United States v. Melvin Stout

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 21-1938
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Melvin Stout
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas - Fayetteville
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Submitted: March 18, 2022
Filed: June 16, 2022
[Unpublished]
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Before GRUENDER, BENTON, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”)
provided government-guaranteed loans to small businesses during the COVID-19
pandemic. See Pub. L. 116-136, 134 Stat. 281 (2020). Between April and June of
2020, Melvin Stout, his wife, and his sister applied for and received multiple loans
under the CARES Act, falsely representing that they owned various businesses.
They applied for fully forgivable loans under the Paycheck Protection Program, see
15 U.S.C. § 636(a)(36), and nonforgivable loans under the Economic Injury Disaster
Loans (“EIDL”) program, see § 636(b)(2). Stout would not have been required to
start repaying nonforgivable EIDL loans until one year after the loans were made.
When questioned by law enforcement in September 2020, Stout admitted that
he was the ringleader of the scheme and that he had engaged in fraudulent activity.
In December, Stout pleaded guilty to making a false statement in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1001(a)(3).
The district court 1 calculated an advisory sentencing guidelines range of 12 to
18 months’ imprisonment followed by 1 to 3 years’ supervised release. That range
was based in part on the presentence investigation report’s (“PSR”) intended-loss
calculation of $116,525.56, which resulted in an eight-level increase to Stout’s base
offense level. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(E). Stout did not object to the
enhancement. The district court imposed a sentence of 12 months and 1 day of
imprisonment followed by 3 years of supervised release and $74,600 in restitution.
Stout appeals, challenging the district court’s loss calculation.
Where a defendant “failed to object at sentencing to the district court’s loss
calculation, we review it for plain error.” United States v. Callaway, 762 F.3d 754,
759 (8th Cir. 2014). “Under plain error review, the defendant must show: (1) an
error; (2) that is plain; and (3) that affects substantial rights.” United States v. Isler,
983 F.3d 335, 341 (8th Cir. 2020). “If these three requirements are satisfied, we may
correct the error if it seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.” United States v. Helper, 7 F.4th 706, 711 (8th Cir. 2021). An
error is “plain” only if it is “clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable
dispute.” Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009).
1
The Honorable Timothy L. Brooks, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Arkansas.
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Under the guidelines, a loss greater than $40,000 requires a six-level increase
to the defendant’s offense level, and a loss greater than $95,000 requires an eight-
level increase. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(D)-(E). “[L]oss is the greater of actual loss or intended
loss.” § 2B1.1, Application Note 3(A). “Intended loss” means “the pecuniary harm
that the defendant purposely sought to inflict” and “includes intended pecuniary
harm that would have been impossible or unlikely to occur.” § 2B1.1, Application
Note 3(A)(ii). “Pecuniary harm” is defined as “harm that is monetary or that
otherwise is readily measurable in money.” § 2B1.1, Application Note 3(A)(iii).
The district court’s “loss determination is entitled to appropriate deference.”
§ 2B1.1, Application Note 3(C).
Stout argues that the district court plainly erred by calculating the intended
loss to be $116,525.56 and applying the corresponding increase to his base offense
level. He claims that the intended loss should have been limited to the amount of
the loans that was forgivable, which he states was “no more than $91,125.56.” Stout
asserts “there is no evidence that the defendants did not intend to repay the remaining
balances” of the nonforgivable loans.
Stout relies primarily on United States v. Oligmueller, where we considered
the calculation of the intended loss caused by a fraudulent loan application. 198
F.3d 669, 670-71 (8th Cir. 1999). In Oligmueller, a rancher secured a bank loan by
misrepresenting the number of cattle he owned. Id. at 670. Once the fraud was
discovered, he “made extraordinary efforts to insure [sic] that his debt was repaid to
the bank,” including liquidating his assets, “pledg[ing] assets not previously pledged
to the bank, including his ranch, and work[ing] to prepare assets for sale so that the
bank would receive the highest possible return.” Id. The rancher also took a new
job, set up a lawn mower repair business, and “turned over approximately half of his
social security payment each month to pay his debts.” Id. In less than two years, he
had repaid approximately $836,000, bringing “the bank’s loss down to
approximately $58,000.” Id. at 670-71. We rejected the Government’s argument
that the intended loss was $58,000, explaining that “the intended loss was zero”
because there was “no evidence that, at the time of the fraudulent conduct, [the
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defendant] intended to repay anything less than the full value of the loans.” Id. at
671.
Here, the Government argues that Oligmueller is distinguishable because
unlike the rancher in that case, Stout and his co-conspirators did not own any
legitimate businesses, secured the loans by making multiple misrepresentations over
the course of two months, and did nothing to repay the loans even after their fraud
was discovered. We agree. Stout admitted that he perpetrated the fraud to “stay
afloat” and move out of his mother’s residence, which suggests that he was spending
the loan money as he received it. Additionally, the PSR states that in 2021, Stout
was charged in state court with stealing fifteen computers from a hospital where he
worked between September 2019 and February 2020, and an investigation indicated
that he and his wife had sold the computers to pawn shops. See United States v.
Smith, 929 F.3d 545, 547 (8th Cir. 2019) (holding that the district court did not
clearly err in counting a transaction as an intended loss where, “were there any doubt
about [the defendant’s] intentions, he fraudulently acquired other expensive items—
including a house, office space, and several vehicles—through similar means”).
Given that Stout’s case is distinguishable from Oligmueller, the district court
did not commit a “clear or obvious” error in finding that the amount of the
nonforgivable loans was included in the intended loss. See Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135.
Therefore, we affirm Stout’s sentence.
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