United States v. Tiano Trice

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 23-1406
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Tiano Nishan Trice, also known as Tiano Nishan Trice, Jr.
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Eastern
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Submitted: October 18, 2023
Filed: December 12, 2023
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Before BENTON, SHEPHERD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
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BENTON, Circuit Judge.
While on supervised release, Tiano N. Trice was arrested. The district court 1
revoked his supervised release for domestic assault (Grade C violation) and child
endangerment (Grade B violation). Considering the 21-24 month guideline range
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The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa.
for child endangerment, the court imposed a 24-month sentence, followed by 12
months of supervised release. Trice does not challenge the domestic assault
violation (with an 8-14 month guideline range). He appeals the district court’s child
endangerment finding and its factfinding and credibility determinations. This court
reviews “the revocation of supervised release for abuse of discretion, and we review
any ‘subsidiary factfinding as to whether or not a violation occurred’ for clear error.”
United States v. Staten, 990 F.3d 631, 635 (8th Cir. 2021), quoting United States v.
Long, 843 F.3d 338, 340 (8th Cir. 2016). Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§1291, this court affirms.
Trice and Clareshanda Chamberlain have two children together—“Brother”
(9 years old) and “Sister” (12 years old). Chamberlain has another child “A.H.” (6
years old). While at her apartment, with the three children present, Trice and
Chamberlain got into a “heated argument.” Trice lifted her bed and dropped it to the
ground while she was in it. Sister and A.H. fled the home, while Brother grabbed
the family cat, ran to his room, and hid. A.H. asked a passerby to call the police,
telling her that “my sister’s dad is hitting my mom.” When police questioned
Chamberlain at the apartment, she had blood on her face (though she denied that
Trice hit her, offering several possible reasons for the nosebleed). Trice, who left
before police arrived, was arrested.
Under Iowa Code § 726.6(1)(a), a parent, or person with custody or control of
a child, commits child endangerment when he “[k]nowingly acts in a manner that
creates a substantial risk to a child or minor's physical, mental or emotional health
or safety.” Child endangerment is a general intent crime in Iowa. State v. Benson,
919 N.W.2d 237, 245 (Iowa 2018). “[G]eneral intent is present ‘when from the
circumstances the prohibited result may reasonably be expected to follow from the
offender’s voluntary act, irrespective of any subjective desire to have accomplished
such result.’” Id. at 244, quoting State v. Fountain, 786 N.W.2d 260, 264 (Iowa
2010). See generally State v. Leckington, 713 N.W.2d 208, 214 (Iowa 2006) (“We
interpret the word ‘knowingly’ in this statute to mean ‘the defendant acted with
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knowledge that [he or] she was creating substantial risk to the child's safety.’”),
quoting State v. James, 693 N.W.2d 353, 357 (Iowa 2005).
According to Iowa courts, “it is ... reasonable ... to conclude there is a real or
articulable risk or a very real possibility of danger to a child's mental, physical or
emotional health or safety from witnessing the child's mother assaulted.” State v.
Tewes, 967 N.W.2d 219, 2021 WL 4304240, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 22, 2021)
(unpublished table opinion) (some internal quotation marks omitted), quoting State
v. Lee, 913 N.W.2d 275, 2018 WL 1099273, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 21, 2018)
(unpublished table opinion). In Tewes the court found that a child’s mental and
emotional health were endangered “by seeing his father shove his mother after
having his parents physically struggle over him.” Id. (adding “While the level of
assault in this case does not rise to that in Lee, in both cases, the aggressor was aware
a child was present and witness to the assault.”).
Here, Trice was similarly aware that Brother, Sister, and A.H. were present to
witness his assault of their mother (lifting and dropping the bed with her in it). The
district court found that the children were present and “knew what was happening”
during the assault: “They could see it, they could hear it, they could experience it,
and even if they did not see each and every moment, they knew what was happening
because of the scale of the room, the layout of the room, the sounds that were being
generated.” The record shows:
• Trice lifted and dropped Chamberlain’s bed while she was in it, constituting
domestic assault.
• Trice knew, based on the size of the “little” apartment, that the children were
present.
• Brother told police that, because of the “screaming” and “crashes” (which he
attributed to Trice), he was “so shocked and scared” that he “ran to get [the
family] cat” and “hid in [his] room.”
• Sister left the house because of the altercation (as the district court specifically
found).
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• A.H. ran out of the house and found a passerby to call the police, saying that
“my sister’s dad is hitting my mom.”
• The passerby testified that A.H. was “crying, definitely scared, nervous, kind
of panicked” and “definitely distraught.”
• A.H. told police that Trice was “crashing on to my mom” and that it looked
like Trice was hitting her.
• Chamberlain told officers that Trice “has anger issues and snaps the fuck out,
and that’s what he did.”
The district court’s factual findings and credibility determinations are not clearly
erroneous, and the record is sufficient to show child endangerment.
Trice repeatedly challenges the district court’s focus on A.H., asserting that
he did not have custody or control of A.H. This is immaterial, as the district court
correctly found that Trice endangered Sister and Brother, his biological children.
The district court emphasized the risk he created to the children’s mental and
emotional health: “Witnessing domestic violence takes a toll, and that certainly is
of utmost concern to the Court.” By Iowa caselaw, witnessing the domestic assault
of a parent is an adequate basis for child endangerment. See id. Trice argues that
hearing the assault, as opposed to actually seeing it, is insufficient to trigger child
endangerment. Iowa law, however, does not make this distinction, nor do the factual
findings here support the argument.
Trice’s two children were so scared by the fight and assault that one fled the
home and the other ran to get the family cat and hide in his room. Trice was aware
that his children were present to witness his assault of their mother, which is child
endangerment under Iowa law. See, e.g., Lee, 2018 WL 1099273, at *3; Tewes,
2021 WL 4304240, at *3. The district court did not err in finding that Trice
committed child endangerment. The district court thus did not make a procedural
error or abuse its discretion in revoking Trice’s supervised release.
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The judgment is affirmed.
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