United States v. Marlene Kalb

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 13-1954
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United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Marlene Kalb
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
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Submitted: March 12, 2014
Filed: May 8, 2014
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Before WOLLMAN, MURPHY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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MURPHY, Circuit Judge
Marlene Kalb, a lieutenant in the Helena-West Helena, Arkansas police
department, was convicted by a jury of two counts of attempted extortion under color
of official right, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and two counts of attempted
possession with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. The
district court1 sentenced Kalb to a total of 30 months imprisonment and three years
supervised release. She appeals on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence
to support her convictions. We affirm.
The government presented the following evidence through testimony and audio
recordings at Kalb's trial. As part of a joint federal and state investigation into police
corruption known as Operation Delta Blues, a drug trafficker from Helena-West
Helena known as "CC" was recruited to help carry out stings against official targets.
CC went to the Helena-West Helena police department on September 1, 2011 to talk
with an officer he intended to pay to provide him with a police escort while he
transported illegal drugs through town. Corrupt officers in Helena-West Helena had
been providing drug traffickers like CC with police escorts to protect them from
being stopped by either legitimate law enforcement officers or other corrupt officers
who would seize the drugs to sell or use themselves.
When he checked in at the front desk, CC was told he had an outstanding
warrant for a suspended license. Worried that an arrest would alert local police to his
cooperation with the FBI, he discarded the wire he was wearing in a bathroom where
it was picked up by a state trooper working for the Bureau. CC saw Marlene Kalb,
a close family friend who attended Sunday dinners at his mother's house, as he left
the bathroom. Kalb knew about CC's drug dealing and had once arrested him for
possession of marijuana. CC asked Kalb to get rid of the warrant, and she agreed,
following CC to the parking lot so he could pay her. At some point, CC called an FBI
agent and left the line open so the agent could listen in on his conversation with Kalb.
When they arrived in the parking lot, CC gave Kalb the $500 he had received to give
to a targeted officer. Although she warned CC about surveillance cameras covering
the parking lot, Kalb took the money. She then escorted CC to his mother's house so
1
The Honorable James M. Moody, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.
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that other police officers would not stop him and execute the warrant. Later on, while
in an agent's presence, CC called Kalb to thank her for taking the money and letting
him out of the warrant.
A week later, on September 9, CC called Kalb and asked her to "trail him out."
By that he meant that she should follow him in her police car as he drove drugs across
town so he would not stopped by other officers. CC informed her he would be
"loaded down," which he testified was code for carrying drugs. He explained he did
not want to get harassed by police officers while he drove through town because the
people supplying him with drugs "pay me too much money." Kalb said she would
help him. On that day CC drove from Mississippi across the bridge over the
Mississippi River to the Arkansas side where Kalb was waiting in uniform for him
in her marked police car. Kalb followed CC as he drove about ten miles through
Helena-West Helena to a gas station on the western edge of town. There, CC again
wearing a wire, thanked her for helping him and emphasized that "this truck is loaded
with . . . drugs." Kalb told him not to say anything more about it. At the end of the
conversation, CC gave Kalb $500 for providing the escort.
CC called Kalb again on September 21 to set up a second escort for September
26, this time from the gas station on the western edge of Helena-West Helena to the
Mississippi River bridge. Warning CC to watch out for a particular officer known for
seizing drugs and money for personal gain, Kalb agreed to protect him. On
September 26, CC called Kalb and told her "I got a shitload of cocaine with me
today." He then drove to the gas station with a $500 roll of cash provided to him by
the Bureau. Kalb was waiting for him in her marked police car and fell in behind him
when he drove past her. They spoke on the phone for about twenty minutes as they
drove to the bridge and Kalb instructed CC to drive within the speed limit at least one
time. When CC gave Kalb the $500 at the end of the drive, she told him, "I love you
too CC. You be careful. Thank you." She then called him a short while later to
thank him and make sure he was okay.
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In a statement she made following her arrest and after her waiver of Miranda
rights, Kalb said she had known CC was a drug dealer and that he paid officers to
protect his drug shipments. She also said CC had told her he would be carrying
cocaine through town and wanted her protection, and she admitted to following CC
in her police car two times for $500 each.
At trial Kalb testified that she thought CC was asking her to help him transport
motorcycle parts through town and to keep him from getting arrested for driving on
a suspended license. She said she told him she would "lock him up" if he had drugs
in his truck and thought he was joking when he said he was carrying cocaine. She
also claimed she could not hear him talking about the drugs during their drive
because her windows were rolled down, her phone's speakers were not working
properly, the cell phone coverage was spotty, and her hearing is bad. She also
testified that she searched CC's truck at the end of the escort and that CC threw the
money into her vehicle as she drove away in response to a call.
A jury convicted Kalb on December 14, 2012 of two counts of attempted
extortion under color of official right, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and two
counts of attempted possession with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846. She was acquitted of the money laundering charges. The district court
sentenced her to 30 months in prison and 3 years supervised release. Kalb appeals
her convictions, arguing there was insufficient evidence to show either that she
induced CC to part with his money or that she was in constructive possession of the
nonexistent cocaine which CC had purportedly carried in his vehicle.
We review de novo the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction and
"will uphold the verdict if there is any interpretation of the evidence that could lead
a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt."
United States v. Brown, 560 F.3d 754, 769 (8th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Id. at 770.
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A public official commits extortion in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 when she
"receives payment to which [she] was not entitled, knowing that the payment was
made in return for official acts." Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255, 268 (1992).
It is not necessary that the public official induce or even initiate the payment. Id. at
265–66. Kalb asserts that the government failed to prove "explicit quid pro quo,"
citing the Supreme Court's holding in McCormick v. United States, 500 U.S. 257, 271
(1991). However, the Court in that case explicitly limited its holding to elected
officials who accept illegitimate campaign contributions. Id. Testimony and wire
recordings presented at trial demonstrated that Kalb accepted $500 on two occasions
as payment for following CC in her police car as he transported cargo across town.
Because Kalb was not entitled to the $1000 CC paid her and because driving her
marked police car while in uniform was an official act, we conclude there was
sufficient evidence for a jury to convict her of attempted extortion. See Evans, 504
U.S. at 268.
Kalb next argues that there was insufficient evidence to support her attempted
possession with intent to distribute convictions because the government failed to
prove she had constructive possession over the drugs represented to be in CC's truck.
The government may show that Kalb knowingly possessed contraband by showing
constructive possession, which is "ownership, dominion, or control over the
contraband itself," or over the vehicle in which the contraband is concealed. United
States v. Poulack, 236 F.3d 932, 936 (8th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and
original emphasis omitted).
Kalb asserts that because we have concluded that "mere presence in a vehicle
containing contraband is not enough" to find a person has constructive possession of
it, United States v. Serrano-Lopez, 366 F.3d 628, 635 (8th Cir. 2004), the fact that she
was not in CC's truck means she could not have had constructive possession over
what was inside it. In Serrano-Lopez, passengers were determined to have had
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constructive possession over illegal drugs in a car because they knew the drugs were
there and yet rode with them nonstop from California to Nebraska. Id. Kalb also
asserts that the ten to twenty minutes during which she followed CC's truck was not
enough time to establish constructive possession. Finally, she cites our decision in
United States v. Wilson, 619 F.3d 787, 797 (8th Cir. 2010), stating that she did not
have a key or access to CC's vehicle and therefore could not have had dominion over
it.
We have determined that "[t]he linchpin of the 'ownership, dominion, or
control' required for constructive possession is 'not direct, physical control, but the
ability to reduce an object to actual possession.'" United States v. Chauncey, 420
F.3d 864, 873 (8th Cir. 2005). A person has this ability if she is "sufficiently
associated with another having physical possession that [she] is able to produce a
controlled substance for a customer." Id. Kalb knew that CC transported and sold
drugs. The FBI recorded CC asking Kalb to protect two shipments of cocaine and
Kalb agreeing to do so. In her statement to police, Kalb confirmed CC had made
these requests. The undisputed evidence shows that Kalb then carried out the
requested escorts by driving in her police cruiser closely behind CC's truck, which
she believed contained drugs. At any time, Kalb could have switched on her lights,
stopped CC's truck, searched it, and seized any drugs it might have been carrying. In
fact Kalb's presence behind the truck ensured no other officer would interfere, just as
the two had planned. Since her ability to execute a traffic stop enabled her to reduce
any drugs CC may have had to her actual possession, we conclude that the evidence
supports Kalb's attempted possession with intent to distribute convictions based on
her constructive possession of the drugs CC told her were in his truck. See id.
At the close of her brief, Kalb asserts that a reasonable jury would have found
that Kalb was entrapped by CC and the FBI. Because she does not support this claim
"with specific reasons, citations to the record, or relevant legal authority," we
consider it to be waived. United States v. McAdory, 501 F.3d 868, 870 n.3 (8th Cir.
2007).
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We conclude that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient for a reasonable
jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Kalb was guilty of extortion under color
of official right and possession with intent to distribute cocaine. Accordingly, we
affirm the judgment.
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