Korley Sears v. Rhett Sears

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 15-3352
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In re: Korley B. Sears,
lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor.
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Korley B. Sears,
lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant,
v.
Rhett R. Sears; Rhett R. Sears Revocable Trust; Ronald H. Sears; Ron H. Sears
Trust; Dane Sears,
lllllllllllllllllllllAppellees,
U.S. Trustee,
lllllllllllllllllllllU.S. Trustee.
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Nebraska - Lincoln
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Submitted: November 15, 2016
Filed: July 18, 2017
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Before COLLOTON, BEAM, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Korley Sears, a Chapter 11 debtor-in-possession, appeals a decision of the
district court1 affirming the bankruptcy court’s2 grant of summary judgment for
several creditors. The judgment allowed proofs of claim totaling over $5.2 million.
We conclude that there is no merit to Korley’s several objections, so we affirm.
I.
In 2007, a group of relatives and related entities owned a significant portion of
the shares of a company called AFY, Inc. We refer to these parties—Rhett Sears, the
Rhett R. Sears Revocable Trust, Ronald Sears, the Ron H. Sears Trust, and Dane
Sears—collectively as “the Searses.” Pursuant to a stock sale agreement, the Searses
sold their shares of AFY to the company and Korley Sears. In return, Korley signed
promissory notes payable to the Searses, which were to be paid in annual
installments.
Ronald and Dane Sears were employees of AFY. The sale agreement included
a provision requiring them to continue as AFY employees and to maintain loyalty
toward AFY and its management. AFY made the first annual installment payments
to the Searses pursuant to the sale agreement and promissory notes, but Korley and
AFY failed to make further required payments.
1
The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, United States District Judge for the District
of Nebraska.
2
The Honorable Thomas L. Saladino, Chief United States Bankruptcy Judge
for the District of Nebraska.
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In 2009, AFY’s primary lender, Farm Credit Services, withdrew financing. In
2010, AFY and Korley each filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy
Code. The Searses filed proofs of claim—that is, “a written statement setting forth
a creditor’s claim,” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3001(a)—in Korley’s bankruptcy. They
asserted claims for over $5.2 million based on the debt owed under the sale agreement
and promissory notes. Korley, as debtor-in-possession, objected on numerous
grounds, including that the sale agreement was never a valid contract. He also
asserted that even if the agreement was valid, his liability was discharged when the
Searses allegedly breached their duty of loyalty and their duty of good faith and fair
dealing.
Following a hearing on Korley’s objections, the Searses moved for summary
judgment to allow their claims. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056; Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The
bankruptcy court granted the motion. The court first concluded that Korley’s
objections were barred by the doctrine of claim preclusion because they could have
been litigated in AFY’s earlier bankruptcy proceeding. Alternatively, the court
rejected the objections on the merits. The district court affirmed the rulings of the
bankruptcy court. As a second court of review, we review the bankruptcy court’s
grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standards as the district court.
Contemporary Indus. Corp. v. Frost, 564 F.3d 981, 984 (8th Cir. 2009). Summary
judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056; Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a).
II.
Korley disputes both rationales offered by the bankruptcy court. Because we
agree with the bankruptcy court that Korley’s objections to the proofs of claim lack
merit, we will affirm on that basis.
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Title 11 U.S.C. § 501 provides for the filing of claims in bankruptcy, and
§ 502 governs the process for determining whether claims are allowed. A “claim”
typically is a “right to payment” from the debtor, and it includes rights that are
disputed or contingent. 11 U.S.C. § 101(5)(A). A claim that is filed under § 501 is
deemed “allowed” against the debtor unless a party in interest objects and the claim
implicates an exception listed in 11 U.S.C. § 502(b). See 11 U.S.C. § 502(a);
Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 549 U.S. 443, 449 (2007).
If a proof of claim follows certain requirements under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy
Procedure 3001, then it is prima facie evidence of the claim’s validity. Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 3001(f).
Korley first argues that the Searses do not have claims under the sale
agreement, if it is viewed as a single contract together with the promissory notes,
because it is an executory contract that has not been rejected. See 11 U.S.C. § 365.
An executory contract under the Bankruptcy Code is a contract where the obligations
of both parties “are so far unperformed that the failure of either to complete
performance would constitute a material breach excusing performance of the other.”
In re Interstate Bakeries Corp., 751 F.3d 955, 962 (8th Cir. 2014) (en banc)
(quotation omitted). Korley contends that the sale agreement is an executory contract
because Ronald, Dane, and Rhett Sears have ongoing duties of loyalty and good faith
and fair dealing to AFY and to him. He argues that Ronald and Dane have duties
under the sale agreement, and that Rhett was obligated under Nebraska law not to
participate knowingly in any breaches by Ronald and Dane.
Assuming for the sake of analysis that the sale agreement and promissory notes
should be considered one contract under Nebraska law, we are not convinced by
Korley’s contention. The primary purpose of the sale agreement was to effect the sale
of the Searses’ stock to AFY and Korley. The Searses substantially performed their
obligations by surrendering their stock to Korley and AFY. Any subsequent failure
by them to maintain loyalty to AFY and Korley would not excuse Korley’s
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performance under the sale agreement. The Searses’ duties of loyalty and good faith
and fair dealing did not go to the “root or essence of the contract.” Id. at 963(quotation omitted). The sale agreement is thus not executory.
Korley next objects to the Searses’ proofs of claim based on 11 U.S.C.
§ 502(b)(1). Section 502(b)(1) disallows claims that are “unenforceable against the
debtor.” See Travelers, 549 U.S. at 450. Korley asserts a variety of contractual
defenses to the Searses’ proofs of claim. We apply Nebraska law to resolve these
issues. See id. at 450-51.
Korley argues that the Searses breached their duties of loyalty and good faith
and fair dealing under the sale agreement by helping to appoint a trustee and then
assisting the trustee to liquidate AFY’s assets. He also contends that his obligations
under the sale agreement and promissory notes were discharged, because performance
was impossible after AFY was liquidated, and because liquidation frustrated the
contract’s purpose. He next asserts that there was a failure of consideration under the
contract, because the Searses helped to liquidate AFY. This latter claim is another
way of describing an alleged failure of performance. Restatement (Second) of
Contracts § 237 cmt. a. (1981).
None of these contractual defenses has merit, because all of the challenged
conduct occurred after Korley filed for bankruptcy. When a party in interest objects
to a creditor’s claim, the bankruptcy court “shall determine the amount of such claim
. . . as of the date of the filing of the petition.” 11 U.S.C. § 502(b) (emphasis added).
Post-petition conduct thus cannot justify disallowing a proof of claim. See In re
Flanagan, 503 F.3d 171, 178-79 (2d Cir. 2007). Korley argues otherwise based on
11 U.S.C. § 558, a provision granting the bankruptcy estate the benefit of any defense
available to the debtor, but § 558 simply “preserves to the [d]ebtor the defenses it
would have had prepetition.” In re Papercraft Corp., 127 B.R. 346, 350 (Bankr.
W.D. Pa. 1991).
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Korley also asserts contractual defenses of impossibility, frustration, and
failure of performance based on the fact that AFY’s primary lender, Farm Credit
Services, withdrew financing from AFY before Korley petitioned for bankruptcy.
The impossibility and frustration defenses apply when there is an “occurrence of an
event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was
made.” Turbines Ltd. v. Transupport, Inc., 825 N.W.2d 767, 775-76 (Neb. 2013)
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts §§ 261, 265 (1981)). These defenses fail
here, because Farm Credit Services had a legal right to withdraw its line of credit
under certain circumstances, and there is no evidence that the contracting parties
assumed that the lender was forbidden to exercise its right. The failure-of-
performance defense cannot prevail because Farm Credit’s withdrawal of credit had
nothing to do with the Searses’ performance of their obligations under the contract.
Korley next argues that there was no mutual assent to the sale agreement
because he did not believe that AFY was also obligated to pay the Searses for their
stock. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 20 (1981). The agreement, however,
lists both AFY and Korley as the “Buyers” under the sale agreement who must pay
the purchase price to the Sellers. Consistent with this understanding, AFY, not
Korley, made the first annual installment payments to the Searses on the notes. We
see no merit to Korley’s argument that the sale agreement lacked mutual assent.
Korley contends that the bankruptcy court retains power in equity to reject
proofs of claim based on post-petition inequitable conduct, and should have done so
here. He did not raise this argument in the bankruptcy court, so the point is forfeited,
and there is no plain error that might warrant relief. Korley cites the pre-Code
decision of Pepper v. Litton, 308 U.S. 295, 307-08 (1939), where the Court upheld
a bankruptcy court’s judgment disallowing a claim on equitable grounds. We
question whether the Pepper approach survives under the modern Bankruptcy Code,
because § 502(b) provides that claims will be allowed except as enumerated in that
section, and inequitable conduct is not an enumerated ground. See 4 Collier on
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Bankruptcy ¶ 502.03[11] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, eds., 16th ed. 2016).
In Travelers, the absence of textual support was “fatal” to a judicially-created rule
that disallowed a claim for a reason not enumerated in § 502(b). 549 U.S. at 452.
At a minimum, the bankruptcy court did not commit plain error when it declined to
disallow a claim based on a ground not enumerated in the statute.
III.
Korley also raises a procedural argument regarding the Searses’ proofs of
claim. Korley argues that the Searses’ proofs of claim did not include an “itemized”
statement of interest, as required by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure
3001(c)(2)(A) and Official Form 10. Rule 3001(f) provides that a proof of claim that
is executed and filed in accordance with the rules is prima facie evidence of the
validity and amount of the claim. Korley contends that the Searses’ proofs of claim
did not comply with the rules, and that the bankruptcy court thus erred in treating the
them as prima facie evidence of validity and amount.
A claimant’s failure to comply with Rule 3001(c)(2)(A) or Official Form 10,
however, is not by itself a reason to disallow a claim. Section 502(b) enumerates the
grounds on which a proof of claim may be disallowed, and non-compliance with Rule
3001 is not one of them. The bankruptcy court has authority to sanction a creditor
who fails to submit supporting information as directed by the rules of procedure. Fed.
R. Bankr. P. 3001(c)(2)(D). But a failure to itemize interest in accordance with the
rules means only that the proof of claim is not prima facie evidence of the claim’s
validity and amount. Accord In re Dove-Nation, 318 B.R. 147, 152 (B.A.P. 8th Cir.
2004); In re Brunson, 486 B.R. 759, 769-70, 772-73 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2013); In re
MacFarland, 462 B.R. 857, 879-81 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2011).
The bankruptcy court treated the proofs of claim as prima facie evidence of
validity, but even assuming for the sake of analysis that they were not entitled to that
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status, we may affirm the judgment on any ground supported by the record. Holt v.
Howard, 806 F.3d 1129, 1132 (8th Cir. 2015). Even a claim that lacks prima facie
evidence of validity under Rule 3001(f) can present at least some evidence of a
demand for payment from the bankruptcy estate. See Dove-Nation, 318 B.R. at 152.
Here, the creditors supported their proofs of claim with attached exhibits that
documented Korley’s debt, although arguably not precisely in the manner
contemplated by the rules. In that situation, a debtor must “assert a substantive basis
for disallowance expressly stated in § 502 and come forward with some evidence to
disallow the claim for that reason.” Brunson, 486 B.R. at 769. For example, the
debtor might submit a signed affidavit averring that the claim was not owed or that
the debt had been satisfied. See In re Muller, 479 B.R. 508, 514 (Bankr. W.D. Ark.
2012).
Korley did not mount that sort of defense, and his stated objections lacked
merit: he advanced no persuasive argument that the Searses’ claims should be
disallowed under any of the § 502(b) exceptions. Nor does he contend that the
amounts asserted in the proofs of claim are incorrect. The bankruptcy court thus did
not err in allowing the Searses’ claims despite a potential shortcoming in the
itemization of interest.
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The judgment of the bankruptcy court is affirmed.
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