Roger Coulter v. Wendy Kelley

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 16-1488
___________________________
Roger Lewis Coulter,
lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant,
v.
Wendy Kelley, Director, Arkansas Department of Corrections,
lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee.
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas - El Dorado
____________
Submitted: January 12, 2017
Filed: September 14, 2017
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Before COLLOTON, GRUENDER, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Roger Coulter was convicted of murder in Arkansas and sentenced to death.
He petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, challenging the
conviction and sentence. The district court1 dismissed Coulter’s petition as untimely.
Under the federal Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a
state prisoner has one year from the latest of four dates to file a habeas petition. 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The one-year period is tolled during the time in which “a
properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with
respect to the pertinent judgment . . . is pending.” Id. § 2244(d)(2).
Coulter raises three issues on appeal. First, he contends that the district court
erred in considering the State’s statute-of-limitations defense at all. He contends that
the State waived the defense by failing to raise it or, alternatively, that the interests
of justice required the district court to forego addressing the defense. Second, Coulter
argues that the district court either applied the incorrect provision to measure the one-
year period under § 2244(d)(1) or failed to account for time when the period was
tolled. Finally, he asserts that the district court erred in refusing to rule that the
limitations period was equitably tolled. We conclude that these contentions lack
merit, so we affirm the judgment.
I.
In 1989, a jury convicted Coulter in the Ashley County Circuit Court of capital
murder for the rape and murder of a five-year-old girl and sentenced Coulter to death
by lethal injection. In 1991, the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed the conviction,
1
The Honorable Susan O. Hickey, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Arkansas.
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and the Supreme Court denied certiorari. Coulter v. State, 804 S.W.2d 348 (Ark.),
cert. denied, 502 U.S. 829 (1991).
In December 1991, Coulter sought state post-conviction relief. Almost eight
years later, on October 8, 1999, the circuit court denied Coulter’s petition. The circuit
court mailed a copy of the judgment to Coulter’s attorney, but sent it to an old
address. On October 21, the clerk of court received the judgment in return mail; it
was marked as “undeliverable as addressed-forwarding order expired.” The record
shows no additional attempts by the circuit court to notify Coulter’s attorney of the
denial of post-conviction relief. Under Arkansas Criminal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 2(a)(4), Coulter had until November 8, 1999, thirty days after entry of the
circuit court’s judgment, to file a notice of appeal. See also Ark. R. App. P. Crim. 17.
On January 25, 2000, over two months after the appeal deadline had expired,
the Arkansas Attorney General’s office contacted Coulter’s attorney and notified him
that Coulter’s request for post-conviction relief had been denied. That day, Coulter’s
attorney filed a notice of appeal with the Arkansas Supreme Court. On February 22,
Coulter’s attorney filed a motion for belated appeal under Arkansas Criminal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 2(e). The Arkansas Supreme Court granted the motion on
March 30 and considered the appeal. The state supreme court eventually affirmed the
denial of Coulter’s request for post-conviction relief and issued its mandate on
December 19, 2000.
On October 1, 2001, Coulter filed his petition for habeas corpus in the district
court. The district court permitted Coulter to amend his petition twice, in September
2003 and January 2007, to include additional challenges to his conviction. In
September 2009, the district court issued an order observing that the State had raised
several “threshold matters” for consideration, including at least one of the following
matters—the statute of limitations, procedural default, and exhaustion of state
remedies—on each of Coulter’s alleged grounds for relief. The court established a
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briefing schedule for the parties to address all statute-of-limitations arguments and
procedural defenses.
The State then filed a “First Amended Response to Petitioner’s Second
Amended Petition.” In its response, the State stated that it interpreted the court’s
September order as granting the State leave to amend its responsive pleading.
Alternatively, the State sought the court’s leave to amend its pleading under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2). In the amended response, the State asserted that
Coulter’s original petition was untimely because it was filed after AEDPA’s one-year
statute of limitations had expired. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). The court held an
evidentiary hearing on the limitations and procedural matters, and the parties filed
post-hearing briefs. Coulter argued that the State had waived its statute-of-limitations
defense or that the court should decline to address the defense. Alternatively, he
urged that his petition was timely under AEDPA’s statutory tolling rules or that the
time limit should be equitably tolled.
In its order, the district court first addressed the State’s motion to amend its
response under Rule 15(a)(2) and declined to accept the amended response based on
the court’s briefing order. The court noted that Rule 15 provides that leave to amend
is to be freely granted when justice so requires. The court concluded that the State’s
motion to amend its response to Coulter’s second amended petition was not filed in
bad faith, with dilatory motive, or with undue delay, noting that the parties had been
actively litigating the procedural defenses and statute-of-limitations arguments since
Coulter filed his Second Amended Petition in January 2007. The court also
determined that allowing the State to amend its response would not unduly prejudice
Coulter, because Coulter had the opportunity to raise his arguments in two rounds of
briefing and to present evidence at a hearing. Finally, the district court observed that
it had permitted Coulter to amend his petition twice. The court stated that Coulter
failed to present any reason why the State “should not enjoy the same consideration
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and application in the interest of justice.” Accordingly, the court granted the State’s
motion to amend.
The district court then addressed the statute-of-limitations argument and
dismissed Coulter’s petition as untimely. In concluding that the petition was
untimely, the court reasoned as follows: Under AEDPA, Coulter’s limitations period
was tolled while his state post-conviction proceedings were pending in the Ashley
County Circuit Court. The limitations period began to run after the time for filing an
appeal expired on November 8, 1999. The limitations period ran for 106 days until
Coulter filed his motion for belated appeal on February 22, 2000. The limitations
period was then tolled until December 19, 2000, when the Arkansas Supreme Court
issued its mandate affirming the denial of Coulter’s post-conviction relief. Coulter
filed his federal habeas petition 286 days later, on October 1, 2001.
The district court determined that a total of 392 untolled days elapsed before
Coulter filed his petition, so with a limitations period of 365 days, his petition was
twenty-seven days late. The court also denied Coulter’s request for equitable tolling,
because he failed to show that he was reasonably diligent in pursuing his rights. The
court then denied Coulter’s post-judgment motions, but granted a certificate of
appealability “with respect to whether the original and all subsequent petitions are
time barred by the AEDPA one year statute of limitations and whether [Coulter] is
entitled to equitable tolling.”
II.
We consider first whether the district court abused its discretion by considering
a statute-of-limitations defense. Coulter argues that the State waived this defense
because it repeatedly engaged the merits of Coulter’s petition, failed to argue that the
original petition was untimely in its responsive pleadings, asserted in previous court
filings that Coulter’s petition was timely, and waited several years to raise the
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limitations defense. Alternatively, Coulter contends that the interests of justice are
best served by addressing the merits of his petition. We review the district court’s
decision for abuse of discretion. Hammer v. City of Osage Beach, 318 F.3d 832, 844
(8th Cir. 2003); see Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 401 U.S. 321,
330-32 (1971).
Waiver requires the “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known
right.” Wood v. Milyard, 566 U.S. 463, 474 (2012) (quoting Kontrick v. Ryan, 540
U.S. 443, 458 n.13 (2004)). In Wood, the Court determined that a State waived a
statute-of-limitations defense when it said in the district court that “Respondents are
not challenging, but do not concede, the timeliness of the petition.” Id. at 467
(quotation omitted). The Court observed that the State expressed a “clear and
accurate understanding of the timeliness issue” and “deliberately steered the District
Court away from the question and towards the merits of [the] petition.” Id. at 474.
On the other hand, the Court held in Day v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 198 (2006), that
a State did not waive a statute-of-limitations argument when the State committed
“merely an inadvertent error” in failing to raise it earlier. Id. at 211.
Coulter has not established that the State waived the statute-of-limitations
defense here. Unlike the petitioner in Wood, Coulter has not identified any
expression by the State of a clear and accurate understanding of the timeliness issue
and a deliberate effort to forego raising a meritorious defense. The State did assume
in certain pleadings that Coulter’s original petition was timely, but there is nothing
to show more than negligence by counsel for the State in failing to recognize earlier
that Coulter’s original petition was untimely. The State thus did not knowingly and
intelligently waive its statute-of-limitations defense.
Next, Coulter argues that in determining whether to address the State’s statute-
of-limitations defense, the district court was required to apply a more stringent
standard than the rule of civil procedure that governs leave to amend pleadings. See
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Coulter relies on Day, where the Court addressed whether
a district court could raise a statute-of-limitations defense sua sponte. In that
situation, a district court “must assure itself that the petitioner was not significantly
prejudiced by the delayed focus on the limitation issue,” and must “determine whether
the interests of justice would be better served by addressing the merits or by
dismissing the petition as time barred.” Day, 547 U.S. at 210 (internal quotation
omitted). Day is inapplicable here, because the district court did not act sua sponte.
The district court did not raise the timeliness of Coulter’s original petition on its own
motion; the State moved to amend its response to include the defense that Coulter’s
original petition was untimely. The district court therefore properly analyzed the
State’s motion under Rule 15(a)(2).
Rule 15(a)(2) states that “a party may amend its pleading only with the
opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.” The Rule further provides that
“[t]he court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(a)(2); see Popp Telcom v. Am. Sharecom, Inc., 210 F.3d 928, 943 (8th Cir. 2000).
We have said that leave “should normally be granted absent good reason for a
denial.” Popp Telcom, 210 F.3d at 943.
Coulter first argues that the district court abused its discretion in granting leave
because the State’s delay in raising the limitations defense prejudiced him. Coulter
asserts that if the State had raised the defense earlier, then he would have been able
to establish a better case for equitable tolling. He asserts that his legal counsel,
although present at the evidentiary hearing, was unable to recall certain facts about
his case. But Coulter did not present this concern to the district court, so the State
had no opportunity to present evidence or argument about it, and the district court had
no occasion to address it. Coulter’s evidence of prejudice, moreover, was vague and
speculative. He points only to his post-conviction counsel’s answer, when asked
whether there were things that he could not remember about the representation, that
“I’m sure there are a lot of things I can’t remember, I’m 76.” This evidence is
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insufficient to establish that the district court abused its discretion in concluding that
there was no undue prejudice to Coulter from granting the State leave to amend its
response.
Coulter’s second contention is that the district court abused its discretion
because the State had several opportunities to assert the defense earlier. Delay alone,
however, is an insufficient reason to deny a litigant’s motion to amend under Rule
15(a)(2). Moore-El v. Luebbers, 446 F.3d 890, 902 (8th Cir. 2006). Here, the district
court found that there was no evidence that the State withheld the limitations
argument strategically or in bad faith. The court also noted that the State and Coulter
had been actively litigating the issues of procedural defense and limitations
arguments during the two years between Coulter’s second amended petition and the
State’s motion to amend its response; the amended response was thus compatible with
the status of the litigation. There is no per se rule against even sua sponte
consideration of a statute of limitations in a capital case, see Gray v. Branker, 529
F.3d 220, 241 (4th Cir. 2008), so the nature of the case did not preclude the court
from granting leave to amend. The court ensured that Coulter was able to state his
position on the limitations issue in two rounds of briefing and at an evidentiary
hearing. The court’s ruling also aligned with its previous orders granting Coulter
leave to amend his original 2001 petition twice, in 2003 and 2007. We see no abuse
of discretion in the district court’s even-handed application of Rule 15(a)(2).
III.
For the first time on appeal, Coulter argues that the district court incorrectly
applied 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A)—“the date on which the judgment became
final”—as the trigger for Coulter’s one-year limitations period. In the district court,
Coulter argued that his petition was timely under § 2244(d)(1)(A), but he now argues
that § 2244(d)(1)(B) sets forth the appropriate starting point for his one-year
limitations period. That subsection refers to “the date on which the impediment to
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filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws
of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such
State action.” Coulter seeks to argue that the Arkansas circuit court clerk’s failure to
send counsel the judgment in his post-conviction proceeding was an “impediment to
filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws
of the United States.”
We ordinarily do not consider an argument for reversal that is raised for the
first time on appeal. Williams v. Clarke, 40 F.3d 1529, 1535 (8th Cir. 1994). Coulter
contends that the rule is inapplicable here, because an argument about the proper
trigger date for the statute of limitations—like the standard of review under AEDPA,
see Ward v. Stephens, 777 F.3d 250, 257 n.3 (5th Cir. 2015)—cannot be waived.
Wood already established, however, that a State can waive a statute-of-limitations
defense, and Day said that a court is not “obliged” to raise the issue sua sponte. 547
U.S. at 209. There is no merit, therefore, to Coulter’s suggestion that ordinary
procedural rules requiring presentation in the district court cannot apply to a statute-
of-limitations argument.
Coulter next suggests that vigorous litigation in the district court about
equitable tolling provided the court with an opportunity to apply § 2244(d)(1)(B), but
the two issues are separate and distinct. That equitable tolling might apply to a
petition that is otherwise barred by § 2244(d)(1)(A) does not alert the district court
that the prisoner wants the court to apply § 2244(d)(1)(B).
Coulter contends that he is raising only a new “argument” on appeal, not a new
“issue,” and that we have not refused to consider “each nuance or shift in approach
urged by a party simply because it was not similarly urged below.” See Universal
Title Ins. Co. v. United States, 942 F.2d 1311, 1314 (8th Cir. 1991) (quotation
omitted). Coulter raised one statutory argument before the district court: whether
§ 2244(d)(2) applied to toll Coulter’s one-year statute of limitations under
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§ 2244(d)(1)(A). Whether a State-created impediment prevented Coulter from filing
his habeas petition under § 2244(d)(1)(B) is not merely a “nuance or shift in
approach.” It is an entirely new issue under a different statutory provision that the
district court did not have an opportunity to address.
Coulter also urges us to exercise our discretion to consider the new issue for
the first time on appeal. We typically do so only when a party presents a question of
law and refusing to determine the issue could lead to injustice. In re Modern Textile,
Inc., 900 F.2d 1184, 1191 (8th Cir. 1990). On the legal issue here, we are skeptical
that a court clerk’s failure to send notice of a judgment to counsel is a state-created
“impediment” that “prevented” Coulter from filing a habeas petition. He was free to
file a petition at any time. Equitable tolling is available to address delayed notice that
leads a prisoner to believe that filing was not necessary or ripe, but § 2244(d)(1)(B)
requires state action that actually prevents a filing. The section would apply, for
instance, when a State prevents a prisoner from sending mail to the court, or perhaps
when a prison law library refuses to furnish essential legal materials, see Egerton v.
Cockrell, 334 F.3d 433, 438-39 (5th Cir. 2003), but not when a State merely fails to
provide a trial transcript, Lloyd v. VanNatta, 296 F.3d 630, 633 (7th Cir. 2002).
The Fifth Circuit thus expressed “serious reservations” about whether the
State’s failure to notify a prisoner of a post-conviction ruling “provides a basis for a
statutory tolling claim rather than merely an equitable tolling claim.” Clarke v.
Rader, 721 F.3d 339, 343 (5th Cir. 2013); see Critchley v. Thaler, 586 F.3d 318, 321
n.3 (5th Cir. 2009). This court left open the possibility that lack of notice of finality
“could be” a state-created impediment under § 2244(d)(1)(B), see Earl v. Fabian, 556
F.3d 717, 726 (8th Cir. 2009), but if it were, then it would be a “fact intensive issue,”
id., not a purely legal issue that we might consider as a matter of discretion for the
first time on appeal. We therefore decline to address further the applicability of
§ 2244(d)(1)(B).
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IV.
Coulter next challenges the district court’s application of § 2244(d)(1)(A) and
(d)(2), which we review de novo. Payne v. Kemna, 441 F.3d 570, 571 (8th Cir.
2006). Section 2244(d)(1)(A) states that a petition must be filed within one year of
“the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or
the expiration of the time for seeking such review.” Section 2244(d)(2), known as the
tolling provision, provides: “The time during which a properly filed application for
State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment
or claim is pending shall not be counted toward any period of limitation under this
subsection.”
The district court concluded that Coulter’s state post-conviction proceedings
ceased to be “pending” when his time to appeal expired on November 8, 1999. See
§ 2244(d)(1)(A); Ark. R. App. P. Crim. 2(a)(4). The court determined that his
limitation period continued to run until February 22, 2000 (106 days), when Coulter
filed his motion for belated appeal to the Arkansas Supreme Court. The period was
then tolled while the Arkansas Supreme Court considered the appeal, until December
20, 2000, the day after the supreme court issued its mandate denying relief. Another
286 days then elapsed between the issuance of the mandate and the date when Coulter
filed his federal habeas petition on October 1, 2001. In total, 392 untolled days
elapsed between the date when Coulter’s judgment of conviction became final and
the date when he filed his petition. On the district court’s rationale, the petition was
twenty-seven days late.
Coulter contends that his petition was timely because his state post-conviction
proceedings remained “pending” between November 8, 1999 (the date when the time
for filing a notice of appeal expired) and February 22, 2000 (the date when Coulter
filed his motion for belated appeal with the state supreme court). If that were correct,
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then there would be another 106 days of tolling under § 2244(d)(2), and the petition
would be timely.
Coulter’s argument is based on Arkansas Criminal Rule of Appellate Procedure
2(e). That rule provides that an appellant who failed to take a timely notice of appeal
may move for belated appeal within eighteen months of the “date of entry of
judgment or entry of the order denying postconviction relief from which the appeal
is taken.” Upon such a motion, the Arkansas Supreme Court “may act upon and
decide a case . . . when a good reason for the omission is shown by affidavit.” Ark.
R. App. R. Crim. 2(e); see McDonald v. State, 146 S.W.3d 883, 888-89, 892 (Ark.
2004). Coulter’s theory is that because the rules allow eighteen months for the filing
of a belated appeal, a case should be deemed “pending” during that entire period,
whether or not a motion was on file, if the supreme court later allows a belated
appeal.
An application for post-conviction review is pending “as long as the ordinary
state collateral review process is in continuance–i.e., until the completion of that
process.” Carey v. Saffold, 536 U.S. 214, 219-20 (2002) (internal quotation marks
omitted). The Supreme Court derived this conclusion from the common meaning of
the term: “The dictionary defines ‘pending’ (when used as an adjective) as ‘in
continuance’ or ‘not yet decided.’ It similarly defines the term (when used as a
preposition) as ‘through the period of continuance . . . of,’ ‘until the . . . completion
of.’” Id. at 219 (citation omitted) (quoting Webster’s Third New International
Dictionary 1669 (1993)).
Applying Saffold, this court held in Streu v. Dormire, 557 F.3d 960 (8th Cir.
2009), that once a petitioner’s deadline for filing a notice of appeal passed without
action by the petitioner, the state post-conviction application ceased to be “pending.”
Id. at 966. We explained that once the deadline passes, there is nothing “in
continuance” or “not yet decided.” We therefore concluded that the petitioner’s state
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post-conviction proceedings were not pending between the expiration of the time for
appeal and the filing of a motion for belated appeal in Missouri. Id.
Coulter argues that Streu is inapposite, because the Arkansas rule specifically
allows an appellant eighteen months in which to file a motion for belated appeal,
while Missouri had no such rule in Streu and simply adjudicated the motions on an
ad hoc basis. Whether the appeal was “pending” before the motion was filed,
however, does not depend on whether a State has codified the procedure for belated
appeals. Missouri (through decisional law) and Arkansas (through Rule 2(e)) both
allow for belated appeals based on motions that are filed months after the ordinary
time for filing an appeal has expired. Streu established that even when the court
grants a motion to proceed with a belated appeal, the application for post-conviction
relief is not considered “pending” during the period after the original deadline and
before the motion for belated appeal is granted. Accord Gibson v. Klinger, 232 F.3d
799, 806-07 (10th Cir. 2000) (holding that despite state rules that allow a petitioner
to file an appeal out of time, a petitioner’s state post-conviction relief was not
“pending” until the petitioner complied with those state procedures to seek an
appeal). The district court thus ruled correctly that Coulter’s application was not
pending between November 8, 1999, and February 22, 2000.
Alternatively, Coulter argues that his state post-conviction proceedings were
“pending” again when he filed a notice of appeal with the county clerk on January 27,
2000. But the time for filing a notice of appeal had expired on November 8, 1999,
and the “notice” filed on January 27, 2000, was a nullity. It could not revive the state
post-conviction application or make it pending. At that point, Coulter’s only recourse
was to file the motion for belated appeal with the state supreme court. Nothing was
“pending” before Coulter filed his motion on February 22.2
2
Streu did not decide whether a petitioner’s application for post-conviction
relief became pending when he filed motion for belated appeal or when the state court
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For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not fail to toll the
statute of limitations for any time during which Coulter’s application was “pending.”
Therefore, Coulter’s habeas petition was not timely filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2244.
V.
Coulter’s final argument is that he is entitled to equitable tolling of the statute
of limitations. To receive equitable tolling, a petitioner must show “‘(1) that he has
been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance
stood in his way’ and prevented timely filing.” Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649
(2010) (quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005)). The diligence
required for equitable tolling is reasonable diligence, not “maximum feasible
diligence.” Id. at 653 (quotation omitted). The district court concluded that although
Coulter had shown an extraordinary circumstance in the State’s failure to provide
notice of the judgment in his post-conviction proceeding, he did not show that he
diligently pursued his rights. The court therefore declined to apply equitable tolling.
We review this decision de novo. See English v. United States, 840 F.3d 957, 958
(8th Cir. 2016).
The State argues that the lack of notice to Coulter from the state circuit court
was not an extraordinary circumstance that prevented Coulter from filing a timely
petition, because Coulter’s attorney was at fault for failing to change his address on
file with the clerk of court. We need not decide that question, because we discern no
error in the district court’s conclusion that Coulter was not reasonably diligent. When
the Arkansas Supreme Court issued its mandate in the post-conviction proceeding,
approximately four months had run on Coulter’s one-year limitations period. Coulter
granted the motion. 557 F.3d at 967. Resolution of that issue does not affect the
outcome here. We assume for the sake of analysis that Coulter’s application became
pending when he filed his motion for belated appeal on February 22, 2000, because
that is the interpretation most favorable to Coulter.
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thus had over eight months remaining to file a timely habeas petition. That he failed
to proceed promptly with preparing and filing a petition evidences a lack of diligence.
See Pace, 544 U.S. at 419; Earl, 556 F.3d at 724. Coulter argues for the first time
on appeal that he showed diligence by filing two motions during the eight months—a
motion to appoint federal habeas counsel in January 2001 and a motion to authorize
an investigator in June 2001. Merely acquiring legal representation, however, is not
sufficient to establish reasonable diligence. Doe v. Menefee, 391 F.3d 147, 175 (2d
Cir. 2004); see Muhammad v. United States, 735 F.3d 812, 816-17 (8th Cir. 2013).
After counsel was appointed, Coulter still had approximately seven months to file his
petition, but he did not move to authorize an investigator until five months later.
Where a petitioner has not made good use of the time available to him within the
limitations period, he has not demonstrated the diligence required to justify equitable
tolling. See Williams v. Kelley, 830 F.3d 770, 773 (8th Cir. 2016); Gordon v.
Arkansas, 823 F.3d 1188, 1195-96 (8th Cir. 2016); Nelson v. Norris, 618 F.3d 886,
893 (8th Cir. 2010); Earl, 556 F.3d at 724-25.
Coulter argues that he is not required to show diligence during the eight-month
period, and that the district court should have started the one-year limitations period
no earlier than January 25, 2000, when he learned of the judgment in his state post-
conviction proceeding. He urges us to apply the so-called “stop-clock approach”
recently adopted by the Second Circuit in Harper v. Ercole, 648 F.3d 132, 139-42 (2d
Cir. 2011). Under this approach, the clock is stopped during the extraordinary
circumstance that justifies equitable tolling: “[A] court may suspend the statute of
limitations for the period of extraordinary circumstances and determine timeliness by
reference to the total untolled period without requiring a further showing of diligence
through filing.” Id. at 139. On that view, Coulter’s statute of limitations would have
been tolled or “stopped” during the period when the state court failed to notify
Coulter of his post-conviction judgment—from November 8, 1999 to January 25,
2000. With additional tolling of these seventy-nine days, his petition would be
timely.
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Even assuming for the sake of analysis that our precedent does not foreclose
the “stop-clock” approach, the Harper decision is not as forgiving as Coulter
suggests. To secure equitable tolling, a petitioner also must show that the
extraordinary circumstance caused him to miss the original filing deadline. Id. at
137. “A court may conclude that such causation is lacking where the identified
extraordinary circumstances arose and concluded early within the limitations period.
In such circumstances, a diligent petitioner would likely have no need for equity to
intervene to file within the time remaining to him.” Id.
That is precisely the situation here. Coulter’s extraordinary circumstance
ended with eight months remaining in the limitations period. He or his attorney could
have calculated the remaining time just as we and the district court have calculated
it, and the availability of equitable tolling does not turn on the ease or difficulty of a
discernable time computation. In any event, the dissent’s contention that it was
supposedly unclear that eight months remained, post, at 21, is irrelevant to whether
Coulter was prevented from filing a timely petition, because the causation
requirement means that he must proceed with reasonable diligence. See Harper, 648
F.3d at 138 n.5. Coulter has not demonstrated that he was incapable, with the
exercise of reasonable diligence, of filing a timely petition within the remaining eight
months, so equity will not intervene. Whether or not we apply the “stop-clock”
approach, Coulter is not eligible for equitable tolling. See Hizbullahankhamon v.
Walker, 255 F.3d 65, 76 (2d Cir. 2001) (Sotomayor, J.) (concluding that even if
petitioner established an extraordinary circumstance based on twenty-two days when
he was denied access to legal materials at the beginning of his one-year limitations
period, petitioner was not entitled to equitable tolling for those days because this
circumstance did not prevent him from filing a timely petition).3
3
The dissent, post, at 21 n.7, seems to think that a petitioner satisfies the
Second Circuit’s causation requirement simply by showing that the number of days
by which the petition is late is fewer than the number of days that elapsed during the
extraordinary circumstance. That is not correct. In Hizbullahankhamon, for example,
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* * *
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
KELLY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
After Roger Coulter’s conviction became final, he filed a petition seeking state
post-conviction relief, which remained pending in the state trial court for almost eight
years. That petition was denied on November 8, 1999, but, because he was not
properly notified, Coulter did not effectuate his appeal until February 22, 2000—a
period of 106 days during which the federal statute of limitations was not tolled.4
After granting Coulter’s belated motion and reinstating his appeal, the Arkansas
Supreme Court issued its mandate, denying Coulter relief on December 19, 2000.
Coulter filed his federal habeas petition on October 1, 2001, 286 days later.
the petition was sixteen days late, but the petitioner was not entitled to equitable
tolling for twenty-two days based on an extraordinary circumstance, because he could
not show that the extraordinary circumstance at the beginning of the limitations
period prevented him from filing a timely petition. 255 F.3d at 76.
4
During the almost eight years that Coulter’s state petition was pending, his
attorney had moved offices twice, and the state court sent the notice to the incorrect
address. When the notice was returned as undeliverable, the state circuit court made
no additional attempts to notify Coulter or his counsel. Coulter’s attorney finally
received notice on January 25, 2000, and immediately filed a notice of appeal.
However, he did not file a motion for belated appeal under Arkansas Criminal Rule
of Appellate Procedure 2(e) until February 22. The analysis might differ for those
twenty-eight days, during which Coulter’s attorney had notice but had not filed a
motion under the appropriate rule. But because tolling the period of seventy-eight
days from November 8, 1999, to January 25, 2000, would bring Coulter well within
the one-year statute of limitations, separate analysis of the twenty-eight-day period
of time is not necessary.
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Therefore, based on the calculation of 392 accumulated and untolled days, Coulter’s
petition was twenty-seven days late.
In September 2009, almost eight years after Coulter filed his federal habeas
petition, the district court requested briefing to address various procedural matters,
including the statute of limitations. On October 29, 2009, the state filed its “First
Amended Response to Petitioner’s Second Amended Petition,” raising for the first
time the issue of whether Coulter’s 2001 petition was filed outside the one-year
statute of limitations. After an evidentiary hearing and briefing from the parties, the
district court denied Coulter’s petition as untimely without addressing the merits. In
my view, Coulter’s petition satisfies the requirements for equitable tolling, and I
would reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the petition for a decision
on the merits. See English, 840 F.3d at 958 (“We review a denial of equitable tolling
de novo, but review underlying fact findings for clear error.”).
A habeas corpus petitioner is entitled to equitable tolling on the basis of a
showing “‘(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some
extraordinary circumstance stood in his way’ and prevented timely filing.” Holland,
560 U.S. at 649 (quoting Pace, 544 U.S. at 418). The district court determined that
Coulter had satisfied the second prong because “the [c]ircuit [c]ourt [c]lerk’s failure
to send . . . notice to the proper address constitutes an extraordinary delay beyond
[Coulter]’s control.” I agree that these facts constitute an extraordinary circumstance
that stood in the way of Coulter’s timely filing his petition. See Earl, 556 F.3d at
723–24 (“[A] significant state created delay in providing a prisoner with notice that
his state judgment of conviction has become final amounts to an extraordinary
circumstance beyond a prisoner’s control which can equitably toll the AEDPA statute
of limitations if the prisoner has pursued his rights with diligence.”).
The district court determined, however, that Coulter had not “diligently
pursued his rights during the 286 days that elapsed between December 19, 2000 and
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October 1, 2001.”5 On that basis, the court denied Coulter’s petition, finding him
ineligible for equitable tolling. However, I do not believe that the 286 days are the
relevant period during which diligence should be assessed. Rather—under facts such
as these—I would apply what has been called the “stop-clock approach.”6 See Harper,
648 F.3d at 139–42; cf. Holland, 560 U.S. at 649–50 (“In emphasizing the need for
‘flexibility,’ for avoiding ‘mechanical rules,’ we have followed a tradition in which
courts of equity have sought to ‘relieve hardships which, from time to time, arise from
a hard and fast adherence’ to more absolute legal rules, which, if strictly applied,
threaten the ‘evils of archaic rigidity.’” (citations omitted)); Luna v. Kernan, 784 F.3d
640, 651 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Gibbs v. Legrand, 767 F.3d 879, 891–92 (9th Cir.
2014) (discussing the adoption of a stop-clock approach)).
Under the stop-clock approach, the “clock” (the one-year statute of limitations)
is “stopped” (tolled) during the extraordinary circumstance so long as the petitioner
demonstrates diligence during the time he is seeking to have tolled. The petitioner
is not additionally required to demonstrate diligence during the untolled period that
follows. See Luna, 784 F.3d at 651 (explaining that, under this approach, “[a]ny
period during which both extraordinary circumstances and diligence are shown does
not count toward the statute of limitations, just as any period during which a properly
filed application for state post-conviction relief is pending does not count toward the
statute of limitations” (citing Wood, 566 U.S. at 468–69 & n.3)). Such an approach
5
“The diligence required for equitable tolling purposes is reasonable diligence,
not maximum feasible diligence.” Holland, 560 U.S. at 653 (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).
6
The court “assum[es] for the sake of analysis that our precedent does not
foreclose the ‘stop-clock’ approach.” Supra, at 16. I see no reason why it would. We
have required, as instructed by Holland, that petitioners seeking equitable tolling
demonstrate “reasonable diligence” in pursuing their appeals, but we have not
addressed a circumstance where a petitioner advanced a stop-clock theory that might
bring an otherwise time-barred petition within the statute of limitations.
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is consistent with the Supreme Court’s recognition that “AEDPA’s limitations period
is not particularly long,” Holland, 560 U.S. at 647, and the goal of giving “state
prisoners . . . the full year allowed them by Congress to consider and prepare their
federal habeas petitions.” Harper, 648 F.3d at 140 (quoting Zarvela v. Artuz, 254
F.3d 374, 382 (2d Cir. 2001)); see also Luna, 784 F.3d at 651 (“If the objective of the
stop-clock approach is to give petitioners one full year of unobstructed time to
prepare a federal habeas petition, a separate diligence-through-filing requirement
appears to thwart that objective.”).
What diligence is reasonable must be assessed in light of the specific
extraordinary circumstance that occurred. Cf. Holland, 560 U.S. at 650 (quoting
Baggett v. Bullitt, 377 U.S. 360, 375 (1964) for the proposition that “the exercise of
a court’s equity powers . . . must be made on a case-by-case basis”). In this case, I
do not see how Coulter’s diligence could be viewed as anything less than reasonable,
as he still believed he was waiting for a disposition from a state court and that his
competent counsel would inform him of such. See Luna, 784 F.3d at 649–50 (“Under
some circumstances, communicating with one’s lawyer and relying on the lawyer’s
assurances that everything is proceeding apace can suffice to demonstrate
diligence.”). Coulter’s state petition had been pending for almost eight years, and it
was reasonable for him to believe it might remain pending for a bit longer. Without
any indication from the state court that his petition had been resolved, Coulter was
exercising reasonable diligence by continuing to wait. Cf. Holland, 560 U.S. at 650
(“The ‘flexibility’ inherent in ‘equitable procedure’ enables courts ‘to meet new
situations that demand equitable intervention and to accord all the relief necessary to
correct particular injustices.’” (alterations omitted) (quoting Hazel-Atlas Glass Co.
v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 248 (1944)))
Finally, under the stop-clock approach, a petitioner still must show that the
extraordinary circumstance was the cause for the failure to file the petition within the
statute of limitations. See Harper, 648 F.2d at 137 (citing both Hizbullahankhamon,
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255 F.3d at 76 (requiring a showing of causation) and Valverde v. Stinson, 224 F.3d
129, 134 (2d Cir. 2000) (same)). Coulter has made this showing.7 In this case, the
extraordinary circumstance itself—the clerk’s failure to notify Coulter that his
petition had been denied—made the one-year statute-of-limitations deadline virtually
impossible to calculate with any certainty. Once he received notice, Coulter’s
counsel submitted multiple filings, ultimately reviving Coulter’s state post-conviction
appeal. But when the appeal was denied, it remained unclear how much time, if any,
had run off Coulter’s one-year clock. Even the State believed—or “assume[d]”—that
Coulter’s § 2254 petition had been timely filed, and persisted in that belief or
assumption for eight years of litigation.8 Whether Coulter’s original petition was
filed within the one-year statute of limitations has proven to be a particularly difficult
7
Because proceeding in equity counsels against adherence to “absolute legal
rules,” Holland, 560 U.S. at 650, the causation analysis must also be governed by the
facts of the case. Where the extraordinary circumstance lasts for a discrete period of
time—rather than indefinitely, Harper, 648 F.3d at 140 (discussing and distinguishing
Valverde, 224 F.3d at 134 & n.5)—the causation principle requires that the
extraordinary circumstance, during which diligence was demonstrated, be the cause
of the petitioner’s failure to meet the one-year deadline. In other words, whether, but
for the extraordinary circumstance and the time that ran off the clock due to it, the
petition would have been timely. See id. at 141 (describing Pace, 544 U.S. at 419,
where petitioner did not file in the five months after the extraordinary circumstance
ended, as a situation that simply “reinforce[d] the adverse diligence determination for
the period for which tolling was sought, [but did not] establish a distinct diligence
requirement that would have rendered the petition untimely even if the state remedies
has been promptly pursued”); see also id. at 138 (noting that, because the petitioner
filed his petition “within the time that would have remained available to him under
AEDPA” if the extraordinary circumstance had not occurred, “it cannot be argued
that undue delay, rather than the identified extraordinary circumstances, caused
[petitioner] to miss the original AEDPA filing deadline”).
8
By way of contrast, in addition to failing to show causation, the petitioner in
Hizbullahankhamon was denied access to legal materials for twenty-two days during
the one-year statute-of-limitations period, but that extraordinary circumstance created
no impediment to calculating when the one-year period would end. 255 F.3d at 76.
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procedural question to answer. Throughout the majority of the proceedings, Coulter
was not even aware that it was a question to ask.
For the foregoing reasons, I would find equitable tolling appropriate in
Coulter’s case and remand to the district court with instructions to address the merits
of his petition. I respectfully dissent.
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