Colleen Quick v. Wal-Mart Stores

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 04-3996
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Colleen C. Quick, *
*
Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Western District of Missouri.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., *
*
Appellee. *
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Submitted: December 15, 2005
Filed: March 24, 2006
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Before WOLLMAN, LAY, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
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WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.
Colleen Quick appeals from the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment to
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart) on her pregnancy-based employment discrimination
claim. Quick alleges violations of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 42 U.S.C. §
2000e(k), and the Missouri Human Rights Act, Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 213.010-213.095.
We affirm.
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The Honorable Fernando J. Gaitan, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.
Quick worked at the Cameron, Missouri, Wal-Mart from 1993 until she was
terminated on August 7, 2000. In September 1995, Quick began working in Wal-
Mart’s photo lab, which was managed by Mary Stewart. When Stewart left her
position in 1996, Wal-Mart promoted Quick to photo lab manager. Quick’s duties
included supervising the associates in the photo division and instructing them as to
Wal-Mart’s policies.
The Wal-Mart photo lab operates under its own management hierarchy. The
photo lab manager reports directly to the district manager for the photo division rather
than to the store manager. In 1999, Debra Hoover became the district manager of the
photo division and Quick’s direct supervisor. David Smart was the store manager at
the Cameron, Missouri, Wal-Mart from 1998 until Quick’s termination.
To increase business at the Cameron Wal-Mart, Stewart offered certain
organizations and individuals two-for-one pricing on film development. Stewart
maintained a list of eligible customers in a notebook in the photo lab. As photo lab
manager, Quick continued this practice and added two high schools to the list of
participants.
In January 2000, Wal-Mart advised its employees in the photo lab division that
the district manager for the photo division must approve the use of the “second set free
promotion.” J.A. at 473-74. With this policy, Wal-Mart intended to eliminate the
photo lab manager’s discretion to unilaterally implement promotions or discounts.
Quick stated in her affidavit, “Wal-Mart management announced that the club cards,
key chains, and two-for-one promotions would be discontinued. I understood the
policy to mean that with approval, I could continue offering two-for-one photos.” J.A.
at 316. Quick never asked Hoover for permission to continue the discount.
In February 2000, a photo lab associate met with Hoover to complain about
Quick’s work habits. Around the time of the complaint, Hoover and Smart met with
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Quick to discuss associate complaints, photo lab issues, and Quick’s vacation and
maternity leave. During that meeting, Hoover and Smart told Quick that it was not
“good management sense” to take twelve weeks of maternity leave. J.A. at 86. They
also criticized Quick for planning to take vacation time in March and April of 2000.
Quick took a twelve-week leave of absence for the birth of her child beginning
on May 12, 2000. Two weeks before Quick’s planned return from maternity leave,
Hoover met with Quick and told her that she did not expect Quick to return. Hoover
also asked whether Quick had made child care arrangements. Quick assured Hoover
that she would return to work as scheduled and that she had already arranged for day
care. Sometime after this meeting, Hoover met with the associates in the photo lab to
discuss helping Quick transition from leave back to her management position.
Teresa Delano, a photo lab manager from the Excelsior Springs Wal-Mart,
served as interim photo lab manager from about July 7, 2000, until Quick returned to
work. Shortly after Delano started working at the Cameron Wal-Mart photo lab, a
customer asked for the two-for-one discount on film development. Delano knew that
Wal-Mart eliminated special pricing in the photo lab and refused to give the discount.
In response to the customer’s persistence, Delano asked a photo lab associate about
the discount and learned that Quick maintained a two-for-one discount for certain
customers. Delano reported this information to Hoover and gave Hoover the notebook
containing the list of eligible customers. Prior to Delano’s report, neither Smart nor
Hoover knew that Quick was offering this discount.
Hoover investigated Quick’s practice of special discounts. Several associates
in the photo lab division confirmed that Quick instructed them to offer discounts to
the customers listed in the notebook. Hoover asked Scott Matchell, the district loss
prevention supervisor, to interview Quick. Matchell interviewed Quick when she
returned from maternity leave on August 7, 2000. Matchell recommended that Quick
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be terminated because she admitted violating Wal-Mart policy and because her
conduct amounted to a theft of services and implicated her integrity.
Hoover contacted Barbara Kulwicki, regional personnel manager for the Wal-
Mart photo division. Pursuant to company policy, the regional personnel manager
must approve a district manager’s decision to terminate management employees.
Hoover explained that Quick admitted to intentionally violating Wal-Mart’s policies.
Kulwicki directed Hoover to terminate Quick. At a second meeting on August 7,
2000, Smart terminated Quick for gross misconduct.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Zhuang v. Datacard
Corp., 414 F.3d 849, 854 (8th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is proper only where
there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Zhuang, 414 F.3d at 854.
Quick contends that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on
her pregnancy discrimination claim against Wal-Mart because she presented direct
evidence of unlawful discrimination. Specifically, she argues that the criticism she
received for taking twelve weeks of maternity leave and Hoover’s statement that she
did not expect Quick to return from maternity leave constituted direct evidence of
discrimination. We disagree. “[D]irect evidence is evidence showing a specific link
between the alleged discriminatory animus and the challenged decision, sufficient to
support a finding by a reasonable fact finder that an illegitimate criterion actually
motivated the adverse employment action.” Griffith v. City of Des Moines, 387 F.3d
733, 736 (8th Cir. 2004) (internal quotations omitted). Direct evidence of
employment discrimination must be distinguished from stray remarks in the
workplace, statements by nondecisionmakers, or statements by decisionmakers
unrelated to the decisional process. Clearwater v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 166, 231 F.3d
1122, 1126 (8th Cir. 2000). When Hoover and Smart told Quick that it was a bad
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management decision to take twelve weeks of leave, it was in the context of a broader
management meeting addressing a myriad of associate complaints and photo lab
issues. Further, this meeting was held five months before Quick was terminated.
Even when coupled with Hoover’s later statement that she was surprised that Quick
would be returning from work, these statements are not sufficiently related to Quick’s
termination to constitute direct evidence of discriminatory motive. Because she has
failed to establish a causal link between management’s statements and her termination,
we conclude that Quick has not presented direct evidence of pregnancy
discrimination.
Quick has also failed to establish indirect evidence of unlawful pregnancy
discrimination. To survive summary judgment under the burden-shifting approach of
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), the plaintiff must establish
a prima facie case of employment discrimination. Id. at 802. If established, the
employer may advance a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s
discharge. Id. The burden of production then returns to the plaintiff to show that the
employer’s reason is a pretext for pregnancy discrimination. Id. at 804.
Assuming that Quick presented a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas,
we must consider whether Wal-Mart presented a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason
for Quick’s termination. Wal-Mart asserts that Quick was terminated for knowingly
violating company policy by offering two-for-one discounts to certain customers for
film development. In her affidavit, Quick acknowledged that the use of two-for-one
discounts had been discontinued in January 2000 and that she interpreted the policy
to mean that, with management’s approval, she could continue giving the discount.
The parties agree that Quick never sought express permission from Hoover or any
other manager after Wal-Mart announced that it was discontinuing certain photo lab
promotions. Accordingly, we conclude that Wal-Mart presented a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for Quick’s termination.
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This case, then, turns on whether Quick presented a trial-worthy claim of
pretext. We conclude that she did not. At first glance, the timing of Wal-Mart’s
decision to terminate seems suspicious, but “we have been hesitant to find pretext or
discrimination on temporal proximity alone.” Sprenger v. Fed. Home Loan Bank of
Des Moines, 253 F.3d 1106, 1114 (8th Cir. 2001). Quick was terminated the day she
returned from maternity leave, but that termination followed Wal-Mart’s discovery
and investigation of the two-for-one discount, Hoover’s consultations with Kulwicki
and Matchell, and management’s two meetings with Quick. Even considering the
temporal proximity in conjunction with management’s comments addressed above and
Quick’s allegation that Wal-Mart conducted an insufficient investigation and offered
inconsistent explanations for her termination, the evidence Quick presented did not
sufficiently undermine Wal-Mart’s justification to create a material question of fact
as to pretext. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court’s entry of summary
judgment was appropriate.
The judgment is affirmed.
LAY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I dissent. Once again, our court is faced with an employment discrimination
case where there are facts in dispute. Rather than submitting this conflict to a jury, the
majority decides the facts as a matter of law. In my opinion, this is a violation of the
Plaintiff’s rights and the question of credibility should be submitted to a jury. I
therefore dissent.
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