Wilson v. Brinker International, Inc.

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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Nos. 03-1967/2120
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Fawn Wilson, *
*
Appellant/Cross-Appellee, *
*
v. *
*
Brinker International, Inc., a Delaware* Appeals from the United States
Corporation; Chili’s of Minnesota, Inc.,
* District Court for the
a Minnesota Corporation, both doing * District of Minnesota.
business under the assumed name, *
Romano’s Macaroni Grill, and Brinker *
International Payroll Corporation, *
*
Appellees/Cross-Appellants. *
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Submitted: February 12, 2004
Filed: September 1, 2004
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Before MELLOY, McMILLIAN, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
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MELLOY, Circuit Judge.
Fawn Wilson sued the defendants under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and under the Minnesota Human Rights Act, Minn.
Stat. chapter 363A. She alleged she was constructively discharged after having
endured sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and retaliation. A jury returned
a verdict for Wilson on her sexual harassment claim but against her on her other
claims. The jury awarded nominal compensatory damages and imposed a punitive
damages award against the defendants on her sexual harassment claim. However, in
its rulings on the parties’ post-trial motions, the district court1 entered judgment in
favor of the defendants because, by special verdict form, the jury found that Wilson’s
claim was untimely. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Wilson claimed that the defendants, sometimes collectively referred to as
Macaroni Grill, created a sexually hostile work environment in violation of state and
federal law by failing to remedy and by tolerating the behavior of Wilson’s co-
worker, Derrick McAlister. McAlister and Wilson were both cooks at a Macaroni
Grill restaurant and worked together from 1996 until mid-1998, for about two weeks
in September of 1998, and, finally, for two weeks in February of 1999. During
portions of this time, Wilson claims McAlister made lewd and degrading sexual
comments to and about Wilson and other female employees, grabbed Wilson’s
buttocks, rubbed his erect penis against her, and crudely referred to female servers’
and customers’ bodies. Wilson presented evidence that she reported this offensive
behavior to various Macaroni Grill managers. In addition, manager Chad Solheid
witnessed several acts of McAlister’s harassment but, according to Wilson, laughed
or did nothing about it because, Wilson maintains, he feared McAlister would sue the
company.
Wilson also alleged that other Macaroni Grill employees’ behavior contributed
to the hostile environment. For instance, manager Solheid kept Playboy magazines
in his office. Wilson testified that, on one occasion, she informed him that she was
offended by the magazines and that other female employees probably were similarly
1
The Honorable David S. Doty, United States District Judge for the District of
Minnesota.
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offended. In response to her concerns, Wilson claimed that Solheid asked her
whether she liked the cover model’s breasts. He also asked Wilson once whether she
was attracted to Cindy Crawford. And on yet another occasion, Wilson contends that
McAlister and manager Russ Butler watched a pornographic video in the bar area of
the restaurant after business hours while Wilson attempted to work at the computer.
After a jury trial, the jury returned a verdict for $0 compensatory damages and
$163,400 punitive damages. Wilson had not requested a nominal damages
instruction, but upon receiving the verdict, the trial judge instructed the jury that it
must award some amount of compensatory damages if it wanted to award punitive
damages. The jury reconvened and altered its verdict to include a $1 nominal
damages award in addition to the punitive damages award.
In their answer to Wilson’s complaint, the defendants asserted that Wilson’s
claim was time-barred because it was not filed within Title VII’s 300-day filing
requirement. Wilson repeatedly sought a ruling on this question, including in a
motion for judgment as a matter of law made at the close of the defendants’ case. The
court denied that motion and ultimately decided to send the question to the jury. The
jury was asked whether “any act of harassment” occurred during the statutory time
periods, and the jury responded “no.” Therefore, the district court entered judgment
in favor of the defendants, having concluded that Wilson’s sexual harassment claim
was time-barred under both federal and state law.
On appeal, Wilson argues that there is uncontroverted and unimpeached
evidence that an act contributing to a hostile work environment occurred within the
limitations periods. Therefore, she argues that the district court erred in denying her
motion for judgment as a matter of law on this issue. Moreover, she argues that the
court improperly placed the burden on her to prove her compliance with the statute
of limitations when, as an affirmative defense, the burden should have been placed
on the defendants to prove that her lawsuit was time-barred. In addition, she
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maintains that the instructions misstated the law when they asked whether “any act
of harassment” occurred within the statutory time periods and not whether an act
contributing to the hostile environment occurred within those time frames.
The defendants cross-appeal and argue that the district court erred in ruling that
each defendant was liable as Wilson’s “employer”; that the issue of punitive damages
should not have gone to the jury; that even if the evidence was sufficient to support
a jury question on punitive damages, the award should be remitted; and that the
district court erred in admitting the testimony of a Macaroni Grill employee who
suffered harassment at the hands of McAlister after Wilson resigned.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Denial of Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
Title VII requires that a plaintiff file a discrimination charge with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission within 300 days “after the alleged unlawful
employment practice occurred.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). Under the Minnesota
Human Rights Act, a plaintiff has one year to file a charge. Minn. Stat. § 363A.28(3).
The Supreme Court has previously determined that the Title VII administrative
charge period is functionally equivalent to a statute of limitations. Zipes v. Trans
World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982). Consequently, a claim is time-barred
if it is not filed within these time limits. Wilson filed her EEOC charge on July 28,
1999. Therefore, the critical dates for purposes of the filing requirements are July 28,
1998 under state law and October 2, 1998 under federal law.
At the jury instruction conference and again at the close of the defendants’
case, Wilson moved for judgment as a matter of law on the issue of timeliness. The
district court denied her motions and decided to send the fact-related issues
surrounding the statute of limitations defense to the jury. Jury Questions Nos. 4 and
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6, respectively, asked, “Did any act of harassment occur after October 2, 1998?” and
“Did any act of harassment occur after July 28, 1998?” Wilson did not object to the
substance of the instructions but rather opposed their submission to the jury. The jury
answered these questions in the negative, and on appeal Wilson reasserts her
argument that no reasonable fact-finder could have concluded that no act contributing
to her sexual harassment claim occurred within the relevant time frame.
Pursuant to Rule 50, a court should render judgment as a matter of law when
“a party has been fully heard on an issue and there is no legally sufficient evidentiary
basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
50(a)(1); see also Weisgram v. Marley Co., 528 U.S. 440, 447-48 (2000). In
considering Wilson’s appeal of the district court’s denial of her Rule 50 motion, we
review the district court’s ruling de novo, viewing the evidence “‘in the light most
favorable to the party who prevailed before the jury.’” City of Omaha Employees
Betterment Ass’n v. City of Omaha, 883 F.2d 650, 651 (8th Cir. 1989) (quoting
Pumps & Power Co. v. S. States Indus., 787 F.2d 1252, 1258 (8th Cir. 1986)).
Moreover, “we review the district court’s decision to grant or deny judgment as a
matter of law with great deference to the jury’s verdict.” Fletcher v. Price Chopper
Foods of Trumann, Inc., 220 F.3d 871, 875 (8th Cir. 2000). “This Court will not set
aside a jury verdict ‘unless there is a complete absence of probative facts to support
the verdict.’” MacGregor v. Mallinckrodt, Inc., 373 F.3d 923, 927 (8th Cir. 2004)
(quoting Browning v. President Riverboat Casino-Missouri, Inc., 139 F.3d 631, 634
(8th Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, we must:
(1) resolve direct factual conflicts in favor of the nonmovant, (2) assume
as true all facts supporting the nonmovant which the evidence tended to
prove, (3) give the nonmovant the benefit of all reasonable inferences,
and (4) deny the motion if the evidence so viewed would allow
reasonable jurors to differ as to the conclusions that could be drawn.
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Larson by Larson v. Miller, 76 F.3d 1446, 1452 (8th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (quoting
Pumps & Power Co., 787 F.2d at 1258). And while we must refrain from making
credibility assessments inconsistent with the jury’s findings and must give credence
to the evidence favoring the nonmovant, we must also consider “evidence supporting
the moving party that is uncontradicted and unimpeached, at least to the extent that
that evidence comes from disinterested witnesses.” Phillips v. Collings, 256 F.3d
843, 847 (8th Cir. 2001). Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate only when the
record contains “‘no proof beyond speculation to support the verdict.’” Id. (quoting
Kinserlow v. CMI Corp., 217 F.3d 1021, 1026 (8th Cir. 2000)).
Wilson cannot meet the high standard necessary to warrant overturning the
jury’s verdict. Were we the fact-finder, we might not have found as the jury did
regarding whether harassing conduct took place during the relevant time periods.
However, contrary to Wilson’s assertions, there is not uncontradicted and
unimpeached evidence of such acts. The parties agree that Wilson and McAlister
worked together for only four weeks during the statutory time frames (September
1998 and February 1999). Wilson testified that, while she worked with McAlister in
September of 1998, she felt uncomfortable but that he did not engage in conduct she
would consider to be harassing. The bulk of the evidence at trial went to his conduct
that occurred prior to mid-1998. There was some testimony by Wilson that at least
one incident of sexual harassment occurred in February 1999; however, that
testimony was disputed by Macaroni Grill.
Macaroni Grill presented contradictory testimony that timely acts of
harassment occurred and sought to impeach Wilson and her witnesses. We must
“resolve direct factual conflicts in favor of [Macaroni Grill], . . . assume as true all
facts supporting [Macaroni Grill] which the evidence tended to prove, . . . [and] give
[Macaroni Grill] the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Larson, 76 F.3d at 1452
(citation omitted). The issue is whether, viewed in the light most favorable to
Macaroni Grill, “‘there is a complete absence of probative facts to support the
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verdict.’” MacGregor, 373 F.3d at 927 (quoting Browning, 139 F.3d at 634). When
the evidence is viewed through this deferential lens, we cannot say that no reasonable
jury could have found as it did in this case.2 Moreover, because Wilson is an
interested party, her testimony alone does merit entry of judgment as a matter of law
in her favor, because the jury was not required to accept it. See 9A Charles Alan
Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2527 (2d ed. 1995 &
Supp. 2004) (collecting cases and observing that juries are not required to accept
interested party’s testimony as true, even if uncontradicted).
And while Macaroni Grill manager Kathy Entrup testified that she frequently
heard sexual comments in the workplace, there is no indication that the comments
were directed toward Wilson, nor that Wilson even heard the comments.
Additionally, Manager Solheid confirmed the presence of sexually explicit magazines
in the workplace. However, he did not confirm Wilson’s accusations that he showed
them to her. Under these circumstances, then, the jury was not compelled to conclude
that such timely acts contributed to the hostile working environment of which Wilson
complained, particularly when the focus of Wilson’s case was on McAlister’s
conduct. See, e.g., Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 118 (2002)
(explaining timely acts must be related to untimely acts in order to constitute a single
unlawful employment practice).
B. Denial of Motion for New Trial
Wilson also argues that the district court should have granted her motion for
a new trial on two grounds. First, she argues that the district court improperly placed
the burden of proof on her in its instructions to the jury concerning the statute of
2
This is so even were we to accept Wilson’s argument, discussed infra, that the
jury should have been asked whether an act contributing to the hostile environment
took place during the relevant time period, as opposed to whether any act of
harassment occurred during this time period.
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limitations-related questions. And second, she contends that the district court
improperly framed the legal standard when it asked the jury whether “any act of
harassment” occurred during the relevant time frame. We reject these arguments and
find that Wilson failed to preserve them for appellate review by not objecting at trial.
We review jury instructions and the denial of a new trial for abuse of
discretion. Campos v. City of Blue Springs, Mo., 289 F.3d 546, 551-52 (8th Cir.
2002). A jury instruction must, when “taken as a whole and viewed in light of the
evidence and applicable law, fairly and adequately submit[] the issues in the case to
the jury.” Horstmyer v. Black & Decker, (U.S.), Inc., 151 F.3d 765, 771 (8th Cir.
1998) (quotations and citations omitted). Where a party fails to object to an
instruction before the district court, we will review only for plain error. Id. at 770.
“Plain error is a stringently limited standard of review, especially in the civil context
. . . .” Id. at 771 (quotation and citation omitted). To constitute plain error, there
must be an “error,” which is a “[d]eviation from a legal rule,” and that error must be
“plain,” which “is synonymous with ‘clear’ or, equivalently, ‘obvious.’” United
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-34 (1993). Moreover, “the party claiming plain
error [must] demonstrate . . . that [the alleged error] likely altered the outcome[] and
. . . that it was sufficiently fundamental to threaten the fairness or integrity or public
reputation of the judicial proceeding.” Gray v. Genlyte Group, Inc. 289 F.3d 128,
134 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1001 (2002).
1. Burden of Proof Argument
Wilson argues that the defendants bore the burden of proving the untimeliness
of her sexual harassment claim. Wilson’s sexual harassment claim was based on the
continuing violations theory of a hostile work environment, which the Supreme Court
addressed in National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101 (2002). In
Morgan, the Supreme Court held:
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The timely filing provision only requires that a Title VII plaintiff file a
charge within a certain number of days after the unlawful practice
happened. It does not matter, for purposes of the statute, that some of
the component acts of the hostile work environment fall outside the
statutory time period. Provided that an act contributing to the claim
occurs within the filing period, the entire time period of the hostile
environment may be considered by a court for the purposes of
determining liability.
Id. at 117.
Wilson contends that Morgan makes clear that the continuing violations theory
is not an exception to the statute of limitations, on which plaintiffs generally bear the
burden of proof. Instead, she asserts that this theory defines when the unlawful
employment practice accrues in the first instance. Therefore, according to Wilson,
the defendants’ argument that her claim is time-barred is no different than an ordinary
affirmative defense, which defendants generally must prove. And because the district
court instructed the jury that Wilson bore the burden of proof on every issue, she
argues that a new trial is warranted.
Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Morgan, we characterized the
continuing violations doctrine as an equitable exception to Title VII’s 300-day filing
requirement. See, e.g., Klein v. McGowan, 198 F.3d 705, 709 (8th Cir. 1999)
(“Conduct which occurred more than 300 days before the date of filing cannot be
grounds for a suit unless it is part of a continuing violation which is systematic or
serial. To avail himself of this exception, a plaintiff must demonstrate that some
incident of harassment occurred within the 300 day limitations period . . . .”) (internal
citations omitted). Accordingly, the burden of proving its applicability fell squarely
on the plaintiff seeking to invoke the exception. See id. No court of appeals has
specifically addressed whether Morgan altered the landscape in this regard; however,
at least one court of appeals has continued to characterize the continuing violations
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doctrine as equitable in nature and has stated that the plaintiff must demonstrate that
an act inside the limitations period occurred. See Pegram v. Honeywell, Inc., 361
F.3d 272, 279 (5th Cir. 2004) (“Under the continuing violations doctrine, a plaintiff
is relieved of establishing that all of the alleged discriminatory conduct occurred
within the actionable period, if the plaintiff can show a series of related acts, one or
more of which falls within the limitations period.”) (emphasis added); cf. Crowley v.
L.L. Bean, Inc., 303 F.3d 387, 405 (1st Cir. 2002) (“The continuing violation
doctrine, however, ‘creates an equitable exception to the 300-day limitation when the
unlawful behavior is deemed ongoing.’” (quoting Provencher v. CVS Pharmacy, 145
F.3d 5, 14 (1st Cir. 1998))). To the extent the issue remains unresolved after Morgan,
the district court followed the existing precedent in this circuit. And even assuming
the district court committed error by placing the burden of proving timeliness on
Wilson, we cannot say that the district court committed plain error. See Federal Crop
Ins. Corp. v. Hester, 765 F.2d 723, 727 (8th Cir. 1985) (declining to find clear error
where there is no controlling precedent and where district court chose one of two
prevailing standards of proof). Moreover, even assuming, without deciding, that the
court gave faulty instructions on this issue, a new trial is not warranted because the
evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s finding. See Gray, 289 F.3d at 134
(explaining that party claiming plain error must show, inter alia, that alleged error
“likely altered the outcome”). Consequently, we will not disturb the district court’s
denial of Wilson’s motion for new trial.
2. “Any Act of Harassment” Argument
Wilson’s final argument on appeal is that the statute of limitations-related
questions on the verdict form (and the trial judge’s oral instructions) incorrectly
framed the legal standard by suggesting that she was required to prove multiple acts
of harassment during the limitations period. As noted earlier, the verdict form asked
whether “any act of harassment” occurred during the respective time periods, and the
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jury responded “no.” Wilson did not object to this language at trial,3 but on appeal
contends that the questions put to the jury misstated the law and should have asked
whether any act that contributed to the hostile environment occurred during the
relevant time frames. Alternatively, she argues that the district court should have
separately instructed the jury that “harassment” in the context of the statute of
limitations questions need not have amounted to actionable harassment.
As noted earlier, Wilson did not preserve this argument for appeal; therefore,
we review her instructional error argument for plain error. The Supreme Court in
Morgan articulated the proper inquiry to determine when a hostile work environment
“occurred” for purposes of Title VII’s filing requirement. Morgan, 536 U.S. at 116.
“Provided that an act contributing to the claim occurs within the filing period, the
entire time period of the hostile environment may be considered by a court for the
purposes of determining liability.” Id. at 117. In framing the issue that was before
the Court in Morgan, the Court observed that hostile work environment claims
“cannot be said to occur on any particular day. [They] occur[] over a series of days
or perhaps years and, in direct contrast to discrete acts, a single act of harassment may
not be actionable on its own.” Id. at 115. Review of the Supreme Court’s decision
in Morgan, thus, illustrates that the Court used “act of harassment” interchangeably
with “an act contributing to the [hostile environment] claim.” While a question
asking whether an act contributing to the hostile environment occurred during the
3
Wilson argues that she did not waive her objections to the verdict form.
“Absent plain error, appellants must raise specific objections to the form or content
of jury instructions, including special interrogatories, before the district court in order
to preserve such matters for appeal.” Horstmyer v. Black & Decker, (U.S.), Inc., 151
F.3d 765, 770 (8th Cir.1998). Wilson relies primarily on her objections to the court’s
proposed statute of limitations instruction at the charging conference. However, the
district court did not adopt the language that Wilson objected to. Like the district
court, we conclude that Wilson’s failure to object to the substance of the special
interrogatories—as opposed to their submission to the jury—constitutes waiver
absent plain error.
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statutory time period may have been preferable, we cannot conclude that the district
court committed error by framing the statute of limitations-related questions as it did.
Accordingly, having considered this issue and having examined the instructions as
a whole, we reject Wilson’s argument that the district court improperly framed the
legal standard.
III. CONCLUSION
Because we have affirmed the district court’s entry of judgment in favor of the
defendants and rejected the plaintiff’s arguments for judgment as a matter of law and
new trial, we need not address the defendants’ remaining arguments on appeal.
Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district
court.
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