Jorge L. Martinez v. C. A. Turner

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 96-2945
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Jorge L. Martinez, *
*
Appellant, *
*
v. *
*
C. A. Turner, Warden, Medical Center *
for Federal Prisoners; D. Counts, Unit *
Manager, Medical Center for Federal *
Prisoners; Jack Smith, Case Manager, *
Federal Medical Center for Federal *
Prisoners; L. J. Daugherty, Counselor, *
Medical Center for Federal Prisoners; * Appeal from the United States
W. Hensley, Lieutenant, Medical Center * District Court for the
for Federal Prisoners; A. Clark, * Western District of Missouri.
Lieutenant, Medical Center for Federal *
Prisoners; G. Martinia, Lieutenant, * [UNPUBLISHED]
Medical Center for Federal Prisoners; *
Shaw, Correctional Officer, Medical *
Center for Federal Prisoners; CROM, *
Correctional Officer, Medical Center for *
Federal Prisoners; E. J. Blades, *
Correctional Officer, Medical Center for *
Federal Prisoners; William Francis, Dr., *
Medical Center for Federal Prisoners; *
George Cordivin, Dr., Medical Center *
for Federal Prisoners; E. Wetzel, Dr., *
Medical Center for Federal Prisoners; *
J. W. Clawson, Dr., Medical Center for *
Federal Prisoners; G. Rose, Nurse, *
Medical Center for Federal Prisoners; *
Coursen, Nurse, Medical Center for *
Federal Prisoners; G. Diullo, Physical *
Therapist, Medical Center for Federal *
Prisoners, *
*
Appellees. *
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Submitted: August 5, 1997
Filed: August 25, 1997
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Before BEAM, BRIGHT, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Jorge L. Martinez appeals the district court&s grant of summary judgment to
defendants in his Bivens1 action. We reverse and remand.
Martinez filed an amended complaint against the warden and other employees
of the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri
(medical center), in both their official and individual capacities. Martinez alleged, as
relevant, that he was a pre-trial detainee and that when he refused to work because of
his physical condition and pre-trial status, he was placed in segregation. The district
court dismissed the complaint as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d),2 and this court
reversed and remanded for further proceedings on this claim. See Martinez v. Turner,
977 F.2d 421 (8th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 1009 (1993).
1
Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S.
388 (1971).
2
This section has been recodified as 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2).
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On remand, defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that Martinez was
not denied due process by his placement in administrative segregation, and that they
were entitled to qualified immunity. The district court granted summary judgment to
defendants, finding that because Martinez was cleared for full duty work status, nothing
in the record substantiated his assertions that he could not perform the work assigned
to him. The court also found that no factual dispute existed as to whether the work
Martinez was required to do constituted a constitutional violation, or as to whether
there was an intent to punish Martinez. The court finally found that defendants were
entitled to qualified immunity.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard
as the district court; summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the record in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Earnest v.
Courtney, 64 F.3d 365, 366-67 (8th Cir. 1995) (per curiam).
We previously held in this case that requiring a pre-trial detainee to work or be
placed in administrative segregation is punishment. See Martinez, 977 F.2d at 423
(citing Chestnut v. Magnusson, 942 F.2d 820, 823 (1st Cir. 1990) and Bell v. Wolff,
496 F.2d 1252, 1254 (8th Cir. 1974)). We found, however, that requiring a pre-trial
detainee to perform general housekeeping chores is not punishment. See id. (citing
Bijeol v. Nelson, 579 F.2d 423, 425 (7th Cir. 1978)).
We conclude that the district court erred in determining that no factual questions
existed as to whether the administrative detention amounted to punishment. Martinez
was placed in detention twice; on both occasions the detention orders stated that the
placement was for refusing to work and that Martinez was being detained pending a
hearing for a regulation violation. Martinez was released from his first detention only
after he agreed to work as an orderly on his floor of residence. Regardless of whether
the detentions are classified as “administrative,” if a pre-trial detainee must remain in
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a lock-up area if he does not work, the detention amounts to punishment. See
Martinez, 977 F.2d at 423; cf. Hause v. Vaught, 993 F.2d 1079, 1085-86 (4th Cir.
1993) (administrative segregation may not be used as pretext for indefinite
confinement), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1049 (1994).
We also find that a genuine factual issue existed as to whether the work being
asked of Martinez constituted more than housekeeping tasks. Martinez attested that
he worked in eight-hour shifts, and that his tasks involved feeding and cleaning up after
other inmates, waxing and buffing floors, and cleaning counselors& and managers&
offices. Cf. Hause, 993 F.2d at 1085 (no due process violation where pre-trial detainee
was required to dust); Bijeol, 579 F.2d at 424-25 (no due process violation where
detainee was assigned one regular housekeeping chore in common area, requiring up
to 120 minutes daily). Because Martinez could refuse to do more than housekeeping
tasks based solely on his status as a pre-trial detainee, we need not address his
contention that he was forced to work beyond his physical capacity.3
As to the district court&s grant of qualified immunity to defendants, we find that
the law was clearly established that a pre-trial detainee could not be punished for
refusing to work. See Bijeol, 579 F.2d at 424-25; Heidemann v. Rother, 84 F.3d 1021,
1028 (8th Cir. 1996) (federal right must be clearly established). Because Martinez did
not controvert an attestation by defendant Hensley that he did not know Martinez was
a pre-trial detainee, we affirm the district court&s grant of qualified immunity to Hensley
in his individual capacity, as that inquiry turns on a defendant&s knowledge at the time
of his actions. See id.
3
While defendants attested Martinez had signed a waiver of his right not to work,
they were unable to produce a copy, and Martinez attested he had not signed such a
waiver. We note that even assuming Martinez did sign a waiver, the medical center&s
waiver form specifically provides that the waiver may be rescinded at the inmate&s
request.
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Accordingly, we affirm the district court&s grant of qualified immunity to Hensley
in his individual capacity, and we reverse and remand for further proceedings as to the
remaining defendants.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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