United States v. Larry Henderson

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 04-4110
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the Eastern
* District of Missouri.
Larry L. Henderson, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: November 15, 2005
Filed: March 1, 2006 (Corrected 3/7/06)
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Before SMITH, HEANEY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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BENTON, Circuit Judge.
A jury found Larry Lee Henderson guilty of 20 counts of passing counterfeit
checks, and the district court1 sentenced him to 63 months of imprisonment.
Henderson appeals his conviction and sentence. This court affirms.
1
The Honorable Carol E. Jackson, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
I.
Henderson argues there was insufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict.
In evaluating sufficiency, this court views the evidence most favorably to the
Government, including all reasonable inferences from the evidence. See United States
v. Drews, 877 F.2d 10, 13 (8th Cir. 1989). This court reverses "only if the jury must
have had a reasonable doubt about an essential element of the crime." United States
v. McDougal, 137 F.3d 547, 553 (8th Cir. 1998).
Henderson was charged with uttering and possessing counterfeited securities,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 513(a). The Government had to prove that Henderson,
with the intent to deceive another person or organization, uttered or possessed a
counterfeit security of an organization that operates in or affects interstate commerce.
Id.
The evidence supports the jury's verdict. Over a dozen victims testified that
Henderson physically handed counterfeit checks to them. This directly establishes 14
of the 20 counts.
The six counts not supported by such victim testimony were Counts 2, 5, 6, 8,
9, and 16. Count 2 involves a $150,000 check purportedly issued by Union Planters
Bank, payable to Henderson. At trial, a teller testified that a female presented the
check and a deposit ticket to her. According to a latent-fingerprint analyst, the ticket
bore Henderson's fingerprint.
Count 16 concerns an $800 check purportedly drawn on the account of Two
State Electrical, Inc., payable to Henderson. At trial, the president of Two State
Electrical testified that he mailed a check payable to his accountant. He later
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discovered that the check was cashed, with the payee's name changed to "Larry
Henderson." A U.S. Postal Inspector confirmed that the accountant's post office box
was near a box rented by Henderson.
The remaining counts, 5, 6, 8, and 9, allege bad checks that victims received
from the organization Henderson oversaw. The victims in Counts 5, 6, and 9 testified
that the bad checks were written to pay for work done for Henderson and the
organization. With respect to Count 8, Henderson admitted he forwarded the check.
This evidence, combined with reasonable inferences from other evidence at trial,
supports the jury's verdict.
II.
Henderson argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the Government
failed to disclose information regarding the organizational victims in this case, as
required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 12.4(a)(2):
If an organization is a victim of the alleged criminal activity, the
government must file a statement identifying the victim. If the
organizational victim is a corporation, the statement must also disclose
the information required by Rule 12.4(a)(1) [i.e., the identity of any
parent corporation and any publicly held corporation owning at least
10% of the victim's stock, or that there is no such corporation,] to the
extent it can be obtained through due diligence.
The statement must be filed "upon the defendant's initial appearance." Fed. R. Crim.
P. 12.4(b) (2002).
The Government admits not filing the disclosure statement for the
organizational victims. Henderson acknowledges that, because he did not object to
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this failure, the standard of review is plain error. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S.
725, 731-732 (1993). Henderson is thus entitled to relief only if he shows that the
plain error affected his substantial rights, and seriously affected the fairness, integrity
or public reputation of the judicial proceedings. Id. at 732.
Henderson complains that "it is impossible to prove an unknown" and that he
"cannot ascertain the effect of the prejudice because it simply cannot be known what
the implications of filing of the compliance would have disclosed." However, "[i]t is
the defendant rather than the Government who bears the burden of persuasion with
respect to prejudice." Id. at 734. Henderson has not met that burden. He points to
no evidence that the Government's failure to file the disclosure statement affected his
substantial rights.2 Indeed, the district judge had notice of the organizational victims
even without the disclosure statement, because they were identified in the Superceding
Indictment. Accordingly, there is no reversible error.
III.
The Government sought to present evidence that Henderson had been convicted
of bank fraud (for writing bad checks) and that his supervised release was twice
revoked for writing bad checks. The district court admitted the evidence over
Henderson's objection that it was cumulative and prejudicial. Henderson now argues
that he is entitled to a new trial.
2
Henderson argues that he does not have to demonstrate prejudice to his
substantial rights, claiming the failure to file the disclosure statement is a structural
error. However, the Supreme Court has not recognized nondisclosure as a structural
error. See Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309-310 (1991); see also Neder v.
United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8 (1999) (listing the "very limited class of cases" in which
structural error has been found).
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The district court acts within its discretion in admitting evidence of a prior
conviction if (1) the evidence is relevant to an issue other than the defendant's
character; (2) it is similar in kind and not overly remote to the crime charged; (3) it is
supported by sufficient evidence; and (4) the potential unfair prejudice of the evidence
does not substantially outweigh its probative value. United States v. Anwar, 428 F.3d
1102, 1111 (8th Cir. 2005).
Those criteria are met here. The prior convictions for writing bad checks, as
well as the supervised release violations for bad checks, are similar to the offenses at
issue and relevant to Henderson's knowledge in passing counterfeit checks. The prior
convictions and violations of supervised release are supported by sufficient evidence,
namely Henderson's admissions in the plea agreement. Finally, the potential of unfair
prejudice is outweighed by the evidence's probative value. The court instructed the
jury to consider the evidence only to determine knowledge, intent, opportunity, and
absence of mistake.
Henderson also argues that the district court erred in admitting evidence that he
was convicted of felony child neglect. Even if the court abused its discretion in
admitting the evidence, Henderson is not entitled to a new trial because he has not
shown that the verdict would have been different if the evidence were excluded. See
United States v. Velazquez-Rivera, 366 F.3d 661, 666 (8th Cir. 2004) ("Even if the
district court erred in admitting the evidence, we will not reverse if the admission of
the evidence was harmless"); Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a) ("Any error, defect, irregularity,
or variance that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded"). As discussed,
the Government presented ample proof of the charged counts.
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IV.
The Government sought to introduce two audio recordings of telephone
conversations between victim Georgia Monica and a male identifying himself as
"Steven Anderson," but whom the Government contended was Henderson. The
district court admitted the evidence over Henderson's objection that it was cumulative
and prejudicial.
A proper foundation for the introduction of tape-recorded evidence requires that
"the recording device was capable of taking the conversation now offered in
evidence." United States v. McMillan, 508 F.2d 101, 104 (8th Cir. 1974). Henderson
argues that the device was "not capable of receiving a two-party conversation" over
the telephone because it was designed for hand-held dictation. This argument has no
support in the record. "The very fact that the tape recordings exist establishes that the
recording device was capable of picking up sounds and taking the conversation
offered." United States v. McCowan, 706 F.2d 863, 865 (8th Cir. 1983).
Henderson also asserts that the tapes include only part of the conversation,
allowing unnecessary jury speculation. However, Henderson has not even attempted
to explain how the incompleteness of the tapes could lead a jury to draw conclusions
adverse to him.
Finally, Henderson contends that the evidence on the tapes was cumulative to
Monica's testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 403. The tapes were not
cumulative. Hearing the tapes allowed the jury to compare the recorded voice of
"Steve Anderson" with the voice of Henderson, who testified at trial. Accordingly,
the tapes were uniquely probative. No abuse of discretion occurred.
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V.
Henderson claims that the court erred in instructing the jury that it could find
him guilty even if it found that he only aided and abetted the crimes charged.
According to Henderson, the Government introduced this theory of guilt at the
eleventh hour, and the Government throughout trial treated him as a principal.
This court finds no error in the district court's instruction, which closely tracks
Eighth Circuit Model Instruction 5.01. The Government at trial did not introduce a
new charge against Henderson, just an additional theory of guilt. Because Henderson
attempted in his testimony to implicate other individuals for the charged crimes, the
instruction was warranted. In each count, the Superceding Indictment cites 18 U.S.C.
§ 2, which states: "Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids,
abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a
principal."
VI.
Finally, Henderson argues that the district court erred in sentencing him under
a mandatory guidelines scheme, requiring a resentencing. Henderson is correct that
the district court erred in applying the guidelines as mandatory. United States v.
Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). Because Henderson preserved his argument in the
district court, this court reviews for harmless error. United States v. Haidley, 400
F.3d 642, 644 (8th Cir. 2005). This court has held that mandatory application of the
guidelines is harmless error when the district court had the discretion to impose a
lesser sentence but instead sentenced the defendant in the middle of the sentencing
range. United States v. Sutherlin, 424 F.3d 726, 728 (8th Cir. 2005). Here, the
district court sentenced Henderson to 63 months of imprisonment—the top of the
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guideline range—and made comments adverse to Henderson. The Government met
its burden of showing harmless error.
VII.
Henderson's conviction and sentence are affirmed.
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