United States v. Leo Muhammad

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 05-4201
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
*
v. *
*
Leo Muhammad, also known as Bo, *
*
Defendant - Appellant. *
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Appeals from the United States
No. 05-4204 District Court for the Eastern
___________ District of Missouri.
United States of America, *
* [UNPUBLISHED]
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
*
v. *
*
Germaine Davis, also known as Gary *
Henderson, *
*
Defendant - Appellant. *
*
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No. 05-4205
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
*
v. *
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Anthony Francis, *
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Defendant - Appellant. *
*
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No. 05-4252
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
*
v. *
*
Robert Francis, also known as Pete, *
*
Defendant - Appellant. *
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Submitted: September 26, 2006
Filed: November 6, 2006
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Before ARNOLD, BYE, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
The defendants were each convicted of conspiring to distribute more than five
kilograms of cocaine. They were sentenced under the mandatory Guidelines regime
prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220
(2005). Our court affirmed the judgment of the district court1 as to all the convictions
and sentences. United States v. Francis, 367 F.3d 805 (8th Cir. 2004). In that
opinion, we discussed the facts of the underlying offenses at length and addressed the
defendants’ fact-based challenges regarding drug quantity determinations and various
enhancements under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. Following Booker, the
Supreme Court granted three of the defendants’ petitions for certiorari, found Sixth
Amendment Booker error as to each defendant’s sentence, vacated our opinion, and
remanded to our court. Francis v. United States, 543 U.S. 1098 (2005); Davis v.
United States, 543 U.S. 1108 (2005); Francis v. United States, 543 U.S. 1180 (2005).
On remand from the Supreme Court, we remanded to the district court for
resentencing and reinstated our earlier opinion “except as may be inconsistent with the
remand for resentencing under the advisory guideline system as outlined in United
States v. Booker.”2
On remand from our court, the district court applied the Guidelines as advisory,
applied the factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and used the previously determined
Guidelines range for each defendant as the advisory Guidelines range. As to each
defendant, the district court determined that a recalculation of the Guidelines range
1
The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
2
United States v. Francis, 141 Fed. Appx. 501, 503 (8th Cir. 2005). Defendant
Leo Muhammad did not petition the Supreme Court for certiorari, but rather,
petitioned our court for rehearing. Following the Supreme Court’s remand of his co-
defendants’ cases, we granted rehearing as to defendant Leo Muhammad and
remanded his case for resentencing along with his co-defendants. Id.
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was not within the scope of our remand, and in the alternative, even if it were within
the scope of our remand, the district court renewed or re-adopted its prior Guidelines
calculations. Under the advisory regime, the district court reimposed the same
sentences for defendants Anthony Francis, Robert Francis, and Leo Muhammad. As
to these three defendants, the sentences were within their respective advisory
Guidelines ranges. Anthony Francis received a sentence of 420 months based on an
advisory range of 360 months to life. Robert Francis received a sentence of life based
on an advisory “range” of life. Leo Muhammad received a sentence of 360 months
based on an advisory range of 360 months to life. As to defendant Germaine Davis,
the district court imposed a sentence of 180 months. This sentence was below Davis’s
initial sentence of 235 months and below the low end of the applicable advisory
Guidelines range of 235 to 293 months.
All defendants appeal. All defendants challenge the district court’s use of facts
at sentencing found by the judge under a preponderance of the evidence standard. All
defendants challenge their respective sentences as unreasonable. We affirm.
As we have previously held, the remedial portion of Booker permits reliance
on facts found by the sentencing court under a preponderance of the evidence standard
as long as those facts are used to sentence under an advisory rather than a mandatory
Guidelines regime. United States v. Johnson, 450 F.3d 831, 833 (8th Cir. 2006). We
previously affirmed the district court’s sentencing-related factual findings, and the
district court properly interpreted the scope of our remand order. On remand, the
district court was aware of the advisory nature of the Guidelines and sentenced the
defendants under this advisory regime, thus correcting the Sixth Amendment, Booker
error.
Regarding reasonableness, our review is for abuse of discretion. United States
v. Haack, 403 F.3d 997, 1004 (8th Cir. 2005) (describing reasonableness review as
review for abuse of discretion). The sentences received by defendants Robert Francis,
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Anthony Francis, and Leo Muhammad are within the properly calculated advisory
Guidelines ranges and are therefore presumptively reasonable. United States v.
Lazenby, 439 F.3d 928, 932 (8th Cir. 2006). Defendant Germaine Davis received a
downward variance from the applicable range, and he argues that his sentence should
be lower. We have considered each defendant’s arguments concerning reasonableness
and find them to be without merit. In applying § 3553(a), the district court did not
consider any improper factors, fail to consider important factors, nor commit any clear
error of judgment in the application of the those factors. Haack, 403 F.3d at 1004.
Although there are significant differences among the sentences received by these
defendants, the differences are easily explained by each defendant’s criminal history,
the different quantity of drugs attributed to each defendant, and each defendant’s role
in the underlying conspiracy. We find no abuse of discretion.
We have carefully considered the defendants’ other arguments, find them to be
without merit or outside the scope of our remand order, and summarily affirm under
Eighth Circuit Rule 47B.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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