DocketNumber： 21-3289
Judges： Brennan
Filed Date： 7/6/2022
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 7/6/2022
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-3289 DJM LOGISTICS, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. FEDEX GROUND PACKAGE SYSTEM, INC., Defendant-Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:20-cv-01311-BHL — Brett H. Ludwig, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED JUNE 3, 2022 — DECIDED JULY 6, 2022 ____________________ Before SYKES, Chief Judge, and FLAUM and BRENNAN, Cir- cuit Judges. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge. FedEx Ground Package System, Inc., which transports freight throughout the country, often contracts with local companies to pick-up and deliver pack- ages on its behalf. When FedEx Ground ended one such contract with Fairway Delivery Inc., a small freight delivery company in suburban Milwaukee, its co-owner Brandi John- son claimed racial discrimination. In four complaints, spread 2 No. 21-3289 over three cases, Johnson was unable to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. We conclude that the district court did not err in dismissing this case and doing so with prejudice, so we affirm. I This case’s procedural history prescribes its outcome, so we relay it in some detail. In late 2009, Fairway contracted with FedEx Ground to de- liver packages to its Milwaukee-area customers. Brandi John- son, who is African-American and Native-American, co-owns Fairway. FedEx Ground assigned its contract with Fairway to an- other company in September 2016. Johnson believed that FedEx Ground engaged in racial discrimination and breach of contract when it did so. In January 2020, she filed a pro se complaint on behalf of Fairway making these allegations. 1 This first case was dismissed without prejudice because John- son is not a licensed attorney and thus could not represent a corporate plaintiff. About a month later, now represented by counsel, John- son again sued FedEx Ground. 2 This second case listed John- son and Fairway Delivery, Inc. as plaintiffs. Like the first case, it claimed that FedEx Ground breached its contract with Fair- way as well as violated42 U.S.C. § 1981
, which prohibits ra- cial discrimination when making and enforcing contracts. In this second case, the plaintiffs alleged that FedEx Ground 1 E.D. Wis. case no. 20-cv-114. 2 E.D. Wis. case no. 20-cv-342. No. 21-3289 3 forced Fairway to assign its agreement with the plaintiffs to a different contractor. In March 2020, plaintiffs’ then-counsel gave notice that Johnson and Fairway had voluntarily dismissed the second case under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i). The district court adopted this notice and dismissed the second case without prejudice. Plaintiffs’ claims were then folded into a pending arbitration. While that proceeding was some- what opaque, apparently it involved Johnson, Fairway, FedEx Ground, and perhaps others. According to FedEx Ground, a settlement was reached in July 2020, under which Johnson and the other plaintiffs agreed not to sue FedEx Ground and to release all claims against it. Johnson disputes that she was a party to any settlement. 3 The next month, Johnson, representing herself, filed a third case against FedEx Ground. 4 She was the sole plaintiff. This complaint involved similar facts and arguments as her two previous lawsuits and the arbitration, including a § 1981 racial discrimination claim for FedEx Ground terminating its contract with Fairway. FedEx Ground moved to dismiss this third case under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that Johnson lacked standing to sue because she was not a party to any con- tract with FedEx Ground. After the motion was fully briefed the district court set a motion hearing. The day before that hearing, Johnson filed an unauthorized surreply in which she 3 Any settlement agreement is not part of the record, so we rely on the parties’ representations for these characterizations. See, e.g., Oral Argu- ment at 5:20–7:44, 19:51–20:56. 4 E.D. Wis. case no. 20-cv-1311. 4 No. 21-3289 alleged FedEx Ground discriminated against her by refusing to allow Fairway to assign its contract to her. During the next day’s court hearing, Johnson repeated her claim that FedEx Ground not only blocked a contract assignment to her as an individual, but also prevented a contract assignment to BN Investment Services, Inc., a company of which she was the majority shareholder. In a September 27, 2021 written order, the district court granted FedEx Ground’s motion to dismiss this third case. The court concluded that Johnson’s complaint failed to state a claim under § 1981. Johnson had argued that because she was Fairway’s business contact, that qualified her as a party to the contract. The court rejected that argument, relying on corporate and agency law that a shareholder and contracting officer has no rights under a corporation’s contracts, Domino’s Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald,546 U.S. 470
, 477 (2006), and the con- tract at issue was between Fairway and FedEx Ground and did not involve Johnson. Johnson also had not alleged her lat- est assignment-denial theory in this third complaint, the court noted. Nevertheless, the district court granted Johnson a reprieve. Based on her surreply and her statements at the mo- tion hearing, she was granted two weeks to amend her com- plaint. The court’s order gave Johnson precise and emphatic directions: The Court strongly cautions Johnson, how- ever, not to file an amended complaint assert- ing this new theory unless she has proof of these new allegations. If the record later shows that Johnson never asked FedEx to approve an assignment of the Fairway contract to Johnson No. 21-3289 5 individually, and she nevertheless proceeds with a claim that such a request was denied, she may face possible sanctions for making false representations to the Court in violation of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b). (Emphases in original.) Eight days later, on October 5, 2021, Johnson filed an amended complaint in which she replaced herself as the plaintiff with a corporation, DJM Logistics Inc., the appellant here. Johnson asserted she “was to be the majority share- holder and owner” of DJM. This was the fourth complaint, each alleging the same claims, that Johnson and/or one of her companies had filed: the complaints by Fairway and Johnson as plaintiffs prior to the arbitration, and the complaints by Johnson and DJM as plaintiffs after the arbitration. This fourth complaint did not allege that FedEx Ground had blocked an attempted assign- ment of contract rights to Johnson individually, as she had said in her surreply and at the motion hearing. Instead, the pleading alleged a different version of the facts in which FedEx Ground blocked an assignment to DJM. FedEx Ground immediately moved to dismiss this fourth complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12, and it requested relief un- der28 U.S.C. § 1927
for Johnson unreasonably and vexa- tiously multiplying these proceedings. The district court dismissed this fourth complaint with prejudice in December 2021. The court stated “[n]either this argument nor any other argument in the amended complaint conform[ed] to the requirements specified in the Court’s pre- vious order or otherwise stat[ed] a claim under Federal Rule 6 No. 21-3289 of Civil Procedure 8(a).” This “failure alone [was] sufficient … to grant FedEx’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint.” The fourth complaint was defective for two other reasons, the court ruled. First, it “name[d] DJM as the plaintiff instead of Johnson, and Johnson again made the filing without represen- tation of counsel.” Second, the “four-year statute of limita- tions for Johnson’s Section 1981 claim ha[d] elapsed.” Johnson was also ordered to show cause why, given her conduct, sanctions were not appropriate. She responded by counsel, arguing the district court had only required she al- lege a discriminatory refusal of assignment. That requirement was satisfied, she said, when she claimed DJM was refused the assignment. For the first time she also asserted that the two weeks the court had granted her within which to file an amended complaint were inadequate for her to retain coun- sel. Finding Johnson’s response deficient, the district court “admonished her for proceeding with her litigation.” This appeal followed. We review de novo the challenge to the district court’s dismissal of DJM’s complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Peterson v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc.,986 F.3d 746
, 751 (7th Cir. 2021). The appeal of the dismissal of DJM’s complaint with preju- dice is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Jauquet v. Green Bay Area Cath. Educ., Inc.,996 F.3d 802
, 811–12 (7th Cir. 2021). II A DJM argues the district court erroneously dismissed its amended complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. This pleading met the requirements No. 21-3289 7 of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), DJM submits, and was not precluded by a four-year statute of limitations. DJM’s arguments fall short for a number of reasons. “Any claim brought under § 1981 … must initially identify an im- paired contractual relationship … under which the plaintiff has rights.” Domino’s Pizza, Inc.,546 U.S. at 476
(footnote and internal quotation marks omitted). DJM’s amended com- plaint, filed in October 2021, states that Johnson “was to be” a majority shareholder of DJM. But it did not identify DJM’s shareholders at the relevant time. It pleads no facts compliant with Rule 8(a) as to DJM’s imputed racial identity, or John- son’s role in DJM, to support a claim for relief under § 1981. The amended complaint therefore fails to show that the pleader, DJM, was a party to an allegedly impaired contract and entitled to relief. Further, between her third and fourth complaints, Johnson switched the party to whom FedEx Ground had allegedly blocked an attempted assignment of the delivery contract. On September 27, 2021, the district court granted Johnson leave to amend her third complaint. If she had proof of new allega- tions, she could bring a new claim that FedEx Ground dis- criminated against her when it refused to allow Fairway to assign its contract to her. This leave was with specific bold and underlined conditions, relayed above. Presumably, the dis- trict court granted Johnson this opportunity out of patience, notwithstanding that Johnson raised this contention in an un- authorized surreply, and then reiterated it during the motion hearing. Still, the amended fourth complaint that Johnson filed for DJM in October 2021 did not include factual support for her tardy contention that she was denied an assignment of the 8 No. 21-3289 Fairway contract. Instead, that pleading alleged FedEx Ground interfered with Fairway’s attempt to assign its con- tract to DJM. Johnson therefore failed to comply with the court’s September 27, 2021 order, as well as Rule 8(a) and what was required to claim a violation of § 1981. This fourth complaint was also defective because it named DJM as the plaintiff, but the filing was by Johnson—the same error she had made the previous year in her first complaint in Eastern District of Wisconsin case no. 20-cv-114. The fourth complaint is also deficient because the four- year statute of limitations for a § 1981 claim had elapsed. DJM incorrectly asserts that its claim was subject to a six-year lim- itations period. Rather, this court has ruled that “[§] 1981 claims must be filed within four years of the alleged discrim- inatory act.” Riley v. Elkhart Cmty. Sch.,829 F.3d 886
, 891 (7th Cir. 2016) (citing28 U.S.C. § 1658
(a) among other authori- ties). 5 Johnson claims FedEx Ground ended Fairway’s con- tract on or about September 2, 2016, more than four years be- fore the amended complaint was filed on October 5, 2021. 5 “On December 1, 1990, Congress adopted a four-year statute of lim- itations for federal claims.” Campbell v. Forest Pres. Dist. of Cook Cnty., Ill.,752 F.3d 665
, 667 (7th Cir. 2014) (citing28 U.S.C. § 1658
)). The Supreme Court has interpreted this statute “to apply only ‘if the plaintiff’s claim against the defendant was made possible by a post–1990 enactment.’”Id.
at 667–68 (quoting Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co.,541 U.S. 369
, 382 (2004)). Because Johnson’s assignment-theory claim relies on a provision enacted by the Civil Rights Act of 1991—42 U.S.C. § 1981
(b)—the four- year statute of limitations applies to her claim. Campbell, 752 F.3d at 668 (explaining that the Civil Rights Act of 1991 amended § 1981 to make pos- sible new “claims based on conduct that occurred after the formation of a contract, such as wrongful-termination claims” (citation omitted)). No. 21-3289 9 B DJM also argues that the district court abused its discre- tion by dismissing the fourth complaint with prejudice, with- out leave to amend, and without sufficient time to retain counsel. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) provides that the court should “freely give leave [to amend] when justice so re- quires.” But “[w]e will not reverse a district court’s decision [to dismiss a complaint with prejudice], when the court provides a reasonable explanation for why it denied the pro- posed amendment.” Jauquet, 996 F.3d at 812 (quoting Gonza- lez-Koeneke v. West,791 F.3d 801
, 808 (7th Cir. 2015)). The district court did afford Johnson the chance to amend her third complaint. She was granted 14 days to amend from the court’s September 27, 2021 order dismissing that com- plaint without prejudice. Johnson filed her fourth complaint eight days later. She did not seek leave to further amend her complaint before, during, or after this time period. A court does “not abuse its discretion by failing to order, sua sponte, an amendment” when the plaintiff does not request one. Wag- ner v. Teva Pharms. USA,840 F.3d 355
, 359 (7th Cir. 2016). Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion for failing to grant a request that was never made. DJM also contends that the amendment process was af- fected because Johnson could not afford counsel, and she was concerned that FedEx Ground improperly influenced her for- mer attorneys. But DJM did not ask the district court for more time to retain counsel to file an amended complaint. And Johnson and her related companies knew how to retain coun- sel—recall, Johnson and Fairway retained counsel for her 10 No. 21-3289 second complaint in Eastern District of Wisconsin case no. 20-cv-342, as well as during the arbitration. Even more, DJM responded to the district court’s September 27, 2021 order granting leave to amend on October 5, 2021—six days before the court-imposed deadline of October 11, 2021. DJM’s asser- tions on this point are too late and offered without evidence of any attempts to retain counsel during that time frame. Dismissal with prejudice of the fourth complaint was war- ranted because the amendment of the third complaint failed to comply with the district court’s earlier order. Johnson knew from the district court’s dismissal of her first complaint in Eastern District of Wisconsin case no. 20-cv-114 that only an attorney could represent a corporation in court. Yet when Johnson amended her third complaint, she substituted a cor- poration, DJM, for herself, and she did so on a form captioned, “AMENDED COMPLAINT (for non-prisoner filers without lawyers).” Johnson knew from the earlier dismissal that she could not represent a corporation in this manner. Given the opportunities Johnson was afforded in four complaints over three cases, the district court offered a rea- sonable explanation and thus did not abuse its discretion when it dismissed the fourth complaint with prejudice. C We close with some comments about Johnson’s conduct and sanctions. “We recognize that litigation presents signifi- cant challenges for all pro se plaintiffs.” Pruitt v. Mote,503 F.3d 647
, 660 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc). Pro se litigants should be granted appropriate latitude in their dealings with courts and counsel for correct and honorable reasons. “But being a pro se litigant does not give a party unbridled license to disregard No. 21-3289 11 clearly communicated court orders.” Downs v. Westphal,78 F.3d 1252
, 1257 (7th Cir. 1996). Based on Johnson’s conduct during the history of this dis- pute, the district court was well within its discretion to sanc- tion Johnson and/or her corporations. Indeed, that court could have gone further and awarded FedEx Ground the reasonable attorneys’ fees it incurred in defending Johnson’s various suits and complaints. Latitude with a pro se plaintiff can be limited, and patience can be exhausted, in the face of persis- tent violative conduct. After two pleading attempts, one of which was dismissed for violating the requirement that an attorney must represent a corporation, Johnson voluntarily dismissed her claim, which was then apparently settled after an arbitration. Not- withstanding that resolution, the next month Johnson had re- turned to court and filed her third case trying to make the same claims. That third case reached the cusp of dismissal when she raised an assignment-denial theory in an unauthor- ized surreply and which she reiterated during a court hearing. So, the district court granted her—with clear and emphatic directions—a fourth opportunity to plead her claim. In re- sponse, Johnson violated those instructions. She reverted to her previous behavior and filed a fourth complaint on behalf of a different corporation in which she pleaded different facts than she had previously represented to the court in writing and orally. She also violated the requirement that only an at- torney can represent a corporation—a rule she was aware of from a previous dismissal in this same dispute—and she did so on a form with a caption that states in bold it was to be used by nonlawyers, so it could not be used for a corporate plain- tiff. 12 No. 21-3289 These circumstances justifiably frustrated FedEx Ground, as the goal of a “speedy” and “inexpensive” determination of this dispute was not met. See FED. R. CIV. P. 1. Patience can properly expire when litigation becomes the shell game that was perpetrated here. Given this procedural history, the dis- trict court could have done more than admonish Johnson. FedEx Ground could have been awarded its reasonable attor- neys’ fees for having to respond to the frivolous allegations of Johnson and her companies. * * * For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment. The costs of this appeal are to be taxed against the appellant pursuant to FED. R. APP. P. 39(a)(2).