Jeffrey Dubnow v. Denis R. McDonough

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-1045
JEFFREY DUBNOW,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
DENIS R. MCDONOUGH, Secretary of Veterans Affairs,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 19-cv-02423 — Virginia M. Kendall, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED OCTOBER 26, 2021 — DECIDED APRIL 1, 2022
____________________
Before FLAUM, ST. EVE, and KIRSCH, Circuit Judges.
FLAUM, Circuit Judge. This tragic case arises from the death
of a seven-month-old infant. In 2017, Dr. Jeffrey Dubnow, an
emergency room physician at the Captain James A. Lovell
Federal Health Care Center (FHCC) in North Chicago, Illi-
nois, was removed from his position as Chief of the Emer-
gency Department because he decided to divert the ambu-
lance transporting the infant to a better-equipped hospital
nearby. After the child was pronounced dead upon arriving
2 No. 21-1045
at the other hospital, the FHCC—a United States Department
of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital—initiated an investigation
into Dubnow’s diversion decision. This investigation eventu-
ally resulted in his removal. Dubnow appealed this decision
to a review board, which concluded that none of the grounds
for his removal were supported. The agency’s final reviewing
authority, however, reversed the review board’s decision,
finding it to be “clearly contrary to the evidence.” Dubnow
sought judicial review of this final agency action from the dis-
trict court, which affirmed the VA’s removal decision. Dub-
now now appeals the district court’s decision.
Because the VA failed to properly apply the deferential
“clearly contrary to the evidence” standard when reviewing
the board’s decision to overturn Dubnow’s removal, we hold
that the VA’s decision was arbitrary and capricious and ac-
cordingly vacate the decision and remand this case for further
proceedings by the agency.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
Dubnow is a board-certified emergency medicine physi-
cian who has practiced for over forty years. Beginning in Oc-
tober 2011, he served as the Chief of the Emergency Depart-
ment at the FHCC in North Chicago, Illinois. The FHCC is a
joint venture between the VA and the Department of Defense,
providing medical services to veterans as well as active-duty
members of the military and their families.
Dubnow received positive performance reviews during
his tenure at the FHCC until he was removed from his posi-
tion due to events that took place on April 29, 2017. At around
No. 21-1045 3
2:00 PM that afternoon, Joseph Carney, a technician in the
Emergency Department, answered a call from the VA Police
Dispatch. The dispatcher relayed that an ambulance was en
route to the hospital from military base housing with a seven-
month-old infant in full cardiorespiratory arrest. Carney
spoke only to the dispatcher and was unable to communicate
directly with the ambulance crew treating the child.
Carney conferred with Dubnow and another physician on
duty, Dr. James Martin. Based on the limited information Car-
ney relayed, Dubnow concluded that the most likely cause of
the infant’s arrest was trauma. Concluding that the FHCC’s
Emergency Department was ill-equipped to handle pediatric
trauma cases, Dubnow told Carney to direct the ambulance to
nearby Lake Forest Hospital instead. Lake Forest Hospital, lo-
cated a few minutes away from the FHCC, has a Level-II
trauma center and is staffed with pediatric specialists. Carney
relayed Dubnow’s instruction that the ambulance proceed di-
rectly to Lake Forest Hospital, but moments later (and as soon
as the call had ended), noticed on a video monitor that the
ambulance had already arrived at the FHCC’s ambulance
bay. Seeing this, Dubnow and his staff prepared to receive
and treat the child. The ambulance crew, however, had al-
ready received Dubnow’s relayed instructions and immedi-
ately departed for Lake Forest Hospital, leaving the FHCC
without any way for its staff to re-initiate communications.
The child was unable to be resuscitated en route or at Lake
Forest Hospital and was pronounced dead at 2:46 PM.
B. Procedural Background
Following the above-recounted incident, the VA initiated
an investigation by an Administrative Investigative Board
(AIB). As a result of this investigation, the FHCC’s Director,
4 No. 21-1045
Dr. Stephen Holt, terminated Dubnow, effective December
24, 2017. Five “charges” (three of which related to the incident
on April 29, 2017, and two of which related to other conduct)
constituted the basis of the termination decision.
Dubnow properly appealed his removal under 38 U.S.C.
§ 7461(b)(1), and the VA’s Deputy Under Secretary for Health
for Operations and Management appointed a Disciplinary
Appeals Board (DAB) comprised of three senior VA physi-
cians to consider the appeal, see 38 U.S.C. § 7464(a). The DAB
conducted a three-day hearing during which it heard testi-
mony from thirteen witnesses. At the conclusion of the hear-
ing, the DAB issued a written decision finding that none of
the five charges against Dubnow were supported and recom-
mending that Dubnow’s removal be overturned.
In its decision, the DAB discussed a number of reasons for
its finding that the AIB’s decision was unsupported: that Lake
Forest Hospital was only a few minutes away; that the ambu-
lance crew was capable of providing the appropriate immedi-
ate care for resuscitation during transport; that the AIB’s in-
vestigation forming the basis of the removal decision was de-
fective in that it did not include interviews of or testimony
from key witnesses to the April 29 events (including Dr. Mar-
tin, Carney, or the ambulance crew); that the nature of the
communications between the Emergency Department staff
and the ambulance crew was “not conducive” to a meaning-
ful discussion of the patient’s state; that Dubnow’s intent was
to transport the infant to the best facility as quickly as possi-
ble; that the decision to divert the ambulance met the commu-
nity standard of care; that there was no information the am-
bulance crew could have provided the Emergency Depart-
ment staff that would change the conclusion that Lake Forest
No. 21-1045 5
Hospital was better equipped to treat the child; and that alt-
hough the FHCC had equipment and staff that could have
treated the patient, none of them were “battle-tested” as there
had been no pediatric cases requiring advanced life support
of any kind since Dubnow began his tenure there nearly six
years earlier.
The DAB sent its findings to Steven Lieberman, the VA’s
Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Health (PDUSH) and the
agency’s final reviewing authority. See 38 U.S.C. § 7462(d)(4).
The PDUSH remanded the case to the DAB, requesting fur-
ther explanations as to why “diversion of the patient was ac-
ceptable, focusing on the fact that a fully trained, Board Cer-
tified ER physician should have been able to provide care to
an infant,” and why it was acceptable for Dubnow to con-
clude that the child’s cardiac arrest was related to trauma
without any hands-on assessment of the child. The DAB ad-
dressed these requests and provided further analysis, but it
did not alter its conclusions that none of the charges should
be sustained and that removal was unwarranted.
Pursuant to his authority under 38 U.S.C. § 7462(d)(2), the
PDUSH reversed the DAB’s decision only on Charge One
(“Inappropriate Refusal of Care and/or Diversion”), finding it
to be “clearly contrary to the evidence.” The entirety of the
PDUSH’s explanation reads:
The [FHCC] not only serves Veterans but also
family members housed at the military base. As
such, the FHCC is staffed and equipped to han-
dle pediatric cases, and equipment necessary to
handle a pediatric resuscitation was available.
Additionally, [Dubnow] and other staff
6 No. 21-1045
members on duty that day were Pediatric Ad-
vanced Life Support (PALS) certified, and as
such, there was no need to divert the ambulance
to another facility. The evidence shows [Dub-
now’s] decision to divert the ambulance was not
justified, and created a serious situation that
negatively impacted patient care.… I find the
egregiousness of the conduct as described in
Charge One justifies the penalty of removal
given the circumstances of this case.
Accordingly, the PDUSH reinstated Dubnow’s removal, now
based solely on Charge One.
Dubnow sought review of the PDUSH’s decision in the
Northern District of Illinois, challenging it as arbitrary and ca-
pricious, an abuse of discretion, not in accordance with the
law, unsupported by substantial evidence, and not conducted
according to the required procedures. The court affirmed the
VA’s decision, essentially because it found there to be an ar-
ticulated, rational basis for it, which, the court held, sufficed
under an arbitrary and capricious standard of review.
Because the PDUSH rejected only the DAB’s findings as to
Charge One (diversion of the ambulance), that is the only
charge at issue on appeal. Before this Court, Dubnow now ar-
gues that the PDUSH’s decision was arbitrary and capricious
because it did not properly apply the “clearly contrary to the
evidence” standard and because it did not evaluate his con-
duct against the community standard of medical care.
No. 21-1045 7
II. Discussion
Because the PDUSH’s decision was the final decision of
the VA in this action, we review that decision directly, with
no deference to the district court’s assessment. See Minnick v.
Colvin, 775 F.3d 929, 935 (7th Cir. 2015). When reviewing the
PDUSH’s decision, we must reverse if we find it to be: “(A)
arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not
in accordance with law; (B) obtained without procedures re-
quired by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or
(C) unsupported by substantial evidence.” 38 U.S.C.
§ 7462(f)(2).
Importantly, the PDUSH himself was required by statute
to take a deferential posture in his review of the DAB’s deci-
sion. The PDUSH is only permitted to reverse the DAB’s de-
cision if he finds it to be “clearly contrary to the evidence or
unlawful.” 38 U.S.C. § 7462(d)(2). Accordingly, the question
before us invokes a layered standard of review: Was the
PDUSH’s decision (that the DAB’s decision was clearly con-
trary to the evidence) arbitrary and capricious or unsup-
ported by substantial evidence? 1
In urging us to answer in the affirmative, Dubnow ad-
vances two arguments. First, he argues that the PDUSH failed
to apply the deferential “clearly contrary to the evidence”
standard as required by statute. Second, he argues that the
PDUSH’s decision is deficient because it failed to evaluate his
conduct against the appropriate community standard of med-
ical care, which Dubnow claims is necessary when
1 Before this Court, Dubnow has not contended that the PDUSH did
not follow “procedures required by law, rule, or regulation.” See 38 U.S.C.
§ 7462(f)(2)(B).
8 No. 21-1045
considering whether “a major adverse action” (here, his ter-
mination) is appropriate when it involves a “question of pro-
fessional conduct or competence” (here, the diversion deci-
sion). See 38 U.S.C. § 7462(a). The VA disagrees with both of
these arguments, of course, but also contends that Dubnow
forfeited them by failing to raise them at the district court. We
address the forfeiture question first, before turning to the mer-
its of whether the PDUSH’s decision was arbitrary and capri-
cious.
A. Forfeiture
The VA argues that, as a preliminary matter, Dubnow
waived both of his arguments on appeal because he failed to
argue them at the district court. Because waiver is the “inten-
tional relinquishment of a known right,” what the VA really
argues is that Dubnow has unintentionally forfeited these ar-
guments. See United States v. Jaimes-Jaimes, 406 F.3d 845, 847–
48 (7th Cir. 2005) (discussing the difference between waiver
and forfeiture). Terminology aside, we may dispose of this ar-
gument expeditiously.
Dubnow discussed the PDUSH’s failure to apply the
“clearly contrary to the evidence” standard throughout his
opening brief at the district court. Indeed, this appears to have
been the thrust of his entire argument at the district court,
and, thus, we conclude that Dubnow has not forfeited it on
appeal.
Dubnow also raised his argument about the community
standard of medical care in his opening brief at the district
court, albeit far less thoroughly than his “clearly contrary to
the evidence” argument. Furthermore, as argued, the
PDUSH’s failure to examine whether Dubnow’s conduct met
No. 21-1045 9
the community standard of care is really, at bottom, just an
example Dubnow highlights in order to prove that the
PDUSH failed to properly scrutinize whether the DAB’s deci-
sion was clearly contrary to the evidence—an argument that,
again, he undoubtedly preserved. For these reasons, we con-
clude that Dubnow has not forfeited either argument.
B. Was the PDUSH’s Decision Arbitrary and Capri-
cious or Unsupported by Substantial Evidence?
1. Standard of Review
As discussed above, this case presents a knotty question
due to the layered standards of review. We must decide
whether it was arbitrary and capricious for the PDUSH to find
that the DAB’s decision was clearly contrary to the evidence.
We review this question de novo, giving no deference to the
district court’s decision. See Minnick, 775 F.3d at 935.
The first layer of review, under the arbitrary and capri-
cious standard, is a familiar one. This standard has been de-
scribed in many ways, but in all articulations it is deferential.
Under it, we will disturb an agency’s determination only if it
lacks a “rational basis.” White Eagle Co-op. Ass'n v. Conner, 553
F.3d 467, 474 (7th Cir. 2009); see also Doran v. Wilkie, 768 F. Ap-
p'x 340, 349 n.6 (6th Cir. 2019) (“[T]he arbitrary-and-capri-
cious standard of 38 U.S.C. § 7462(f) … mirrors the standard
of review of administrative actions under the Administrative
Procedure Act” (citing 5 U.S.C. § 706(2))). Only if the agency
relied on factors that Congress did not intend it to consider,
failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, or
failed to articulate a satisfactory connection between the facts
found and the choice made will we find the agency’s action
invalid. Sierra Club v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 774 F.3d 383, 393
10 No. 21-1045
(7th Cir. 2014); see also Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983). We do not
“reweigh evidence, resolve conflicts, decide questions of
credibility, or substitute [our] judgment for that of the
[agency].” Burmester v. Berryhill, 920 F.3d 507, 510 (7th Cir.
2019) (quoting Lopez ex rel. Lopez v. Barnhart, 336 F.3d 535, 539
(7th Cir. 2003) (per curiam)). Still, the agency must provide a
“logical bridge” between the evidence and its conclusion. See
Kastner v. Astrue, 697 F.3d 642, 646 (7th Cir. 2012) (quoting
Craft v. Astrue, 539 F.3d 668, 673 (7th Cir. 2008)); see also State
Farm, 463 U.S. at 43 (noting that an agency “decision of less
than ideal clarity” will be upheld “if the agency’s path may
reasonably be discerned” (citation omitted)).
On the other hand, the second standard of review layer—
the “clearly contrary to the evidence” standard that the
PDUSH was required to employ in reviewing the DAB’s de-
cision—is far less familiar. In fact, the parties point to only one
case that interprets the standard in this context, and the
Court’s own efforts to find other cases have proven fruitless.
Because we find it to be well-reasoned, we adopt the interpre-
tation proposed by the only court to have taken up this ques-
tion.
In Savu v. United States, the district court took a plain lan-
guage approach in interpreting this standard: “Given their
plain and ordinary meanings, ‘clearly’ means ‘without doubt;
obviously.’ And ‘contrary to the evidence’ means ‘conflicting
with the weight of the evidence presented at a contested hear-
ing.’” No. SA-18-CV-00993-JKP-ESC, 2021 WL 1615562, at *2
(W.D. Tex. Apr. 26, 2021) (quoting Clearly, Oxford Dictionar-
ies, https://premium.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/
american_english/clearly (last visited Mar. 25, 2022); Contrary
No. 21-1045 11
to the Evidence, Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019)). Com-
bining the plain meanings of these two phrases, the Savu court
ruled that the PDUSH could reverse the DAB’s decision as
“clearly contrary to the evidence” only if the PDUSH showed
that it would be obvious to an ordinary person that the DAB’s
decision conflicted with the weight of the evidence. Id. We see
no reason to depart from this straightforward approach here
and therefore analyze the PDUSH’s decision using this artic-
ulation of the “clearly contrary to the evidence” standard.
Layering these two standards on top of one another, we
will vacate the PDUSH’s decision if it did not articulate some
rational basis for why the DAB’s decision obviously con-
flicted with the weight of the evidence.
2. The PDUSH’s Failure to Apply the “Clearly Con-
trary to the Evidence” Standard
Dubnow argues that the PDUSH’s decision was arbitrary
and capricious because it reflects a failure to give proper def-
erence to the DAB’s decision under the required “clearly con-
trary to the evidence” standard. We agree for two reasons.
First, the PDUSH’s decision indicates that he failed to eval-
uate the question posed to him and thereby “fail[ed] to con-
sider an important aspect of the problem.” Adventist GlenOaks
Hosp. v. Sebelius, 663 F.3d 939, 942 (7th Cir. 2011).
The allegation in Charge One in its entirety reads as fol-
lows:
Inappropriate Refusal of Care and/or Diversion.
Specification: On or about April 29, 2017, at ap-
proximately 2:01 p.m., you inappropriately re-
fused care to and/or diverted a seven-month old
12 No. 21-1045
[sic] infant in full cardiac arrest en route via am-
bulance to the [FHCC ED] to Lake Forest Hos-
pital[,] which delayed potentially life-saving
treatment. The infant was pronounced dead at
2:46 p.m. at Lake Forest Hospital.
In his four-sentence description of his findings, the
PDUSH’s conclusion appears to rest on his finding that “there
was no need to divert the ambulance to another facility.” But
whether there was a need to divert the ambulance is not at all
the question the PDUSH, or even the DAB, was required to
answer. The relevant question for the DAB was whether the
diversion was appropriate; if so, Dubnow’s removal could not
be sustained. But to conclude, as the PDUSH did, that treating
the patient at the hospital was possible, or even appropriate,
is not to conclude that diverting the ambulance to a better-
equipped hospital would have been inappropriate. And,
moreover, this is not the question the PDUSH was tasked with
answering. Rather, the PDUSH was tasked with deciding
whether the DAB’s conclusion on that question was clearly
contrary to the evidence. As such, the PDUSH’s conclusion
that there was “no need” to divert the patient is two steps re-
moved from the analysis Congress tasked him with perform-
ing under 38 U.S.C. § 7462(d).
More generally, even if we could conclude that the
PDUSH found that diversion was inappropriate, the PDUSH
appears to have substituted his judgment for the DAB’s, in
explicit violation of the statute. In fact, the VA itself says as
much, writing in its brief, “The charge was that Dubnow’s di-
version of the ambulance was inappropriate; the Board found
that it was not, and the PDUSH found that it was.” But, again,
this is insufficient for the PDUSH to overturn the DAB’s
No. 21-1045 13
conclusion. In order to overturn the DAB’s conclusion, the
statute requires that the PDUSH find not only that diversion
was inappropriate but also that any conclusion by the DAB to
the contrary would appear to the ordinary person to be obvi-
ously against the weight of the evidence. Because it is entirely
devoid of a discussion of the DAB’s numerous, detailed find-
ings, the PDUSH’s opinion contains no rational basis for such
a sweeping conclusion.
The VA argues that the PDUSH did answer the appropri-
ate question under the relevant standard because his opinion
letter stated, “Upon careful consideration of the facts of the
case, I do not concur with the Board’s findings regarding
Charge One as it is clearly contrary to the evidence,” and also
cited the standard multiple times elsewhere. But “[m]erely
parroting the standard without showing its application ren-
ders review of a DAB decision arbitrary and capricious.”
Savu, 2021 WL 1615562, at *6. The PDUSH failed to grapple at
all with any of the reasons the DAB advanced for overturning
the charge against Dubnow.
The PDUSH need not mention or analyze every piece of
evidence in the record. Cf. Terry v. Astrue, 580 F.3d 471, 475
(7th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (noting that, in determining social
security disability benefits, administrative law judges need
not examine and discuss every piece of evidence). But when
Congress explicitly directs that a DAB’s decision may only be
reversed upon a finding that it was clearly contrary to the ev-
idence, any such reversal should contain some analysis con-
structing a “logical bridge” between the evidence and the con-
clusion that the DAB’s finding was obviously against the
weight of that evidence. See Kastner, 697 F.3d at 646. Merely
listing a few reasons that support the conclusion opposite the
14 No. 21-1045
DAB’s, without any discussion of the evidence relied on by
the DAB, is not enough to meet this minimal bar. Accord-
ingly, we conclude that the PDUSH’s decision in this action
was arbitrary and capricious.
3. The PDUSH’s Failure to Evaluate Dubnow’s Con-
duct Against the Community Standard of Care
Dubnow also argues that the PDUSH’s failure to evaluate
his decisions on April 29, 2017, against the community stand-
ard of care provides an independent reason to vacate the
PDUSH’s decision. We decline to create such a broad rule stat-
ing that any failure by the PDUSH to evaluate a physician’s
conduct against the community standard of care renders the
PDUSH’s decision arbitrary and capricious. While one would
expect that an analysis of the physician’s conduct against the
community standard of care would play a part (and perhaps
even a substantial part) in the PDUSH’s decision in a case
such as this, which asks whether the physician’s conduct was
“inappropriate,” we decline to establish a rule that any deci-
sion lacking such an analysis is per se deficient.
Instead, we interpret this argument as simply putting
forth another example of how the PDUSH failed to provide a
rational basis for his decision. The DAB concluded that “[t]he
community standard of care was met for the patient by the
decision to redirect the ambulance,” and this conclusion ap-
pears to have played a predominant role in the DAB’s ulti-
mate conclusion that Dubnow’s actions were not inappropri-
ate. Because the PDUSH was tasked with evaluating whether
the DAB’s findings were clearly contrary to the evidence, one
would expect to see some discussion in the PDUSH’s opinion
of the DAB’s rather significant conclusion on this point. The
No. 21-1045 15
total absence of any such discussion suggests that the PDUSH
misunderstood his role as a deferential reviewer of the DAB’s
findings.
To be sure, the evidence as to whether Dubnow’s actions
met the community standard of care is, contrary to Dubnow’s
assertions, mixed. For example, while the DAB did conclude
that Dubnow met the standard of care, Dr. Holt (the Director
of the FHCC) testified to the DAB: “We have all the equip-
ment. We have the nursing staff trained to do this. We had the
room available. Help me here. I don’t understand how we’re
not capable of doing pediatric emergencies.” In sum, a review
by the PDUSH of the evidence regarding whether Dubnow
met the standard of care may very well reveal that the DAB’s
finding on the issue was clearly contrary to the evidence. But
this does not excuse the PDUSH from meaningfully analyzing
the evidence to determine whether this is, in fact, the case.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons explained above, we REVERSE the district
court’s decision affirming the VA’s decision, VACATE the VA’s
decision, and REMAND the action back to the VA for further
proceedings in accordance with this opinion.