini’s dislike of Gallo. Lebwohl also
testified that Mount Sinai never completed the credentialing
process. He explained that there was no need to credential
Gallo “if the job was not there for her [at Refuah].”
Gallo points to emails from Lebwohl in an attempt to cre-
ate a disputed factual issue on causation. Lebwohl emailed
2
Despite being given the opportunity to do so on several occasions,
Gallo’s attorney never deposed Manini.
No. 17-1623 11
Gallo on May 15, 2014 and told her that her “application was
not adequate for credentialing” by Mount Sinai and that
“Refuah is therefore not waiting to offer you the job.” He also
sent Gallo an email stating, “[s]ome people don’t realize the
damage they do to others on a form they might think is unim-
portant.” Any favorable inference from Lebwohl’s emails is
rebutted by his clear deposition testimony. Lebwohl testified
that the fair ratings were not the reason for Mount Sinai’s fail-
ure to credential Gallo. In fact, Lebwohl testified that Mount
Sinai never investigated the fair ratings as part of the creden-
tialing process. He explained that the credentialing committee
had asked him to look into the “fair” ratings, but he chose not
to do so because Gallo “was already having this difficulty
with Manini and the negotiations and we3 had somebody
who was going to take the job.”
Lebwohl also testified that he told Gallo about the fair rat-
ings “in an attempt to help her so that she could find a job.”
He explained, “I told her about the fair ratings and that the
credentials committee had raised an issue with that and really
intending her to use this as advice going forward, if she’s
looking for a job, to try to make sure that whoever gave her
3 Lebwohl’s use of the word “we” would suggest that Mount Sinai
was a potential employer. There is no evidence in the record that Lebwohl
had any decision-making influence in hiring Gallo as an employee at
Refuah. Instead, because the Refuah position involved supervising Mount
Sinai residents, Mount Sinai was involved in finding and approving phy-
sicians for that supervision. In a letter sent by Lebwohl to White on No-
vember 24, 2014, he confirms that the position at Refuah was filled by a
physician at Mount Sinai who had the capacity to take on the additional
responsibilities. While the two institutions clearly had a relationship,
Gallo fails to point to any evidence that indicates Mount Sinai would em-
ploy her.
12 No. 17-1623
those fair ratings not be the one she goes to for an evaluation.”
Even if Lebwohl’s emails raise a contested factual issue as to
the credentialing of Gallo, there is no indication anyone at
Refuah even saw the credentialing form submitted by White.
This fact conclusively refutes the tenuous connection Gallo
tries to draw between the credentialing form and her failure
to receive the job.
At bottom, the undisputed evidence indicates that Gallo
was passed up by Refuah because of her over-demanding ne-
gotiations and the availability of another individual to take
the position. Drawing all factual inferences in Gallo’s favor,
she has failed to show that the credentialing form—even if
prohibited by the separation agreement—caused her any
harm. Gallo’s breach of contract claim fails.
III. Conclusion
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision.