United States v. Isaac Johnson

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 22-1447
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United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee
v.
Isaac Johnson
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Nebraska - Omaha
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Submitted: January 13, 2023
Filed: June 16, 2023
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Before SMITH, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
After a three-day trial, the jury convicted Isaac Johnson of conspiracy to
distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine. Prior to trial, the district court denied
Johnson’s motion to suppress twelve ounces of cocaine that investigators found in a
warrantless search of the rental car Johnson was driving as he arrived at the Omaha
home of local distributor Anthony Moore. Prior to sentencing, the government filed
an information pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851 seeking a statutory enhancement based
on Johnson’s prior Texas state court conviction for a “serious drug felony.” See 18
U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(B), 924(e)(2)(A)(ii). Overruling Johnson’s written objection, the
district court1 applied the enhancement and sentenced Johnson to a mandatory
minimum 120 months’ imprisonment. Johnson appeals, arguing the court erred by
denying his motion to suppress and by applying the sentencing enhancement, and that
there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that he conspired to
distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine. We affirm.
I. Motion to Suppress
A. We will summarize facts found by the magistrate judge and adopted by the
district court, which Johnson does not contest on appeal.
At the suppression hearing, FBI Special Agent Anthony Peterson testified that
he was the lead case agent for a multi-agency investigation of drug trafficking in
Omaha, Nebraska that began in October 2017. The investigators obtained authority
to intercept wire conversations between two local dealers, Anthony Moore and Robert
Harris-Hearnes. In a conversation intercepted in November 2018, Moore told Harris-
Hearnes, “I be one million with Ike, the reason I be one million with Ike . . . cause I
be with that man for 7 years.” Referring to Ike as his “plug,” Moore said, “we so
tight, we built the relationship bro . . . . And like I said I returned . . . back $36,000
to that man a month, you know what I’m saying, a month.” Investigators intercepted
a phone call on December 13, 2018 indicating that Ike was expected to arrive at
Moore’s house. A person driving a Nissan Altima with Texas license plates arrived
at the house and left after about fifteen minutes. A license plate check revealed the
1
The Honorable Laurie Smith Camp, United States District Judge for the
District of Nebraska, adopting the Findings and Recommendation of the Honorable
Susan M. Bazis, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Nebraska, ruled
on the motion to suppress. The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, United States District
Judge for the District of Nebraska, handled the subsequent trial and sentencing.
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Altima was rented by Isaac Johnson at a Houston airport. Johnson’s DMV license
photo matched the person who entered and left Moore’s residence. Investigators
concluded that “Ike” was Johnson.
Additional intercepted calls between Moore and Harris-Hearnes identified
Johnson’s phone number. At times, Moore would say he was going to “call his guy”
and then would immediately call Johnson. In one call, Harris-Hearnes told Moore
that the bags Johnson left “were each a gram short.” From these calls, investigators
believed that Johnson delivered approximately twelve ounces of cocaine to Moore’s
house on December 13. In other phone calls, Moore arranged for Johnson to travel
from Houston to Omaha, likely for resupplies of cocaine. During one call, Moore
asked Johnson, “You gonna get it?” Agent Peterson testified that he believed the call
was to arrange a cocaine delivery.
On January 16, 2019, investigators were surveilling Moore’s residence and
overheard Johnson call Moore to say he was about to arrive. Law enforcement saw
Johnson arrive, enter with a plastic bag in hand, stay for 15-20 minutes and leave, no
longer carrying the bag. Johnson again drove an Altima rented from the Houston
airport. Immediately after Johnson left, investigators intercepted calls between
Moore and Harris-Hearnes in which they talked about having more product and the
ability to fill larger orders. In one, Moore said, “It’s ready.” Harris-Hearnes replied
“Okay” and went to Moore’s house. The next day, Moore called Johnson to complain
about the cocaine’s quality -- “that ain’t the same right there.” The listener can hear
a snorting sound and Moore says, “that right there a little more powdery,” and “the
other stuff ain’t like that.”
During a Friday, February 15 call, Moore told Johnson, “Put me on your
schedule for Sunday.” Johnson confirmed he would. Based on this call, investigators
obtained a warrant to search Moore’s residence and arranged to execute it on
February 17, the day of the scheduled delivery. On February 17, law enforcement
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surveilled Moore’s house and neighborhood. Using precision location information
on Johnson’s phone, they tracked him as he drove from Houston to arrive at
approximately 3PM. At that time, investigators identified Johnson a few blocks from
Moore’s house, again driving an Altima with Texas license plates. One investigator
followed and watched Johnson arrive at Moore’s house and park in the driveway
behind Moore’s vehicle. A SWAT team parked behind the vehicle and secured
Johnson when he exited. Johnson was cuffed and detained but not yet arrested. The
SWAT team entered the residence. At some point, law enforcement conducted a
warrantless search of the vehicle and found twelve ounces of cocaine in the side door
panel. The warrant did not authorize a search of Johnson’s vehicle.
B. On appeal, Johnson argues that law enforcement unlawfully searched his
vehicle. It is well-established that law enforcement may “search a vehicle without a
warrant if they have probable cause to believe the vehicle contains evidence of
criminal activity.” United States v. Davis, 569 F.3d 813, 817 (8th Cir. 2009)
(quotation omitted). “Probable cause exists where there is a fair probability that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” United States
v. Shackleford, 830 F.3d 751, 753 (8th Cir. 2016) (quotation omitted). Johnson
concedes law enforcement had probable cause to believe his vehicle contained
evidence of criminal activity. But he argues the “automobile exception” to the Fourth
Amendment’s warrant requirement should not apply. He argues the underlying basis
for a warrantless search -- “the characteristic mobility of all automobiles” -- was not
implicated in these circumstances for two reasons. First, his vehicle was immobilized
by his detention, and second, law enforcement knew two days in advance that
Johnson would arrive in Omaha on February 17, driving an automobile carrying
contraband, making their failure to obtain a search warrant constitutionally
unreasonable. We review this legal contention de novo. See United States v. Evans,
830 F.3d 761, 765 (8th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 839 (2017).
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We agree with the district court that the contention is foreclosed by controlling
precedents. First, as in United States v. Short, 2 F.4th 1076, 1079 (8th Cir.), cert.
denied, 142 S. Ct. 626 (2021), Johnson “cites no case holding that the automobile
exception does not apply when the vehicle to be searched is temporarily immobilized,
and we have found none.” As the Supreme Court said in Michigan v. Thomas, “the
justification to conduct . . . a warrantless search does not vanish once the car has been
immobilized.” 458 U.S. 259, 261 (1982).
Second, the Supreme Court has expressly rejected the argument that a warrant
is required if law enforcement officers have probable cause to search before the
anticipated criminal activity. In Maryland v. Dyson, a defendant convicted in state
court of a drug conspiracy offense argued on appeal the trial court erred in denying
suppression because, “even if there was probable cause, the warrantless search of his
vehicle violated the Fourth Amendment because there was sufficient time after the
informant’s tip to obtain a warrant.” 527 U.S. 465, 466 (1999). The Maryland Court
of Special Appeals reversed the conviction, “holding that in order for the automobile
exception to the warrant requirement to apply, there must not only be probable cause
to believe that evidence of a crime is contained in the automobile, but also a separate
finding of exigency precluding the police from obtaining a warrant.” Id. The
Supreme Court granted the State’s petition for a writ of certiorari and reversed. The
Court held that the trial court’s finding of probable cause that the car contained
contraband “alone satisfies the automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment’s
warrant requirement.” Id. at 467. Requiring a separate finding of exigency “is
squarely contrary to our [prior] holdings.” Id. That ruling is controlling here.
II. Sufficiency of the Drug Quantity Evidence
Johnson argues the government introduced insufficient evidence he conspired
to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine. “We review the sufficiency of the
evidence de novo, viewing evidence in the light most favorable to the government,
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resolving conflicts in the government’s favor, and accepting all reasonable inferences
that support the verdict.” United States v. Bower, 484 F.3d 1021, 1025 (8th Cir.
2007) (citation omitted).
The evidence presented at trial included twelve ounces (approximately 270
grams) of cocaine found in Johnson’s car door. The jury also heard Moore tell
Johnson in a February 10 intercepted call that things had “been a little slow” and “he
said he’s got about 5 off it.” Agent Peterson testified that meant Moore had sold five
ounces (approximately 140 grams) of what Johnson had supplied. Johnson argues the
jury only heard direct evidence of 410 grams of cocaine and no evidence Johnson was
aware of Moore’s other suppliers, so the evidence was insufficient to support the
jury’s speculative finding that he conspired to distribute 500 grams or more of
cocaine. Like the district court, we disagree.
The jury heard numerous intercepted wire conversations evidencing that Moore
and Johnson had an established dealer-supplier relationship long before the drug
trafficking investigation focused on Johnson. In the first recorded phone call that
mentioned “Ike” on November 10, 2018, Moore told Harris-Hearnes that Ike was his
reliable “plug” and Moore had “returned . . . back $36,000 to that man a month.”
Later calls and investigation established that “Ike” was Johnson.
The jury also heard intercepted calls reflecting earlier trips Johnson made from
Texas to resupply Moore in Omaha on December 31, 2018 and January 16 and 27,
2019. In addition to these calls, the jury heard testimony from cooperating
conspirator Amanda Ferrell. Ferrell testified she received cocaine from Moore at his
home between October 2017 and February 2019. Moore fronted the cocaine to
Ferrell for her personal use and to distribute to friends. She met Johnson in mid 2018
when he visited Moore’s home. Ferrell testified that intercepted calls between her,
Moore, and Harris-Hearnes related to drug transactions. Ferrell testified she bought
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one ounce from Moore 4 times, and many other times bought “teeners” (1.5 to 1.75
grams) and “eight balls” (3.5 grams) at Moore’s home.
“To convict [Johnson], the jury had to find beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that
there was a conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of [cocaine], (2) that
[Johnson] knew about it, and (3) that he intentionally joined it.” United States v.
Erickson, 999 F.3d 622, 629 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 512 (2021) (citation
omitted). Johnson may be convicted based on “all reasonably foreseeable drug
quantities that were in the scope of the criminal activity that he jointly undertook.”
United States v. Foxx, 544 F.3d 943, 951 (8th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted), cert.
denied sub nom Osborne v. United States, 558 U.S. 839 (2009). We will affirm “if
a reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Jiminez, 487 F.3d 1140, 1146 (8th Cir. 2007). Here, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, as we must, there was more
than sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that Johnson was a key part of
a conspiracy to distribute cocaine, and that it was reasonably foreseeable to Johnson
the conspiracy distributed 500 grams or more of cocaine.
III. The Sentencing Enhancement
The Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”) provides that a person convicted of
an offense involving 500 grams or more of cocaine who committed the offense “after
a prior conviction for a serious drug felony . . . shall be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment which may not be less than 10 years and not more than life.” 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(B). The CSA’s definition of “serious drug felony” incorporates the
Armed Career Criminal Act’s definition which includes “an offense under state law,
involving manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture or
distribute, a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled
Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 802)).” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii). Johnson argues
the district court committed plain error in determining that his prior conviction for
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violating § 481.112 of the Texas Health & Safety Code (“HSC”) was a qualifying
serious drug offense.
Congress prescribed the procedure for determining this issue in 21 U.S.C.
§ 851. In the district court, before sentencing, the government filed a timely
Information stating that it would rely on this prior Texas conviction. See § 851(a)(1).
Johnson filed a written Response in which he “denie[d] it’s a valid predicate offense
upon which increased punishment may be imposed.” The district court requested
briefing on the issue. In a supporting Brief, relying on the Fifth Circuit’s decision in
United States v. Hinkle, 832 F.3d 569 (5th Cir. 2016), Johnson argued the Texas
statute “criminalizes behavior that is broader than that of the federal statute under
which he is charged” because the Texas statute is violated by one who knowingly
“delivers” a controlled substance, defined to include “offering to sell a controlled
substance.” HSC § 481.002(8). The government’s Brief in Opposition submitted
certified copies of the Texas criminal complaint and judgment. The government
noted that Hinkle compared the elements of the Texas statute with the elements of the
Sentencing Guidelines offense, whereas we held in United States v. Block, 935 F.3d
655 (8th Cir. 2019), that the Texas statute qualified as a “serious drug felony” under
the broader ACCA definition. Both parties used the well-established categorical
approach in comparing the elements of the federal and state statutes at issue.
Prior to sentencing, the district court issued a Memorandum and Order
concluding that Block is controlling and held that HSC § 481.112 “qualifies as a
‘serious drug offense’ under the ACCA,” as the Fifth Circuit previously held in
United States v. Vickers, 540 F.3d 356, 366 (5th Cir. 2008), because the word
“involving” in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A) includes an offer to sell drugs. Therefore,
the court concluded, Johnson’s reliance on Hinkle was “misplaced.” In a special
verdict returned after the jury found Johnson guilty of the federal offense, the jury
unanimously found “that he committed that offense after having been convicted of
a serious drug felony for which [he] served more than 12 months imprisonment.”
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Johnson returned to this issue at sentencing:
Johnson: [I]n Hinkle it says . . . manufacturing, delivery or
possession with intent to deliver [are] divisible . . . elements . . . . But
[Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243] said that the [means of how
the crime was committed] like offer to sell or transfer are not supposed
to be considered . . . . That’s what I wanted to make sure was
understood . . . . I wasn’t saying that because it was an offer to sell, that
it doesn’t fit; no. It doesn’t fit because possession with intent to deliver
is too broad. It’s a different element. It doesn’t match the generic
offense under the ACCA.
The Court: I understand. So your objection is noted.
On appeal, Johnson “does not assign error to the district court’s reasoning.”
Rather, he argues, for the first time on appeal, (1) the government presented no
evidence which substance may have been involved in his prior Texas offense, and (2)
our decision in United States v. Oliver, 987 F.3d 794 (8th Cir. 2021), established that,
even if the substance was cocaine, the Texas statute is overbroad because it defines
cocaine to include “positional isomers” that are excluded from the federal definition
of cocaine in the applicable controlled substance schedule in 21 U.S.C. § 812.
(1) The first argument, even if preserved, is without merit. The Texas offense
documents submitted to the jury included a “Certification of Criminal History Record
Information,” which states Johnson was arrested for violation of HSC § 481.1; a
“Complaint” which states that “in Harris County, Texas, Cornelius Isaac Johnson . . .
did . . . knowingly possess with intent to deliver a controlled substance, namely,
Cocaine, weighing at least 400 grams;” and a “Judgment of Conviction by Jury”
which states that the offense of conviction was “Possession of a Control [sic]
Substance ‘Weighing’ Over 400 Grams.” Johnson argues there was no reliable
evidence he was convicted of distributing a controlled substance under federal law
because the judgment does not identify the substance and states the case was tried on
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an indictment that is not in the record. But the Complaint, which specifically
identified the controlled substance at issue as cocaine, was a charging document,
which is one of the limited set of documents a court may use in determining whether
a prior state conviction was a qualifying felony. See Shepard v. United States, 544
U.S. 13, 26 (2005); United States v. Clark, 1 F.4th 632, 636 (8th Cir.), cert. denied,
142 S. Ct. 511 (2021).
(2) The government argues Johnson waived his second argument by failing to
argue it to the district court. Johnson argues the argument was merely forfeited in the
district court and therefore, applying the distinction between waiver and forfeiture
drawn in Olano v. United States, 507 U.S. 725, 732-35 (1993), our review is for plain
error under Rule 52(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. See generally
United States v. Pirani, 406 F.3d 543, 550 (8th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 126 S.
Ct. 266 (2005). Johnson relies on the Supreme Court’s recent per curiam decision in
Davis v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 1060, 1061 (2020):
The text of Rule 52(b) does not immunize factual errors from plain-error
review. Our cases do not purport to shield any category of errors from
plain-error review.
This appeal raises a familiar issue in a novel context. Waiver customarily
requires a criminal defendant’s “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a
known right,” Olano, 507 U.S. at 733, quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464
(1938). But here, Johnson (or his attorney) failed to comply with the statutory
mandate in 21 U.S.C. § 851(c)(1):
If the person denies any allegation of the information of prior
conviction, or claims that any conviction alleged is invalid, he shall file
a written response to the information. . . . The court shall hold a hearing
to determine any issues raised by the response which would except the
person from increased punishment.
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And Congress prescribed the penalty for non-compliance in § 851(c)(2):
Any challenge to a prior conviction, not raised by response to the
information before an increased sentence is imposed in reliance thereon,
shall be waived unless good cause be shown for failure to make a timely
challenge.
(emphasis added); see United States v. Law, 528 F.3d 888, 908-09 (D.C. Cir. 2008);
United States v. Stephens, 35 F.3d 451, 452-53 (9th Cir. 1994).
The question in Olano was whether Criminal Rule 52(b) permitted plain error
review despite the defendant’s “failure to make timely assertion of the right” in the
district court. 507 U.S. at 731. There is not a hint in that opinion (or in any other we
have found) that the Supreme Court intended its forfeiture standard of review to
trump a specific statutory declaration that an argument not timely made in the district
court is waived unless good cause be shown. Rules of criminal procedure do not
displace contrary legislative commands, unless the legislative branch attempts to
control a core judicial function, which is hardly the case here. Cf. United States v.
Rounsavall, 115 F.3d 561, 566 (8th Cir. 1997). Moreover, the remedy Congress
chose for Johnson’s failure to object within its statutory deadline -- waiver “unless
good cause be shown” -- is better suited to this issue than plain error review.2
2
As the author has previously noted, Rule 52(b) “does not apply to legal
arguments not raised in the district court, whether or not those arguments have been
affirmatively ‘waived.’ Arguments not made in the district court are usually not
preserved for appeal. We have discretion to consider them, but exercise of that
discretion does not require the four-step plain error analysis under Rule 52(b). Other
standards of review apply to such arguments, whether we call them ‘forfeited’ or
simply not preserved.” United States v. Hill, 31 F.4th 1076, 1090 (8th Cir. 2022)
(Loken, J., concurring). The statutory waiver remedy in § 851(c)(2) is consistent with
this approach to appellate review of unpreserved arguments.
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Johnson makes no attempt on appeal to show good cause for his failure to raise
an Oliver objection to the district court. Oliver was decided one year before Johnson
was sentenced. It was cited in the government’s Brief and the district court’s order
resolving Johnson’s objection, though not for its controversial “positional isomer”
ruling. Not all members of the court agree with that ruling. See United States v.
Myers, 56 F.4th 595, 600 (8th Cir. 2022) (Loken, J., dissenting). The government
elected not to seek rehearing en banc in either Oliver or Myers so it can hardly be said
the district court committed plain error in not sua sponte applying Oliver’s cocaine
isomers reasoning to a Texas statute not there at issue. Accordingly, we conclude the
second argument Johnson raises for the first time on appeal has been waived.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
SMITH, Chief Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in the majority’s holding with respect to Johnson’s motion to suppress,
the sufficiency of the drug quantity evidence against him, and his first statutory
overbreadth argument. I disagree, however, that 21 U.S.C. § 851(c)(2) applies in a
manner that results in a waiver of Johnson’s overbreadth argument. I would instead
review the district court’s application of the sentencing enhancement for plain error.
Applying the four-step analysis of Olano, I would conclude that Johnson has shown
plain error. Therefore, I respectfully dissent as to Part III of the opinion.
I. Section 851(c)(2) Is Not Applicable
The majority concludes that the last sentence of § 851(c)(2) acts to bar
Johnson’s overbreadth argument. Johnson, however, does not challenge the existence,
validity, or factual nature of his prior conviction, but he instead challenges whether
it qualifies as a conviction that enhances his sentence. In contrast, I believe that the
phrase “any challenge” used in § 851(c)(2), within the context of the whole of § 851,
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“means only a full-blown, collateral attack in federal court on the prior conviction.”
United States v. McChristian, 47 F.3d 1499, 1503 (9th Cir. 1995).
Whether § 851(c)(2)’s bar applies to claims other than collateral attacks is an
unresolved question in our circuit and in some others. See United States v. Rabb, 5
F.4th 95, 100 (1st Cir. 2021) (“There remains an open question, though, as to whether
‘any challenge to a prior conviction’ encompasses an objection to the finality of a
prior conviction as opposed to an objection to the existence vel non of that prior
conviction.”); United States v. Webster, 628 F.3d 343, 345 (7th Cir. 2010) (per
curiam) (“We have not addressed whether § 851(c)(2) blocks all appellate challenges
to convictions that were not disputed in the district court, particularly those where,
as here, the defendant could argue that the government relied on an offense that does
not as a threshold matter meet § 841’s definitional requirements for a ‘prior
conviction.’”). But see Arreola-Castillo v. United States, 889 F.3d 378, 385–86 (7th
Cir. 2018) (performing detailed statutory analysis of § 851(c) to properly construe
§ 851(e) and concluding that “the word ‘challenge,’ as used in § 851(c)(2), ‘means
only a full-blown, collateral attack in federal court on the prior conviction’” (quoting
McChristian, 47 F.3d at 1503)). In fact, only one circuit has resolved it as the
majority here does. See United States v. Law, 528 F.3d 888, 908–09 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
(per curiam).
Stephens, relied on by the majority, is distinguishable from both Law and this
case. In Stephens, the Ninth Circuit considered whether a defendant who wanted an
“opportunity to attack the constitutionality of his 1991 conviction” but had failed to
raise his attack below had waived it, pursuant to § 851(c)(2). 35 F.3d at 452. The
panel correctly found—uniformly with other circuits—that he had waived his
collateral constitutional attack on the prior conviction by failing to raise it below in
accord with § 851(c)(2). See id. at 453–54; see also United States v. Dickerson, 514
F.3d 60, 65 (1st Cir. 2008) (holding defendant waived challenge that he was not the
person convicted of the offense by failing to raise it below); United States v. Thomas,
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348 F.3d 78, 88 (5th Cir. 2003) (holding defendant waived constitutional challenge
to conviction based on ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to raise it below).
Each of these cases involves a challenge to the factual nature or constitutional validity
of the prior conviction. This case is different.
II. The Statute
I read the subsections of § 851 differently than the majority. Section 851(c)(2)
focuses on direct, constitutionally-based, collateral attacks on prior convictions.
Section 851(b), in contrast, requires that courts only inquire whether the defendant
“affirms or denies that he has been previously convicted as alleged in the
information.” Here, Johnson was previously convicted as alleged in the information.
His argument does not rest on the factual or legal validity of the prior conviction
itself. It rests instead on the conviction’s legal sufficiency as a sentence-enhancing
predicate offense.
Section 851(c)(1) does not require Johnson to present his legal argument in
response to the information: “If the person denies any allegation of the information
of prior conviction, or claims that any conviction alleged is invalid, he shall file a
written response to the information.”3 Johnson’s legal argument about whether his
prior conviction serves as a qualifying predicate conviction was not waived. Because
Johnson’s legal argument was not waived by § 851(c)(2), it should be considered
under Olano’s four-part plain error test. See 507 U.S. at 732–35.
3
This is further confirmed by § 851(d)(2), which provides a third category
absent from (c): “that the person is otherwise not subject to an increased sentence as
a matter of law.”
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III. Plain Error
Olano’s four-part test favors Johnson.4 We consider first whether there was
error; second, whether the error was plain; third, whether the plain error affected the
defendant’s substantial rights; and fourth, whether the plain error that affected the
defendant’s substantial rights seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings. Id.
The parties here agree that there was error. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3;
Appellee’s Br. at 44 (“The government concedes there was error.”). The parties agree
that the error was plain. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3; Appellee’s Br. at 44 (“The error
in this case was plain.”). The government concedes that “it would be unable to
counter Johnson’s argument, should one be made, that the error [affected] his
substantial rights; the error extended the sentence imposed by at least 5 months.”
Appellee’s Br. at 46–47. Johnson argues that the plain error affected his substantial
rights. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3 (“A reasonable probability that the defendant would
have received a lighter sentence without the error is apparent.”). The plain error
affected Johnson’s substantial rights by imposing a mandatory minimum sentence
longer than the top of Johnson’s advisory Guidelines range.
Would declining to correct this plain error threaten to undermine the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings? Johnson argues that it would.
See United States v. Fleck, 413 F.3d 883, 897 (8th Cir. 2005) (holding fourth part of
4
I note that Johnson discussed plain error for the first time in his reply brief.
This court generally does not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply
brief. See Jones v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 856 F.3d 541, 549 (8th Cir. 2017). In situations
like this, though—where the argument is first raised in the opponent’s brief—that
same rule counsels in favor of considering the argument. See United States v. Head,
340 F.3d 628, 630 n.4 (8th Cir. 2003) (“When courts have exercised their authority
to decline consideration of issues raised in reply briefs, they have typically done so
out of concern that the opposing party would be prejudiced by an advocate arguing
an issue without an opportunity for the opponent to respond.”).
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Olano satisfied where “refusing to allow [the defendant] to be resentenced would
leave [him] incarcerated for a longer period than that to which the district court would
have sentenced him under an advisory regime”); United States v. Spigner, 416 F.3d
708, 713 (8th Cir. 2005) (remanding for district court to reconsider sentence under
an advisory rather than mandatory regime to avoid a “miscarriage of justice”); see
also Olano, 507 U.S. at 736 (“We previously have explained that the discretion
conferred by Rule 52(b) should be employed in those circumstances in which a
miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
I believe refusing to correct plain legal error that unlawfully lengthened Johnson’s
incarceration threatens to seriously undermine the fairness, integrity, and public
reputation of judicial proceedings. Appellee’s Br. at 48 (acknowledging this
possibility); see also Fleck, 413 F.3d at 897; Spigner, 416 F.3d at 713; Olano, 507
U.S. at 736.
Because Johnson’s argument establishes a plain error of law that resulted in a
miscarriage of justice under Olano, I would vacate Johnson’s sentence and remand
for resentencing without the § 851 enhancement.
I concur in part and respectfully dissent in part.
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