Robert Collins Bey v. Tim Haines

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted January 7, 2020 *
Decided January 27, 2020
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
No. 18-3627
ROBERT L. COLLINS BEY, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellant, Court for the Western District of
Wisconsin.
v.
No. 13-cv-618-jdp
TIMOTHY HAINES, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees. James D. Peterson,
Chief Judge.
ORDER
Invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Robert Collins Bey, a Wisconsin prisoner, seeks
damages from two prison dentists for violating the Eighth Amendment by unduly
delaying his dental care. He also seeks an injunction to compel prison officials to hire a
full-time dentist to reduce wait times. The district court reasoned that although
systemic problems, such as understaffing and long patient waitlists, may have
*
We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs
and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would
not significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 18-3627 Page 2
complicated the dentists’ work, the defendant dentists were not at fault for these
problems, nor were they deliberately indifferent to Collins Bey’s dental needs. The court
also held that because the prison has now hired a full-time dentist, Collins Bey’s request
for an injunction request is moot. We affirm.
I
While at the Wisconsin Secure Program Facility, Collins Bey needed dental care.
He received partial dentures (for chewing and sore and bleeding gums), fillings,
treatment for an abscess, and tooth restorations and extractions. He obtained his partial
dentures in 1992. When they broke 15 years later in 2007, he wanted replacements
immediately. A dentist decided that this did not qualify as an “urgent” request, and so
Collins Bey was put on the “routine” waitlist. Two months later, Collins Bey renewed
his request for partial dentures and added a complaint about a broken filling. The
prison’s new dentist, James Wommack, saw him, took X-rays of his teeth, and replaced
the filling. Like the earlier dentist, Dr. Wommack concluded that Collins Bey did not
have an immediate need for new partial dentures—first, some of his teeth had to be
restored to anchor the dentures. He therefore put Collins Bey on the “essential” waitlist
to restore some teeth. This is a higher priority than “routine,” but lower than “urgent.”
Collins Bey began receiving restorative treatment 11 months later, when
Dr. Wommack saw him in June 2008. The lapse of time occurred because Dr. Wommack
visited the prison only once a week, yet he was supposed to serve all the inmates. He
advised Collins Bey: “I am only here 4 days/month so the list is very long. I will try to
get to you in ASAP.” At the June 2008 visit, after examining an X-ray Dr. Wommack
filled cavities in two teeth, noted that other teeth were decayed, and two months later,
restored another two teeth. The following year, in 2009, Collins Bey complained of
severe pain in his teeth. A different part-time dentist, James Thorpe, saw Collins Bey a
month later at the next available appointment. Dr. Thorpe refilled a cavity but did not
extract a broken tooth. He reasoned that, although that tooth was broken down to the
gum line, it would not cause pain because it had no nerve.
With the limited staffing, Collins Bey’s next dental treatment did not occur until
two years later, when in 2011 he moved to another prison. He complained about the
still-absent partial dentures, sore and bleeding gums, the broken tooth, and a tooth with
an abscess. This time he was put on the “essential” list. Dr. Thorpe saw Collins Bey at
the new prison the next month. He extracted the abscessed tooth but did nothing else
because the abscess was Collins Bey’s chief complaint and other patients had greater
No. 18-3627 Page 3
needs. After Collins Bey filed another request to have the broken tooth extracted, a new
dentist extracted it two weeks later. This dentist confirmed that Collins Bey still needed
more restorative work before he could receive partial dentures. A few days later, he
filled cavities in two more teeth. The next month, Collins Bey complained that parts of
the extracted tooth remained in his gums. A few days later, Dr. Thorpe removed loose
bone, extracted a root fragment, and smoothed sharp edges of the remaining bone.
The glacial pace of his treatment prompted Collins Bey to bring this suit, but he
encountered three problems. He first clashed with his attorneys, whom the district court
had recruited upon his request. After helping Collins Bey amend his complaint, they
asked to withdraw, citing “highly inappropriate, sexually-explicit advances” from
Collins Bey. He admitted that he had proposed a “personal relationship” with them but
promised to stop now that he knew they were not interested. The court granted their
motion. It ruled that it was “beyond any reasonable dispute” that he had solicited an
improper “sexual and romantic relationship” and “impair[ed] [the attorneys’] ability to
effectively represent him.” Finding that Collins Bey had “abused the privilege provided
to him,” the court also refused to recruit new counsel unless he had “immediate need of
dental care that prison officials refuse to provide.” But by 2015, Collins Bey—now back
at his original prison—had finally received his new partial dentures and other dental
treatment.
The second problem concerned discovery. One defendant (Mary Miller, the
Health Services Unit manager) swore that she could not provide testimony because of
illness. She later filed substantive testimony, which Collins Bey moved to strike and for
which he sought sanctions, because (he said) she had not proven that she now was well.
She filed another declaration, which explained that her health had improved. The
district court accepted Miller’s assertions and denied sanctions.
Third, later in the case, Collins Bey asked for another lawyer or an expert
witness. Citing Federal Rule of Evidence 706, he argued that “[his] case will involve
issues of medical expertise for which counsel or an expert will be necessary” to “assist
the district court.” The court ruled that because Collins Bey had harassed prior counsel,
it would not recruit new counsel or an expert unless he needed dental care urgently,
which was not the case given his new partial dentures and other dental treatment. The
court recognized that this meant “that his medical malpractice claims will fail.”
Treating the case as raising damages and injunction claims, the court entered
summary judgment for the defendants. It rejected Collins Bey’s claims that Drs.
Wommack and Thorpe had violated his rights under the Eighth Amendment and state
No. 18-3627 Page 4
law and thus owed him damages based on his long waits for dental care. The court
explained that any delays resulted from staffing decisions, not a faulty “cavalier”
attitude by either dentist. It added that the dentists “used their medical judgment to
prioritize which patients to treat first.” The court then assessed Collins Bey’s request to
enjoin his prison to hire a full-time dentist to reduce wait times. It observed that in 2018
the prison hired a full-time and a part-time dentist; “routine” visits now take under 30
weeks and “essential” visits take no more than eight weeks. This information convinced
the court that the request for injunctive relief was moot.
II
A
Collins Bey contests the rulings allowing recruited counsel to withdraw; denying
his motion for an expert; and denying his motion to strike Miller’s testimony and for
sanctions. We review each of these decisions for abuse of discretion. See Fidelity Nat.
Title Ins. Co. v. Intercounty Nat., 310 F.3d 537, 541 (7th Cir. 2002) (motion to withdraw);
Ledford v. Sullivan, 105 F.3d 354, 358 (7th Cir. 1997) (motion for expert witness); Zuppardi
v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 770 F.3d 644, 647 (7th Cir. 2014) (motion to strike testimony); In
re Thomas Consolidated Industries, Inc., 436 F.3d 719, 724 (7th Cir. 2006) (sanctions).
On the ruling allowing counsel to withdraw, we apply the Wisconsin Supreme
Court’s Rules of Professional Conduct for Attorneys. “[M]ost federal courts use the
ethical rules of the states in which they sit,” Watkins v. Trans Union, LLC, 869 F.3d 514,
519 (7th Cir. 2017) (citation and quotation marks omitted), and the Western District of
Wisconsin is no exception. See, e.g., Tucker v. George, 569 F. Supp. 2d 834, 837 (W.D. Wis.
2008). Under these rules, a court may allow counsel to withdraw if “good cause for
withdrawal exists.” Wisc. Sup. Ct. R. 20:1.16. Collins Bey admitted to making “personal
advances.” He contends that he did not know that his lawyers would reject these
advances, but that defense is irrelevant. Once he made the conceded advances, the
district court was entitled to find that counsel had good cause to believe it would be
“unreasonably difficult” to continue representation.
Second, although Collins Bey is correct that the district court provided no reason
for refusing to appoint an expert witness for him (beyond stating that he had harassed
his prior counsel), we see no reversible error. Collins Bey is correct to note that his past
harassment of the lawyers does not explain why the court refused to appoint an expert,
who would play a different role. Indeed, the court’s rationale conflicts with its earlier
No. 18-3627 Page 5
statement that Collins Bey needed expert testimony for his malpractice claim. See Spann
v. Roper, 453 F.3d 1007, 1009 (8th Cir. 2006). Other circuits have held that when a party
requests the appointment of a neutral expert under Federal Rule of Evidence 706, a
court must provide a “reasoned explanation” for its ultimate decision. Gaviria v.
Reynolds, 476 F.3d 940, 945 (D.C. Cir. 2007); Quiet Technology DC-8 v. Hurel-Dubois UK
Ltd., 326 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir. 2003); Steele v. Shah, 87 F.3d 1266, 1270–71 (11th Cir. 1996).
But here, any defect in the court’s reasoning was harmless. It was unclear whether
Collins Bey was asking for a neutral expert under Rule 706, or a partisan expert to assist
him in defeating the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. On appeal, he says that
he sought the latter. Yet we know of no authority, and Collins Bey has not directed us to
anything, stating that Rule 706 empowers a district court to appoint a partisan expert at
public expense. The district court thus did not unreasonably deny the request that
Collins Bey now says he made.
Finally, the district court properly denied Collins Bey’s motions to strike Miller’s
testimony and for sanctions. Collins Bey contends that the district court should not have
accepted Miller’s declaration that her health had improved. But the court reasonably
accepted Miller’s assertions about her health because those assertions did not contradict
her prior declaration or any other evidence. See Zuppardi, 770 F.3d at 647 (motion to
strike denied where defendant’s later statements did not contradict prior ones).
B
On the merits, Collins Bey raises two Eighth Amendment claims: first, he wants
damages from Dr. Wommack for not giving him new partial dentures in 2007; and
second, he seeks damages from Dr. Thorpe for not extracting his broken tooth in 2009.
We review de novo the entry of summary judgment, viewing the record in the light most
favorable to Collins Bey. Estate of Simpson v. Gorbett, 863 F.3d 740, 745 (7th Cir. 2017).
Deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious medical needs may violate the
Eighth Amendment. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). To survive summary
judgment on this claim, Collins Bey needed to submit evidence of an objectively serious
medical need to which a defendant was deliberately indifferent. Duckworth v. Ahmad,
532 F.3d 675, 679 (7th Cir. 2008). We review the full record of Collins Bey’s treatment—
his X-rays, fillings, restorations, extractions, bone-fragment removals, and repairs—
when assessing the two decisions he challenges. See Dunigan ex rel. Nyman v. Winnebago
County, 165 F.3d 587, 591 (7th Cir. 1999).
No. 18-3627 Page 6
No evidence suggests that Dr. Wommack’s decision in 2007 not to replace the
partial dentures immediately reflected deliberate indifference. According to
Dr. Wommack’s unrebutted professional judgment, in 2007 replacing the partial
dentures was not an urgent medical need. Rather, restoring Collins Bey’s teeth was the
priority because (as another dentist confirmed) he first required restorative treatment to
anchor new partial dentures. No evidence indicates that Dr. Wommack believed that
delaying replacement of the partial dentures until Collins Bey’s teeth were restored
would cause unnecessary pain. See Perez v. Fenoglio, 792 F.3d 768, 777–78 (7th Cir. 2015).
And no evidence suggests that Dr. Wommack believed that without new partial
dentures, Collins Bey lacked enough teeth to function. See Duckworth, 532 F.3d at 679.
Thus, Dr. Wommack permissibly used his professional judgment in 2007 to prioritize
restoring Collins Bey’s teeth. See Jackson v. Kotter, 541 F.3d 688, 698 (7th Cir. 2008).
Collins Bey responds that Dr. Wommack nonetheless waited 11 months to start
the restoration process that ultimately stretched over seven years. This, Collins Bey, is
explainable only by deliberate indifference. But Collins Bey is overlooking other critical
facts. During the two years that Dr. Wommack saw Collins Bey, he was the prison’s
only dentist, whom the prison retained just one day per week to treat the inmates. He
used his professional judgment to treat each inmate based on the severity of their needs.
No evidence suggests that Dr. Wommack preferred inmates with minor dental issues
over Collins Bey. Rather, with his limited time, he permissibly used his judgment to
treat Collins Bey’s most urgent needs first—by inserting a filling in 2007, and then in
2008, by restoring four of his teeth on two separate visits. See Jackson, 541 F.3d at 698.
Similarly, Dr. Thorpe’s decision to decline extracting the broken tooth in 2009
does not reflect deliberate indifference to Collins Bey’s dental needs. When he first saw
Collins Bey in 2009, he filled a cavity in another tooth and reasonably decided not to
extract the broken tooth because, it is undisputed, that tooth had no nerve and could
not cause pain. When Dr. Thorpe saw Collins Bey in 2011, he reasonably removed the
tooth with an abscess but again did not remove the broken tooth, because the abscess
posed the imminent need, while the broken tooth with the dead nerve did not. Further,
like Dr. Wommack, Dr. Thorpe had limited time to attend to all his patients. He too was
entitled to use his professional judgment to prioritize Collins Bey’s urgent dental needs,
see Jackson, 836 F.3d at 698, and to meet the pressing needs of all other patients.
Finally, Collins Bey challenges the dismissal of his injunction claim as moot. “[A]
court’s power to grant injunctive relief only survives if such relief is actually needed.”
Nelson v. Miller, 570 F.3d 868, 882 (7th Cir. 2009), abrogated on other grounds by Jones v.
No. 18-3627 Page 7
Carter, 915 F.3d 1147, 1149–50 (7th Cir. 2019). Collins Bey sued to force his current
prison to keep a full-time dentist on staff to reduce long wait times. It is undisputed that
the Department of Corrections has hired a full-time and a part-time dentist for his
prison. “Routine” visits now occur in about a half-year and “essential” visits (which
apply to the restorative treatment that caused Collins Bey’s long wait times) take place
in under two months. Collins Bey’s request for injunctive relief is therefore moot.
AFFIRMED