David Webb v. United States

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 02-1441
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David Webb, *
*
Appellant, * Appeal from the United States
* District Court for the Eastern
v. * District of Arkansas.
*
United States of America, * [UNPUBLISHED]
*
Appellee. *
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Submitted: September 10, 2002
Filed: September 19, 2002
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Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, FAGG, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
After the Government indicted David Webb for armed bank robbery and
carrying or using a firearm in relation to a robbery, the Government filed a notice of
enhanced penalty under the three strikes law, 18 U.S.C. § 3559, alleging Webb
qualified for a mandatory life sentence because he had three earlier state convictions
for serious felonies: a 1972 robbery conviction, a 1980 escape conviction, and a 1987
aggravated robbery conviction. A jury found Webb guilty. Webb did not challenge
the earlier state convictions at sentencing, and the district court* imposed a life
sentence under § 3559. Webb then filed this 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set
aside, or correct his sentence. The district court denied Webb’s motion, but certified
two issues for appeal: (1) whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge
the 1972 robbery conviction and the 1980 escape conviction, and (2) whether the
Government’s failure to plead the earlier state convictions in the indictment and to
submit them to the jury under the reasonable doubt standard violated the Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendments. We affirm the denial of Webb’s § 2255 motion.
Webb first contends trial counsel should have challenged the 1972 robbery
conviction because it does not qualify as a serious violent felony under § 3559. For
the purposes of § 3559, “serious violent felony” includes an “offense punishable by
a maximum term of imprisonment of 10 years or more that has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” 18
U.S.C. § 3559(c)(2)(F)(ii). Robbery convictions do not count if the defendant proves,
as an affirmative defense, that no firearm or other dangerous weapon was used, no
threatened use was involved in the offense, and “the offense did not result in death
or serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365) to any person.” Id. §
3559(c)(3)(A); see United States v. Davis, 260 F.3d 965, 969-70 (2001). Serious
bodily injury includes substantial risk of death, extreme physical pain, protracted and
obvious disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily
member, organ, or mental faculty. 18 U.S.C. § 1365(g)(3).
Webb asserts the robbery does not qualify because he did not use or threaten
to use a firearm or other weapon and because no serious bodily injury occurred.
Webb has made no showing that he could have met his burden to prove this
affirmative defense. Indeed, in Webb’s direct appeal of his conviction for the 1972
*
The Honorable James M. Moody, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.
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robbery, the Arkansas Supreme Court stated Webb beat a witness so badly that the
witness “was bedridden and could not sit up without suffocating” at the time of
Webb’s trial, and the witness testified he had not worked a day since the robbery.
Webb v. State, 486 S.W.2d 684, 685-86 (Ark. 1972). Like the district court, we
conclude the witness’s injury falls within the definition of serious bodily injury under
§ 3559(c)(3)(A) and § 1365(g)(3).
Alternatively, Webb argues the 1972 robbery conviction is unconstitutional.
Because of the witness’s inability to come to the courtroom, the trial judge moved the
trial to the witness’s home to take his testimony. Webb contends this violated his
Sixth Amendment right to a public trial. Webb cannot use a § 2255 motion to raise
this contention. United States v. Walker, 202 F.3d 1066, 1067 (8th Cir. 2000) (only
denial-of-counsel claims are excluded from the general rule against collaterally
attacking earlier convictions used for federal sentence enhancements); Arnold v.
United States, 63 F.3d 708, 709 (8th Cir. 1995).
Webb also contends his 1980 escape conviction does not qualify for the
purposes of § 3559. Webb does not dispute his 1987 aggravated robbery conviction,
however. The three strikes law only requires two qualifying serious violent felony
convictions, and Webb’s 1972 and 1987 convictions qualify Webb for the mandatory
life sentence under § 3559. Because trial counsel’s failure to challenge Webb’s 1972
conviction was not deficient performance, and the failure to challenge Webb’s 1980
conviction did not prejudice Webb’s defense, Webb’s ineffective assistance claim
fails. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
Last, Webb asserts the earlier convictions were elements of the current offense,
and should have been pleaded in the indictment and submitted to the jury for finding
beyond a reasonable doubt. Webb’s assertion is foreclosed by our decision in Davis,
260 F.3d at 969.
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We affirm the district court’s denial of Webb’s § 2255 motion.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
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