Marcel Williams v. Wendy Kelley

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 17-1825
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Marcel Wayne Williams
lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant
v.
Wendy Kelley, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Pine Bluff
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Submitted: April 24, 2017
Filed: April 24, 2017
[Published]
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Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Arkansas inmate Marcel Williams moves for a stay of his execution scheduled
to be carried out on April 24, 2017. Williams was convicted of capital murder,
kidnaping, rape, and aggravated robbery and sentenced to death on January 14, 1997
in the Circuit Court of Pulaski County. The Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed his
conviction and sentence on direct appeal. Williams v. State, 991 S.W.2d 565 (Ark.
1999). Williams sought and was denied state post-conviction relief. Williams v.
State, 64 S.W.3d 709 (Ark. 2002). He petitioned for a federal writ of habeas corpus,
which the district court granted in part, but on appeal we denied in its entirety,
Williams v. Norris, 576 F.3d 850 (8th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, Williams v. Hobbs,
562 U.S. 1097 (2010). His first Rule 60(b) motion for relief from judgment was
denied in 2015. Williams v. Norris, No. 15-2665 (Sept. 14, 2015). Williams
challenged the State’s lethal injection method of execution with other Arkansas
inmates in Kelley v. Johnson, 496 S.W.3d 346, 357-60 (Ark. 2016), cert. denied, 137
S. Ct. 1067 (2017). Six days after the Supreme Court denied certiorari in Kelley,
Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson set Williams’s execution date for April 24, 2017.
In consolidated federal cases, Williams has unsuccessfully challenged the three-drug
lethal injection method, see McGehee v. Hutchinson, No. 17-1804 (8th Cir. Apr. 17,
2017) (per curiam), cert. denied, 580 U.S. __ (2017) (No. 16-8770), and the “frantic
pace” of the execution schedule as a due process violation, Lee v. Asa Hutchinson,
No. 17-1822 (8th Cir. April 20, 2017) (per curiam). The Arkansas Parole Board
denied Williams’s clemency petitions in June 2011 and April 2017.
On the eve of the scheduled execution, Williams filed this new Rule 60(b)(6)
motion seeking to re-open the denial of federal habeas relief in 2009. Renewing his
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt and penalty phases of his trial,
Williams argues that post-conviction counsel’s failure to properly raise these claims
in the state collateral proceedings was an extraordinary circumstance resulting in
procedural defaults that are now excused under recent United States Supreme Court
decisions. The district court1 denied Rule 60(b) relief but granted a certificate of
appealability. Williams appealed and now moves for a stay of execution pending full
briefing of his appeal. We deny the motion for a stay.
1
The Honorable J. Leon Holmes, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.
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I.
Williams abducted, robbed, raped, and murdered Stacy Erickson in November
1994. At trial, Williams was defended by Herbert Wright, who had five years
criminal defense experience, including involvement in three other capital cases;
Phillip Hendry, who had four years experience, including training in representing
capital murder defendants, and took the lead during the penalty phase; and William
James, an attorney licensed for less than one year. Given the State’s overwhelming
evidence, the defense conceded guilt in its opening statement at trial but challenged
the State’s evidence. At the penalty phase, the defense argued six mitigating
circumstances, but introduced only the testimony of a former death row inmate as
mitigation evidence. The State introduced “compelling” evidence of three
aggravating circumstances. The jury found the State “proved three aggravating
circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt, that Williams proved one mitigating
circumstance -- acceptance of responsibility -- by a preponderance of the evidence,
and that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstance
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Williams, 576 F.3d at 855. The jury unanimously
recommended death, the trial court accepted the jury’s recommendation, and the
Supreme Court of Arkansas affirmed. Williams v. State, 991 S.W.2d 565.
Williams then sought post-conviction relief under Arkansas Rule of Civil
Procedure 37, arguing that trial counsel were ineffective because they did not
properly develop and present mitigation evidence regarding his troubled past during
the penalty phase. Williams was represented by William McLean, an attorney who
had “practiced criminal law for over ten years, served as lead counsel in other capital
murder cases, handled other post-conviction matters, and tried at least 100 jury
cases.” Williams, 576 F.3d at 854-55. At the Rule 37 hearing, “all three [members
of Williams’s trial team] testified that their trial strategy was to concede guilt, in the
face of the State’s overwhelming evidence, and to seek mercy at the penalty phase.”
Id. at 855. To obtain mitigation evidence, they ordered a mental evaluation of
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Williams and reviewed his school, medical, and prison records but made the decision
not to present the evidence obtained through these investigations:
[T]hey decided not to have Williams testify at the penalty phase because
they feared damaging cross-examination about his drug use and criminal
history and the gruesome details of the crime. . . . [They] considered
Williams not to be a credible witness because of the numerous
fabrications in his custodial statement. Williams told counsel he did not
wish to testify. Counsel twice tried to interview Williams’s mother, Sara
Riggs . . . [but] elected not to call Riggs during the penalty phase
because she was ‘not very cooperative.’
Williams, 576 F.3d at 856. The state trial court found that Williams failed to show
prejudice under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The Arkansas
Supreme Court affirmed, concluding Williams failed to show either deficient
performance or prejudice. Williams, 64 S.W.3d 709 (2002). The Court determined
that trial counsel’s decision not to present mitigation evidence was “a reasonable trial
strategy” and that Williams “failed to show what the omitted testimony was and how
it could have changed the outcome.” Id. at 715-16.
Williams’s amended petition for a federal writ of habeas corpus raised 20
grounds for relief. As relevant here, Claim II argued ineffective assistance of trial
counsel for failure to present mitigation evidence at the penalty phase. Claim III
argued ineffective assistance during the guilt phase. The district court dismissed
Claim III as procedurally defaulted because Williams had not raised guilt phase
ineffective assistance in state court. Williams v. Norris, No. 5:02-cv-450, 2006 WL
1699835, at *6 (E.D. Ark. June 19, 2006).
As to the penalty phase issues raised in Claim II, the district court concluded
that the Supreme Court of Arkansas unreasonably determined that trial counsel’s
performance was not deficient, based primarily on the assumption that counsel were
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unaware they could present mitigation evidence through a social history expert.
Williams, 2006 WL 1699835 at *8. The court concluded the state court record was
inadequate on the prejudice issue and held an evidentiary hearing at which Williams
introduced mitigation evidence. Trial counsel Wright and James testified they were
unaware mitigation evidence could include testimony by a social history expert. A
psychologist “recounted Williams’s social history based on interviews with Williams,
his mother, half-sister Peggy O’Neil and a cousin, and reviews of Williams’s medical,
training school, and prison records. O’Neal, four cousins, and a training school
counselor also testified.” Williams, 576 F.3d at 856. The district court concluded it
was reasonably likely Williams would not have been sentenced to death had this
mitigation evidence that was not before the state court been presented. Williams v.
Norris, 2007 WL 1100417 at *3 (E.D. Ark. Apr. 11, 2007). The court granted federal
habeas relief and set aside the death sentence.
On appeal, we reversed the grant of penalty phase habeas relief and denied
Williams’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus. We concluded the evidentiary
hearing the district court held was barred by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) because there
was no evidence that Williams had not been able to develop his claim in state court.
We also questioned whether the social history testimony would have been admissible
in state court without corroborating testimony (Williams refused to testify and his
mother was uncooperative and not credible), and whether its admission would have
changed the outcome, because it was based on a record damaging to Williams. We
concluded the state court did not unreasonably apply Strickland in finding that
Williams failed to show prejudice from allegedly ineffective assistance at the penalty
phase. Although we ruled based on the prejudice prong of Strickland, we noted that
the district court, in concluding counsel were guilty of deficient performance,
assumed that Hendry, lead trial counsel at the penalty phase, was ignorant of the
ability to present social history mitigation evidence, based solely on the testimony of
his co-counsel; “we are inclined to think the district court clearly erred” in that
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assumption. Williams, 576 F.3d at 856 n.1. The Supreme Court denied Williams’s
petition for a writ of certiorari. Williams v. Hobbs, 562 U.S. 1097 (2010).
II.
In this second motion for Rule 60(b)(6) relief from the denial of federal habeas
relief, Williams seeks to have his case re-opened to reconsider his claims of
ineffective assistance at the guilt and penalty phases of his trial. He moves for a stay
of execution pending this appeal. He first argues that, because the district court
issued a certificate of appealability (COA), a stay is required by Eighth Circuit Rule
47A, which provides that “in an in forma pauperis appeal in which a [COA] has been
issued, the court will afford 14 days’ notice before entering summary disposition if
the briefs have not been filed.” This contention is without merit. Rule 47A says
nothing about a stay pending appeal, which is not a “summary disposition.” More
importantly, the argument is contrary to controlling Supreme Court decisions. “[A]
stay of execution is an equitable remedy. It is not available as a matter of right . . . .
Thus, like other stay applicants, inmates seeking time to challenge the manner in
which the State plans to execute them must satisfy all of the requirements for a stay,
including a showing of a significant possibility of success of the merits.” Hill v.
McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 584 (2006); see Davis v. Kelley, -- F.3d -- , 2017 WL
1382558 (8th Cir. 2017) (denying application for a stay of execution pending full
briefing of Rule 60(b) motion after district court granted COA).
Williams primarily argues that he qualifies for relief under Rule 60(b) because
two Supreme Court decisions issued after the denial of federal habeas relief in 2009
years earlier provide that ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel is an
equitable exception that can excuse procedural default in some circumstances,
Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), and Trevino v. Thaler, 133 S. Ct. 1911 (2013).
Further, the recent decision in Buck v. Davis, 137 S. Ct. 759 (2017), held that a
petitioner may be entitled to Rule 60(b) relief where his claim to ineffective
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assistance of counsel was procedurally defaulted in post-judgment proceedings.
Williams argues he presents extraordinary circumstances warranting a stay of
execution and Rule 60(b) relief on the merits because the only federal court to
consider his additional evidence of mitigating circumstances, which was not
presented to the state courts because of post-conviction counsel’s ineffectiveness,
granted the writ. Like the district court, we conclude a stay of execution should be
denied because Williams has little if any likelihood of success on the merits of these
Rule 60(b) claims. The procedural analysis under governing federal habeas law is
somewhat different for the penalty phase and the guilt phase issues.
A. Penalty Phase Claims. The premise of Williams’s motion for stay of
execution is that his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel during the penalty
phase were procedurally defaulted. This is a necessary premise because 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(b)(1) bars successive or second claims that were presented in a prior
application. When a petitioner seeks Rule 60(b) relief based on a subsequent change
in substantive law, “any claim that has already been adjudicated in a previous petition
must be dismissed” under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(1). Gonzales v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524,
529 (2005). A Rule 60(b) motion brings such a claim “if it attacks the federal court’s
previous resolution of a claim on the merits, since alleging that the court erred in
denying habeas relief on the merits is effectively indistinguishable from alleging that
the movant is, under the substantive provisions of the statutes, entitled to habeas
relief.” Id. at 532.
In Williams v. Norris, 576 F.3d at 857, we unambiguously stated that “the state
courts ruled on the merits of this claim” of ineffective assistance of trial counsel
during the penalty phase. Accordingly, we reviewed the state court’s determination
under the deferential standard required under AEDPA, including whether an
evidentiary hearing in federal court was barred by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), and held
that the state court had not unreasonably applied federal law on the merits of
Williams’s Strickland claim. The claim was raised by post-conviction counsel in the
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state courts. It was not procedurally defaulted for purposes of federal habeas review,
like the claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel in Martinez and Trevino.
Thus, Williams’s Rule 60(b) motion is a substantive attack on our 2009 determination
that he was not entitled to federal habeas relief on the merits of his penalty phase
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. As such, the Rule 60(b) claim is absolutely
barred by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(1) as construed in Gonzalez, unless Williams obtains
authorization to file a second or successive habeas petition under § 2244(b)(2), which
he has not sought. 545 U.S. at 529.
Even if we did not conclude that the penalty phase claim is barred as a
successive or second habeas petition, Williams is still not entitled to a stay because
he does not show a significant likelihood of succeeding on the merits. See Hill, 547
U.S. at 584 (standard for stay of execution). To qualify for Rule 60(b) relief,
Williams must show that his motion is made within a reasonable amount of time and
presents extraordinary circumstances. See Davis, -- F.3d -- , 2017 WL 1382558 at
* 2. “Such circumstances will rarely occur in the habeas context . . . . Rule 60(b)
proceedings are subject to only limited and deferential appellate review.” Gonzalez,
545 U.S. at 535.
Williams argues that the change in habeas law effected by Martinez and
Trevino, coupled with his prior inability to bring the “true merits” of his penalty
phase claim before the federal courts, is an extraordinary circumstance. He cites the
Supreme Court’s recent decision in Buck, where the Court concluded there were
extraordinary circumstances that warranted issuing a COA because Buck’s trial
attorney had introduced penalty phase testimony suggesting he “may have been
sentenced to death in part because of his race.” 137 S. Ct. at 778. Williams’s claim
of extraordinary circumstances is hardly comparable. The Arkansas Supreme Court
considered the merits of his penalty phase claim and concluded that trial counsel’s
decision not to introduce mitigation evidence did not amount to deficient
performance, and also found a lack of prejudice under Strickland. We found the
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ruling on prejudice was reasonable, and we questioned the district court’s assumption
that Williams’s lead penalty phase trial counsel did not understand that expert
mitigation testimony was admissible, an assumption critical to the district court’s
decision that the Arkansas Supreme Court’s deficient performance determination was
unreasonable. See Williams v. Norris, 576 F.3d at 856 n.1.
Further, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding Williams did
not present his Rule 60(b) motion within a reasonable time. See Moses v. Joyner, 815
F.3d 163, 166 (4th Cir. 2016). Williams previously filed a Rule 60(b) motion for
relief in 2015, well after the alleged “jurisdictional leap” in Martinez, and did not
raise a Martinez-based claim. Instead, he sought Rule 60(b) relief based on Martinez
on the eve of his scheduled execution. “[U]se of ‘piecemeal litigation’ or dilatory
tactics is sufficient reason by itself to deny a stay.” McGehee, No. 17-1804, Slip. Op.
at 2, quoting Hill, 547 U.S. at 584-85. Buck recently clarified that, in extraordinary
circumstances, Rule 60(b) may be the basis for a claim of procedural default caused
by post-conviction counsel’s ineffective assistance, but Williams cites Martinez as
the decision that “dramatically altered habeas corpus procedure” and “carries much
weight in [his] ‘extraordinary circumstances’ analysis.” His Martinez claim is years
untimely.
B. Guilt Phase Claims. Williams identifies the following as establishing
ineffective assistance of counsel during the guilt phase of his trial: (1) ineffective
questioning during voir dire of potential jurors regarding their ability to consider
mitigation evidence; (2) failure to remove potential juror Kay Barfield who stated she
would not consider mitigation; (3) failing to object to victim impact evidence; (4)
failing to request funding for an expert to examine the state’s DNA evidence and
failing to cross-examine the state’s DNA expert; and (5) failing to properly pursue a
challenge to the prosecutor’s allegedly racially discriminatory strikes. The Arkansas
Supreme Court held that these post-conviction guilt-phase claims were procedurally
defaulted. Therefore, we agree with the district court that these Rule 60(b) claims
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based on Martinez and Trevino are not successive under Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545
U.S. 524 (2005). However, like the district court, we conclude that Williams has not
presented a basis for relief under Rule 60(b)(6), because he did not show
extraordinary circumstances meriting such relief and because his Rule 60(b) motion
was filed years after Martinez, not within a reasonable time as Rule 60(b) requires.
See Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 60(c)(1).
Lacking a reasonable likelihood of success on his claims for Rule 60(b) relief
based on ineffective assistance of counsel during either the penalty phase or the guilt
phase of his trial, Williams is not entitled to an extraordinary stay of execution.
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