DocketNumber： 16-2407
Judges： Per Curiam
Filed Date： 7/1/2016
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 7/1/2016
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16‐2407 KATRELL B. MORRIS, Applicant, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent. ____________________ On Motion for an Order Authorizing the District Court to Entertain a Second or Successive Motion for Collateral Review ____________________ SUBMITTED JUNE 9, 2016 — DECIDED JULY 1, 2016 ____________________ Before BAUER, FLAUM, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. Katrell Morris has filed an application pursu‐ ant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3), seeking authorization to file a successive motion to vacate under § 2255. Morris was sen‐ tenced as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) and now wants to challenge his sentence under Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), which held that the resid‐ ual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act is unconstitu‐ 2 No. 16‐2407 tionally vague. The Supreme Court has made Johnson retroac‐ tive. Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257 (2016). Morris has made a prima facie showing that he may be entitled to relief. Morris proposes to challenge only one of his three predi‐ cate offenses: his conviction for attempted robbery in Illinois, 720 ILCS 5/8‐4(a), 18‐1(a) (1997). The government points out in its response that this court determined in an unpublished decision that attempted robbery is a crime of violence (the guidelines equivalent to a violent felony) under the elements clause of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, app. n.1(B)(iii). United States v. Gra‐ nados‐Marin, 83 F. App’x 834, 837 (7th Cir. 2003). But that de‐ cision is nonprecedential. Moreover, to determine whether an attempt offense constitutes a violent felony, a court must ex‐ amine how state courts have applied the general attempt stat‐ ute to the particular crime attempted. James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 197, 202–03 (2007); United States v. Collins, 150 F.3d 668, 671 (7th Cir. 1998) (“Therefore, we must also look to Wisconsin caselaw to see how the Wisconsin courts have in‐ terpreted the attempt statute in the context of burglary.”); United States v. Davis, 16 F.3d 212, 217–18 (7th Cir. 1994) (“The language of the attempt statute, standing alone does not greatly advance our inquiry… . An examination of Illinois caselaw, however, makes clear that a defendant must come within ‘dangerous proximity to success’ to be convicted [of attempted burglary] under the attempt statute.”). Granados‐ Marin lacks this analysis. Accordingly, we GRANT Morris’s application and AUTHORIZE the district court to consider his claim, along with the government’s defenses. The clerk of court will TRANSFER the papers to the district court for filing as a § 2255 action. No. 16‐2407 3 HAMILTON, Circuit Judge, concurring. The surge in applica‐ tions under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3) after Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), is raising questions about whether to treat as violent felonies prior convictions for attempts to com‐ mit crimes that would, if completed, clearly be violent felonies under the surviving elements clause of the definition in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). I have voted to grant this application be‐ cause I am not yet certain it should be denied. A fair decision on its merits requires more time and attention than the 30 days allowed to us by statute, and an erroneous denial would essentially be final. But I am skeptical about the applicant’s prospects for relief. A brief explanation of my thinking may help the parties develop the issues in this and similar cases that will proceed in district courts.1 Attempt requires intent to commit the completed crime plus a substantial step toward its completion. We are granting Mr. Morris’s application on the theory that it is possible to commit attempted robbery in Illinois without having actually used or threatened to use physical force against another per‐ son or his property. See, e.g., People v. Terrell, 459 N.E.2d 1337, 1341 (Ill. 1984) (defendant takes substantial step toward rob‐ bery when he possesses materials necessary to carry out crime at or near the place planned for its commission). The key point 1 Most earlier litigation about attempt offenses under the Armed Career Criminal Act has involved the residual clause that was struck down in Johnson. See James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 197 (2007) (attempted bur‐ glary under Florida law was violent felony under residual clause); United States v. Collins, 150 F.3d 668, 671 (7th Cir. 1998) (same under Wisconsin law); United States v. Davis, 16 F.3d 212 (7th Cir. 1994) (same under Illinois law). Burglary has always posed challenges under ACCA because even the completed offense has not qualified as a violent felony under the ele‐ ments clause. 4 No. 16‐2407 in this theory is that the substantial step toward the complete crime need not itself be a violent step. The argument in favor of Morris’s application is that actual, attempted, or threatened use of physical force is thus not an essential element of the attempt crime. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). The government has argued in opposing this application that a conviction for attempting to commit a crime that, if completed, would be a violent felony should necessarily qual‐ ify as a violent felony under the elements clause of the defini‐ tion. Even though the substantial step(s) may have fallen short of actual or threatened physical force, the criminal has, by definition, attempted to use or threaten physical force be‐ cause he has attempted to commit a crime that would be vio‐ lent if completed. That position fits comfortably within the language of the elements clause of the definition. It surely fits within the intended scope of the Armed Career Criminal Act. Consider, for example, a person who attempts murder by constructing an explosive device intended to destroy a federal building, or by waiting with a loaded sniper rifle for the in‐ tended target of a murder to come within range. Neither crime involves actual use or threats of physical force, but in both the criminal intends to use such force and takes substan‐ tial steps toward doing so. That seems to me as if an element of the attempt crime is the attempted use of physical force. As for attempted robbery, consider our decision in United States v. Muratovic, 719 F.3d 809, 816 (7th Cir. 2013), where the conspirators planned to rob a shipment of illegal drug money. The conspirators planned the robbery carefully, conducted surveillance and collected weapons, duct tape, and disguises, but did not actually come to the point of threatening the target No. 16‐2407 5 of the robbery with physical force. We had no difficulty find‐ ing a factual basis for the attempt charge. I suspect the Con‐ gress that enacted ACCA would have wanted the courts to treat such attempts at violent felonies as violent felonies un‐ der the Act. As a matter of statutory interpretation, an attempt to com‐ mit a crime should be treated as an attempt to carry out acts that satisfy each element of the completed crime. That’s what is required, after all, to prove an attempt offense. If the com‐ pleted crime has as an element the actual use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or prop‐ erty of another, then attempt to commit the crime necessarily includes an attempt to use or to threaten use of physical force against the person or property of another. The alternative view would seem to require that we treat as a non‐violent fel‐ ony even a conviction for attempted murder. Imagine the ex‐ plosive device or waiting sniper described above. Even if the particular attempt involved firing a shot that missed, the al‐ ternative view would find no violent felony because violence is not an element of the attempt crime. Or so at least the government has argued here, though it cites only non‐precedential decisions of this and other cir‐ cuits. Because of the 30‐day time limit for our decision under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3) and the low standard for granting an application based on “a prima facie showing,” I think the best course for now, in this and similar cases where application of ACCA depends on an attempt conviction, is to grant the ap‐ plication to allow further development of the attempt issue in the district courts.