United States v. Frank Wallace

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 08-1523
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the
v. * Western District of Arkansas.
*
Frank Jeremy Wallace, * [PUBLISHED]
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: September 23, 2008
Filed: December 23, 2008
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Before BYE, BEAM and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Frank Wallace appeals from the denial of a motion to suppress, challenging the
validity of a search warrant that led to the physical evidence used against him.
Because the warrant was supported by probable cause, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On November 21, 2006, Detective Bertrand submitted an affidavit in support
of an application for a warrant to search Wallace's residence to a Benton County
Circuit Judge. In that affidavit, Bertrand stated that on October 27, 2006, the
Bentonville Police Department received a complaint from the Arkansas State Police
Crimes Against Children Division referencing a hotline call it received that day.
Bertrand first summarized the hotline complaint in the affidavit as follows:
[T]he victim . . . (11 years old), was visiting the suspect, Frank Wallace
(35 years old) at his home in Bentonville. During this time Frank asked
. . . to pull her shirt up around her neck so he could take pictures of her.
Allegedly Frank then offered . . . $10.00 to pull her shirt up around her
neck. Additionally Frank asked . . . to pose in "suggestive" ways.
Ultimately . . . posed for the pictures but was fully clothed. The
complaint also alleges that Frank offered . . . something "weird" to drink,
possibly alcohol.
The affidavit went on to state that Bertrand contacted the alleged victim's father and
confirmed that, indeed, the girl recently stayed overnight at Wallace's residence.
Bertrand set up an interview with the girl for October 30, 2006, but she did not show
up.
On November 20, 2006, the Children's Advocacy Center conducted a
rescheduled interview with the girl. While not present in the interviewing room,
Bertrand listened to and viewed the live interview by way of closed-circuit video. In
the affidavit, Bertrand recited content from the girl's interview, specifically detailing
that while at Wallace's residence, Wallace asked the girl to "take a 'dirty' picture,"
gave the girl a shirt to change into, which the girl described as "low cut and more
revealing," posed the girl and took pictures. When asked by the interviewer what she
meant by a "dirty" picture, the girl responded "like what Playboy people do." The girl
specifically detailed for the interviewer the poses Wallace placed her in for the
photographs. In the interview, the girl further described and drew what she called the
"model area," noting the presence of lighting equipment and blankets as backdrops.
Additionally, the girl offered that she viewed another woman's "private" in a picture
on Wallace's computer as well as the photographs of herself that Wallace had just
taken. Finally, the affidavit includes recitation of a statement from the girl that when
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Wallace told her to leave the room, he said "she had better not tell anyone 'or else.'"
Bertrand stated that his reliability as an affiant was based upon over eight years as a
law enforcement officer and "extensive training in criminal investigation and
specifically Crimes against children."
At the suppression hearing, the judge discussed other statements Bertrand
acknowledged the girl made during her interview but which Bertrand did not include
in the affidavit. For example, during the interview, the girl had also stated that she
had "almost been kidnapped a bunch of times," she did not feel safe at home, and that
her stepmother (Wallace's ex-wife) had "hog-tied" her own son (the girl's step-brother)
and "put him in the dryer." Bertrand testified that while there was no evidence to
substantiate these allegations, he did not question the girl's credibility about the
incident in question.
Further addressed at the suppression hearing was the discussion Bertrand had
with the issuing judge at the time Bertrand sought the search warrant. The issuing
judge questioned the time that had elapsed between the receipt of the hotline
complaint, October 27, 2006, and the interview of the girl, November 20, 2006. In
response Bertrand explained that the girl had not shown up for the first interview and
that it had been rescheduled. The issuing judge then made a phone call, which
Bertrand assumed was to another judge, and ultimately signed off on the search
warrant stating that it was her understanding that individuals who take such
photographs generally retain them for a period of time.
The officers executed the search warrant at Wallace's residence on November
21, 2006. As a result of the evidence obtained from the search, Wallace was indicted
on seven counts of knowingly receiving through interstate commerce a visual
depiction of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct. In its ruling denying the
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motion to suppress, the district court1 determined that the effect of the call made by
the issuing judge to confer about the possible staleness of the evidence given the
elapsed time was neutral. "There is no indication that the telephone call, whether or
not improper, impacted [the judge's] neutrality or capability to determine probable
cause." The district court further held that Bertrand's affidavit established probable
cause to believe Wallace had solicited the girl to pose for a sexually explicit
photograph in violation of Arkansas law and that there was a "fair probability" that
evidence of the crime would be found at Wallace's residence.
On appeal, Wallace challenges the existence of sufficient probable cause within
the four corners of the affidavit to support the search warrant.
II. DISCUSSION
"When we review a district court's denial of a motion to suppress, we review
its factual findings for clear error and its legal findings de novo." United States v.
Cartier, 543 F.3d 442, 445-46 (8th Cir. 2008).
A. Probable Cause
"To be valid under the Fourth Amendment, a search warrant must be supported
by a showing of probable cause." United States v. Summage, 481 F.3d 1075, 1077
(8th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 875 (2008). "Probable cause exists, if under
the totality of the circumstances, a showing of facts can be made 'sufficient to create
a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be found in the place to be searched.'"
United States v. Underwood, 364 F.3d 956, 963 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States
v. Gabrio, 295 F.3d 880, 883 (8th Cir. 2002)). Judges "may draw reasonable
1
The Honorable Jimm Larry Hendren, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas.
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inferences from the totality of the circumstances in determining whether probable
cause exists to issue a warrant." United States v. Thompson, 210 F.3d 855, 860 (8th
Cir. 2000).
Wallace argues that the affidavit in question did not support a determination
regarding the existence of probable cause in this case because (1) a violation of the
relevant Arkansas law requires the exhibition of a female breast and nothing in the
affidavit supports the theory that Wallace attempted to take such a photograph or
otherwise illicit such an exhibition here, and (2) Bertrand purposefully used
conclusory and vague statements in order to get the judge to draw a similar conclusion
as to whether Wallace had engaged in the alleged conduct.
We reject each assertion in turn. First, only a probability of criminal conduct
need be shown in the affidavit. Summage, 481 F.3d at 1078. The level of specificity
suggested by Wallace, specifically that the girl needed to say precisely that her bare
breast was exposed, is not necessary given the totality of the circumstances in this
case. Without a doubt, the reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the recitation
of this young girl's testimony concerning the nature of the requests and photographs
made by Wallace support a finding of probable cause to believe that Wallace's actions
constituted criminal conduct. Offering an eleven-year-old girl money to lift up her
shirt so one could take a "dirty" picture of her, "like what Playboy people do," and
subsequently taking a photograph of that same girl in a "revealing" loose shirt could
lead a prudent person to believe that criminal conduct was underway and that there
would be a fair probability that evidence of a crime would be found in the place to be
searched.
Further, Bertrand's affidavit contains neither conclusory nor vague statements.
It merely recites the statements made by the girl during the interview. A conclusory
statement would leave one wondering, for example, the source of
information–statements like "Wallace took the girl to his room and asked her to take
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a dirty picture," or "I have received reliable information from a credible person and
believe that Wallace solicited this girl to pose for a sexually explicit photograph."
Rather, throughout Bertrand's affidavit, he includes statements such as "she said" and
"she stated" and "she indicated," at all times referencing the statements made by the
girl during her interview. This affidavit was not "a mere ratification of the bare
conclusions of others." Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 239 (1983).
B. Omitted Statements
Wallace also argues that Bertrand intentionally omitted information from his
affidavit that deprived the judge of key information necessary to determine probable
cause–namely additional comments made by the young girl during her interview
regarding alleged kidnapping attempts and physical abuse by her stepmother towards
her own son. Wallace claims that these omitted statements would have been critical
to the issuing judge in assessing the credibility of the eleven-year-old girl whose
statements formed the basis of the affidavit. We reject Wallace's argument.
A search warrant may be invalidated because of omitted facts [in a
supporting affidavit] if (1) the police omitted facts with the intent to
make, or in reckless disregard of whether they thereby made, the
affidavit misleading, and (2) the affidavit, if supplemented by the
omitted information would not have been sufficient to support a finding
of probable cause.
United States v. Hart, 544 F.3d 911, 914 (8th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted).
There is no evidence that Bertrand omitted these statements from his affidavit
with the intent to mislead the tribunal or in reckless disregard of the truth. Indeed, the
evidence demonstrates that the girl's statements did not raise any issues of credibility
with Bertrand regarding the claims she made against Wallace on the Arkansas State
Police Child Abuse Hotline and during the subsequent police interview.
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And, these unrelated statements, even if included in the affidavit, would not
have been fatal to its sufficiency. Bertrand observed the girl in person, had the
opportunity to evaluate her credibility while she was interviewed by trained forensic
examiners, and compared her interview to the information contained in the hotline
report. Further, during the interview, the girl was quite detailed in her description of
what transpired with Wallace during the events in question as well as the physical
environment she was in at that time. Not only is more weight given to information
where officers meet face-to-face with the informant and judge her to be credible,
United States v. Robertson, 39 F.3d 891, 893 (8th Cir. 1994), but law enforcement
officers are entitled to rely on information supplied by the victim of a crime, absent
some indication the information is not reasonably trustworthy or reliable. United
States v. McKinney, 328 F.3d 993, 994 (8th Cir. 2003). Comments about alleged
kidnappings and abuse, while distracting, unrelated and even possibly untrue, do not
detract from the girl's credibility regarding the crime at issue here.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, we affirm.
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