United States v. Santiago, Aris

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted October 10, 2007
Decided October 11, 2007
Before
Hon. RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge
Hon. KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge
Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge
No. 07-1304
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States
Plaintiff-Appellee, District Court for the Northern
District of Illinois, Eastern Division
v.
No. 06-CR-519-1
ARIS SANTIAGO,
Defendant-Appellant. Joan Humphrey Lefkow,
Judge.
ORDER
Aris Santiago pleaded guilty to possessing a firearm after a felony conviction.
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court sentenced him within the guidelines range
to 96 months’ imprisonment. Santiago appeals, but his appointed counsel has
moved to withdraw because he cannot discern a nonfrivolous basis for appeal. See
Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). We invited Santiago to respond to
counsel's motion, see Cir. R. 51(b), and he has done so. Our review is limited to the
potential issues identified in counsel's facially adequate brief and in Santiago's
response. See United States v. Schuh, 289 F.3d 968, 973-74 (7th Cir. 2002).
Santiago’s presentence report recommended that his base offense level be
enhanced four levels because he used the firearm in the commission of another
No. 07-1304 Page 2
felony, an attempted home invasion. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6). The government
anticipated introducing at sentencing a tape-recorded conversation between
Santiago and another individual planning the break-in. At the hearing, however,
Santiago conceded that the enhancement should apply. The district court therefore
applied it without listening to the tape and calculated a guidelines range of 84 to
105 months’ imprisonment.
The court then invited argument on the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). The government argued that Santiago should receive a sentence at the
high end of the guidelines range because, in the government’s view, he was a high-
ranking gang member and a danger to the community. The district court permitted
the government, with no objection from Santiago, to introduce the tape to prove his
gang affiliation because, according to the PSR, he denied it. Santiago in turn asked
the court to consider that he might be required to serve additional time if his state
parole is revoked. The judge thought that was unlikely. The court added that it
surmised, although did not think it “necessary to pin down,” that Illinois might
credit Santiago’s federal imprisonment to a future sentence. The court ultimately
chose a sentence in the middle of the guidelines range, 96 months, because of
Santiago’s youth, family life, and his apparent desire to reform.
Counsel and Santiago first consider arguing that § 922(g)(1) is
unconstitutional because it does not require the government to prove that
Santiago’s possession of a firearm substantially affected interstate commerce. This
argument would be frivolous because we have repeatedly rejected it, holding that
the “argument is clearly foreclosed by controlling precedent.” United States v. Ortiz,
474 F.3d 976, 980 (7th Cir. 2007); accord United States v. Van Sach, 458 F.3d 694,
703 (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Bass, 325 F.3d 847, 849 (7th Cir. 2003). And
neither Santiago nor counsel identify any argument not already considered and
rejected in those cases.
Counsel and Santiago next consider arguing that the district court violated
the dictates of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), by enhancing Santiago’s
base offense level using facts not found by the jury. We agree with counsel that this
argument is patently frivolous. A sentencing judge may make factual findings
under the advisory guideline regime and the ultimate sentence imposed, if
reasonable and below the statutory maximum, will be affirmed.
Counsel next considers arguing that the recorded conversation introduced at
sentencing was irrelevant because Santiago conceded that the enhancement under
§ 2K2.1(b)(6) applied. Counsel correctly concludes that this potential argument is
waived because after the tape was played, Santiago twice conceded that the court
could consider “any” evidence then before the court in its analysis of the § 3553(a)
factors. See United States v. Mantas, 274 F.3d 1127, 1130-31 (7th Cir. 2001). But
No. 07-1304 Page 3
even if Santiago had merely forfeited the argument, it is clear that the tape was not
introduced in support of the enhancement: the government introduced the recording
to prove that Santiago was a dangerous, high-ranking gang member who merited a
sentence at the high end of the guidelines range. This was proper because the
government has an obligation under 18 U.S.C. § 3661 to bring all information
relevant to sentencing to the district court's attention. See United States v. Salazar,
453 F.3d 911, 914 (7th Cir. 2006). And to the extent we can read Santiago’s 51(b)
response to argue that his counsel was ineffective for conceding the enhancement,
this argument must wait for a collateral proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See
Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-05 (2003); United States v. Turcotte,
405 F.3d 515, 537 (7th Cir. 2005).
Counsel and Santiago next consider whether Santiago could argue that his
prison sentence is unreasonable because the district court refused to consider the
possibility of a state parole revocation. Counsel points out that the district court’s
professed belief that Santiago might receive state credit for his federal sentence was
erroneous because a parolee may receive credit for time spent in custody only if it
has not been credited against another sentence. See 730 ILCS 5/3-9(a)(3)(ii).
Counsel, though, correctly concludes that this argument would be frivolous.
Santiago’s sentence is within the properly calculated guidelines range and would
thus be presumed reasonable on appeal. See United States v. Rita, No. 06-5754,
2007 WL 1772146, at *6 (U.S. Jun. 21, 2007); United States v. Gama-Gonzalez, 469
F.3d 1109, 1110 (7th Cir. 2006). The district court ultimately deemed Santiago’s
possible parole revocation irrelevant even if state credit was unavailable—a
perfectly reasonable position. The court then gave detailed and meaningful
consideration to the relevant factors in § 3553(a), which is all it was required to do.
See United States v. Laufle, 433 F.3d 981, 987 (7th Cir. 2006).
Counsel and Santiago finally consider arguing that Santiago’s
sentence—eight years' imprisonment plus three years' supervised release—is longer
than the statutory maximum of ten years. But a term of supervised release carries
its own statutory maximum, see 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)(2), and the three years are not
counted toward the ten-year limit set by the substantive statute. See United States
v. Colt, 126 F.3d 981, 982-83 (7th Cir. 1997).
Accordingly, the motion to withdraw is GRANTED and the appeal is
DISMISSED.