United States v. Doe

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,  No. 05-50474
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.  D.C. No.
CR-04-01599-RGK
JOHN DOE,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,  No. 05-50781
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.  D.C. No.
CR-04-01599-RGK
JOHN DOE,
OPINION
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
February 5, 2007—Pasadena, California
Filed May 29, 2007
Before: Cynthia Holcomb Hall, Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain,
and Consuelo M. Callahan, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge O’Scannlain
6331
6334 UNITED STATES v. DOE
COUNSEL
Jonathan D. Libby, Deputy Federal Public Defender, Los
Angeles, California, argued the cause and filed a brief for the
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6335
defendant-appellant. Sean K. Kennedy, Acting Federal Public
Defender, Los Angeles, California, was also on the brief.
Rupa S. Goswami, Assistant United States Attorney, Los
Angeles, California, argued the cause and filed a brief for the
plaintiff-appellee. Debra Wong Yang, United States Attorney,
Thomas P. O’Brien, Assistant United States Attorney, and
Andrea L. Russi, Assistant United States Attorney, all of Los
Angeles, California, were also on the brief.
OPINION
O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge:
We must decide whether restitution can be awarded to the
overseas child victims of sexual exploitation crimes commit-
ted by an American citizen while he was traveling outside the
United States.
I
A
Between July 2003 and November 2004, John Doe, a citi-
zen of the United States, traveled to his native country three
times.1 On November 4, 2004, Doe was returning through Los
1
The defendant-appellant has moved to have this disposition filed using
a pseudonym. We are cognizant “that the identity of the parties in any
action, civil or criminal, should not be concealed except in an unusual
case, where there is a need for the cloak of anonymity.” United States v.
Doe, 655 F.2d 920, 922 n.1 (9th Cir. 1981). Nonetheless, in exceptional
cases where necessary to protect a person from injury or harassment, we
have allowed the use of pseudonyms. Id.; see also United States v. Doe,
239 F.3d 473 (2d Cir. 2001). Because the pleadings by the government
were filed under seal in the district court, and because the briefs and
records have remained sealed on appeal, see Circuit Advisory Committee
Note to 9th Cir. R. 27-13, we grant the motion to file a pseudonymous dis-
position and refer to the defendant herein as “John Doe.”
6336 UNITED STATES v. DOE
Angeles International Airport with his mother when inspec-
tors discovered digital child pornography images stored on a
memory stick taped to the inside of a “fifth pocket” on a pair
of jeans. The roughly 500 pictures displayed images of naked
boys who appeared to be between 12 and 14 years old. One
series of pictures portrayed Doe performing sex acts upon a
minor child. Doe confessed that he had taken the pictures of
the naked children and explained that they were part of a
dance group of which he was a sponsor.2
On the night that Doe was arrested, he called his brother
and instructed him to destroy evidence at defendant’s home.
The brother removed a laptop computer along with 56 CDs
and a brown envelope containing child pornography from his
brother’s house. The CDs contained over 1,000 images of
child pornography. These items were eventually turned over
to the authorities by Doe’s brother after he was served with
a subpoena.
B
On November 5, 2004, a criminal complaint was filed
against Doe for the possession and transportation of child por-
nography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B) and
2252A(a)(1). A federal grand jury returned a four-count
indictment on November 19, 2004. On March 1, 2005, pursu-
2
This was not the defendant’s first involvement with child pornography.
In 1997, a parcel mailed to Doe from Germany was intercepted at John F.
Kennedy Airport in New York City; the parcel contained a book of child
pornography. In 2002, while Doe was working as an auditor for the Cali-
fornia Department of Real Estate, a computer systems analyst who was
performing maintenance on Doe’s computer discovered child pornography
stored on the laptop. A subsequent investigation revealed that defendant
also was in possession of a compact disc (“CD”) in the laptop’s CD-drive
containing over 800 images of child pornography. Doe was allowed to
resign in July 2003. Finally, in August 2003, Immigration and Customs
Enforcement Agents identified Doe as an individual who had purchased
memberships to international child pornography web-sites.
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6337
ant to a plea agreement with the government, Doe plead guilty
to counts one and two of the indictment: (1) the production of
child pornography outside the United States, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2251(c)(1); and (2) engaging in illicit sexual conduct
with minor persons in foreign places, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2423(c).
As part of the defendant’s written plea agreement, he stipu-
lated to the following facts:
On or about September 23, 2004 until on or about
November 4, 2004, defendant, a citizen of the United
States, traveled in foreign commerce, that is, from
Los Angeles, California to [his native country] and
engaged in illicit sexual conduct with minor persons
who were under the age of sixteen. Defendant,
among other things, masturbated and intentionally
touched the unclothed genitalia of at least four minor
boys with the intent to arouse the sexual desires of
himself, the minors, or other persons. Moreover,
defendant employed, used, coerced, or persuaded
eight boys between the ages of 14 and 15-years old
to engage in masturbation of at least two minor boys
and the lascivious exhibition of the genitals and anal
areas of eight minor boys, for the purpose of produc-
ing visual depictions of such conduct. Defendant
then photographed the boys while engaged in such
conduct using a digital camera, produced at least 146
depictions of the boys’ sexually explicit conduct, and
then stored those visual depictions on digital camera
memory sticks. On November 4, 2004, defendant
intended to transport and did transport his digital
camera and the digital camera memory sticks con-
taining the aforementioned visual depictions in for-
eign commerce by physically transporting them from
[abroad] to Los Angeles, California.
In addition to agreeing to a sentencing recommendation of
204 months imprisonment, Doe agreed to make full restitution
6338 UNITED STATES v. DOE
for the losses caused by his actions, and also agreed that the
amount of loss was not restricted to the loss arising out of the
charges to which he pled guilty.
C
The probation officer’s pre-sentence report (“PSR”) calcu-
lated an adjusted offense level of 36 for both counts of con-
viction. The recommended Guidelines’ range was therefore
188 to 235 months. In addition, the PSR contained statements
from the victims about the crime and about the impact that
Doe’s actions had on their lives. Before Doe’s first sentencing
hearing, he filed objections to these portions of the PSR,
claiming that the statements of the victims had been exagger-
ated and were not credible. He also objected that the victims
were not fully identified. The government filed its response,
concurring in the factual findings of the PSR and in its sen-
tencing calculations. In accordance with the plea agreement,
the government requested a 204-month sentence.
The district court held the first sentencing hearing on June
16, 2005. There, the district court considered objections made
by Doe to the PSR. One particular objection made by Doe
was to the victim impact statements contained in paragraphs
45-53 of the PSR. Doe argued that because the statements
were so similar and because the victims were not identified,
he was unable to determine whether the statements were true.
The district court responded that it was going to “overrule the
request [to strike] for this without prejudice to bring it up at
the time of the restitution hearing as to whether or not proper
discovery has been made so they can argue at the restitution
hearing which is in August.”
At the end of the first sentencing hearing, counsel for Doe
requested the opportunity “to look at the conditions” of super-
vised release that the court was considering imposing. The
court denied the request, stating that “[i]f you object to it [the
recommended conditions], post sentence you can do that.”
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6339
The district court then sentenced Doe to 204-months impris-
onment to be followed by a lifetime of supervised release and
also read into the record the conditions of release. Doe specif-
ically objected at that time to conditions 11 (that he be
required to take any prescribed psychiatric medication) and 21
(that the Probation Office could provide the PSR to Doe’s
treatment provider). The district court overruled both objec-
tions. The court deferred ruling on restitution pending a sepa-
rate hearing.
D
At the restitution hearing, Doe again objected to the victim
impact statements contained in the PSR. The government,
relying upon the factual statements contained in the PSR,
sought total restitution in the amount of $18,265 for eight of
the defendant’s eighteen victims. The specific restitution
sought by the government included:
• Psychological and medical treatment in the
amount of $1,426 per child (24 sessions of
trauma counseling and psychological care, case
review by a social worker employed by the
World Vision Foundation and quarterly medical
check-ups);
• Vocational training, a Catch-Up program for a
GED-type degree, and formal schooling, in the
amount of $208 per child;
• A management fee of $2,383 payable to the
World Vision Foundation to coordinate services
for the child victims.
• $338 per child in initial start-up capital to aid in
opening a cellular telephone repair shop
The district court denied the request for $338 in start-up capi-
tal, but agreed with the government that the other costs were
6340 UNITED STATES v. DOE
reasonable and proximately caused by defendant’s conduct.
The district court therefore ordered defendant to pay total res-
titution in the amount of $16,475.
Doe filed a timely notice of appeal.
II
A
Doe’s first argument on appeal is that the district court vio-
lated Fed. R. Crim P. 32 by failing to resolve a dispute over
the credibility of the allegations made by defendant’s child
victims in paragraphs 45 to 53 of the PSR. In response, the
government contends that the district court did not violate
Rule 32 because it specifically resolved the credibility dis-
putes in favor of the victims when it “overruled” defendant’s
objections and when it relied upon these disputed paragraphs
as the basis for its restitution award.
[1] Rule 32(c)(1) requires that “[f]or each matter contro-
verted, the court must make either a finding on the allegation
or a determination that no finding is necessary.” We have
mandated “strict compliance” with this rule. United States v.
Houston, 217 F.3d 1204, 1207 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing United
States v. Garfield, 987 F.2d 1424, 1428 (9th Cir. 1993) and
United States v. Fernandez-Angulo, 897 F.2d 1514, 1516 (9th
Cir. 1990) (en banc)). We have recognized, however, that the
rule is complied with where the district court expressly adopts
the position of either party to the dispute. See United States
v. Karterman, 60 F.3d 576, 583 (9th Cir. 1995) (finding Rule
32 satisfied where district court stated that he was persuaded
that the correct amount of loss was that argued by the govern-
ment).
[2] At the first sentencing hearing, Doe objected to para-
graphs 45-53 on the ground that the victims were not identi-
fied. The court explicitly resolved this dispute when it
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6341
overruled Doe’s objections. At the second sentencing hearing,
Doe again objected to paragraphs 45-53, though the record
reflects that this time, the objection was over the credibility
of the witnesses’ statements. The district court did not violate
Rule 32 because it resolved the objection by expressly adopt-
ing the statements of the child victims. The district court
stated: “We have statements of these victims such as Victim
1, dropped out of school and is under constant supervision of
his grandparents since the abuse occurred. Obviously the
whole person was affected, not just medical, psychological.”
After reciting another victim’s story, the district court stated,
“[i]t goes on and on with all these. Their entire life has been
changed because of the actions of the defendant.”
[3] The district court’s adoption of these statements reflects
its resolution of the credibility dispute. Although no specific
factual finding was made, it is clear that the district court
adopted the statements in the PSR as credible and therefore
sided with the government. Such a resolution is sufficient
under this circuit’s law. See United States v. Rigby, 896 F.2d
392, 394 (9th Cir. 1990) (“[T]he district court clearly stated
that it found the position as stated in the Probation Officer’s
addendum to be the correct one. There was no inadequacy of
findings. The record at the sentencing hearing reflects no con-
fusion on anyone’s part as to what the district court decid-
ed.”).
B
Doe also challenges the amount of the restitution order
imposed by the district court. He contends that the govern-
ment failed to meet its burden of demonstrating that the resti-
tution costs it sought to recover were the proximate result of
his criminal actions. Specifically, he argues that many of the
expenses were for activities that the victims had been engaged
in prior to being the victims of his sexual abuse, such as
schooling and vocational training; according to Doe, restitu-
tion is therefore being used “to advance them [the victims]
6342 UNITED STATES v. DOE
beyond their prior station in life.” Doe also objects to: (1)
costs related to schooling (school supplies, travel allowances,
uniforms, the costs of food and snacks); and (2) the costs of
case review and processing. In response, the government
argues that the award of restitution costs by the district court
was not an abuse of discretion. It argues that the defendant’s
sexual abuse of the children was the proximate cause of their
psychological, physical and social trauma, and that all of the
costs were proved with a reasonable degree of certainty. In
particular, the government strenuously argues that the award
of costs for occupational and vocational therapy was neces-
sary because many of the victims had dropped out of school
and this “alternative education” was necessary to make them
whole.
[4] Although this presents the first case of which we are
aware where there has been a restitution award based upon
sexually exploitative conduct performed outside the United
States, Doe does not dispute that his extraterritorial conduct
subjects him to two mandatory restitution statutes: the Manda-
tory Victims Restitution Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3663, and, more
particularly, the Mandatory Restitution for Sexual Exploita-
tion of Children Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2259 (“Section 2259”).
Indeed, as part of his plea agreement, Doe agreed to make full
restitution to the victims of his crimes.
1
[5] Section 2259 directs that an “order of restitution under
this section shall direct the defendant to pay the victim
(through the appropriate court mechanism) the full amount of
the victim’s losses as determined by the court.” The full
amount of losses includes, “(A) medical services relating to
physical, psychiatric, or psychological care; (B) physical and
occupational therapy or rehabilitation; (C) necessary transpor-
tation, temporary housing, and child care expenses; (D) lost
income; (E) attorneys’ fees, as well as other costs incurred;
and (F) any other losses suffered by the victim as a proximate
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6343
result of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 2259(b)(3)(A)-(F). We
have previously recognized that this section is “phrased in
generous terms, in order to compensate the victims of sexual
abuse for the care required to address the long term effects of
their abuse.” United States v. Laney, 189 F.3d 954, 966 (9th
Cir. 1999).
And although the breadth of the statutory language is cir-
cumscribed by the requirement of “a causal connection
between the offense of conviction and the victim’s harm,” id.
at 965, we and the other circuits addressing restitution orders
under Section 2259 have not imposed a requirement of causa-
tion approaching mathematical precision. In Laney, our
court’s first foray into Section 2259 jurisprudence, we
rejected the defendant’s narrow reading of the statute and held
that future counseling expenses were included within the
scope of the statute. Id. We recognized that there might be
cases where the amount of future counseling expenses would
be too difficult to ascertain to justify an award, but we found
the district court’s “estimate” of the amount the victim was
likely to spend to be justified. Id. at 967 n.14.
Other circuits have adopted approaches similar to Laney’s.
In United States v. Danser, 270 F.3d 451 (7th Cir. 2001), the
Seventh Circuit agreed that mathematical precision is not
required in the causal analysis upholding a restitution award
of $304,200. Id. at 455. The Danser court noted that it was
“mindful of the inherent uncertainties attendant upon an
award of prospective damages,” id. at 455 n.5, but reasoned:
In the present case, the loss sustained by Karen
(namely, her mental trauma) has been incurred and
will continue to manifest itself for years. This differ-
ence regarding the speculative nature of the respec-
tive awards and the strong Congressional intent
behind section 2259, provide the crucial distinction
between the instant case and [United States v. Foun-
tain, 768 F.2d 790, 801-02 (7th Cir. 1985) (express-
6344 UNITED STATES v. DOE
ing disapproval of an award of future earnings as a
part of a criminal sentence)].
Id. Thus, although the Seventh Circuit generally disallows
future losses in most restitution awards, in contexts involving
awards to child victims of sexual exploitation, it allows a dis-
trict court significant discretion to make a reasonable estimate
of an amount that reflects the full loss to the victim. See also
United States v. Julian, 242 F.3d 1245, 1247 (10th Cir. 2001)
(following Laney and allowing a victim to be compensated for
future counseling expenses).
Finally, in United States v. Crandon, 173 F.3d 122, 126 (3d
Cir. 1999), the Third Circuit upheld a restitution award of
$57,050.96. In that case, the court agreed with the district
court that proximate causation had been established based
upon consideration of a treating psychiatrist’s report and a
licensed social worker’s report on the degree of impact on the
victim. Id. The Third Circuit also considered the defendant’s
“conten[tion] that his actions cannot be considered the proxi-
mate cause of the girl’s losses because the government’s men-
tal health experts conceded that she may have suffered from
pre-existing, untreated psychological problems prior to their
relationship.” Id. It emphatically rejected the argument that it
must be shown that a defendant’s conduct was the sole and
total cause of a victim’s loss, holding that “it was entirely rea-
sonable for the District Court to conclude that the additional
strain or trauma stemming from Crandon’s actions was a sub-
stantial factor in causing the ultimate loss.” Id. at 126.
[6] Thus, in every circuit to consider the causation require-
ment of Section 2259, a rule of reasonableness is applied. We
will uphold an award of restitution under Section 2259 if the
district court is able to estimate, based upon facts in the
record, the amount of defendant’s loss with some reasonable
certainty.
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6345
2
[7] Applying this standard to the restitution order here, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in crafting its
$16,475 restitution award. First, the court ordered restitution
for psychological counseling for each child in the amount of
$1,426. This figure provides for 24 sessions of trauma coun-
seling and care (once a month for two years). Such future
counseling costs are compensable under Laney and are sup-
ported by the record as reasonable estimates of the loss to the
child victims.
All eight victims who could be located were interviewed on
a number of occasions by government workers or by social
services agencies. First, in January and February of 2005, the
children were interviewed by the Department of Child Ser-
vices in Doe’s home country. These interviews were video-
taped and summarized by the government in the PSR.
Additional interviews were performed by local authorities and
United States Customs Agents in April 2005. The interviews
focused on the impact that defendant’s criminal actions had
on the victims and were also included in the PSR as victim
impact statements, which the district court found credible.
Finally, the government also contracted with the World
Vision Foundation to conduct interviews with all eight vic-
tims that could be located. After meeting with the children on
an individual basis, the Foundation assessed the children’s
needs and determined that two years of psychological treat-
ment would be needed. The district court was within its dis-
cretion in relying upon such estimates from mental health
professionals. Crandon, 173 F.3d at 126.
Further, we note that both the length of time and amount of
money represented by this restitution award (two years of
counseling at $1,426 per child) is low in comparison to those
that have been upheld in the past. In Laney, we upheld an
award that included six years of counseling. 189 F.3d at 966-
67. In Danser, the Seventh Circuit upheld an award of
6346 UNITED STATES v. DOE
$304,200 for lifetime counseling sessions. Danser, 270 F.3d
at 455-56. It does not escape our attention that Doe has reaped
a benefit by choosing to molest and to exploit children in a
foreign country; now convicted, he must only reimburse the
children at developing-world rates for professional services.3
[8] The medical expenses are also reasonably related to the
defendant’s criminal conduct, as the district court impliedly
found. After initially being concerned that the money for
medical expenses could be used to treat ear infections (i.e.,
injuries not related to defendant’s conduct), the district court
was assured that the money for medical expenses would go
only to testing the children for sexually transmitted diseases.
Testing the children for possible sexually transmitted diseases
is undoubtedly causally related to Doe’s conduct.
[9] We likewise do not think it was an abuse of discretion
to award costs for alternative education programs and voca-
tional training in phone repair based upon this record. The
district court had before it a PSR which documented in detail
the ongoing lives and struggles of eight of Doe’s victims. The
interviews performed with these children, as translated in the
PSR, established that many of Doe’s victims stopped attend-
ing school altogether after their ordeal and that other victims
began cutting classes in significant numbers. Although other
reasons may factor into the overall calculus as to why the
boys dropped out of school, as was true in Crandon, it was
“perfectly reasonable for the District Court to conclude that
the additional strain or trauma stemming from [Doe’s] actions
was a substantial factor in causing the ultimate loss.” 173 F.3d
at 126. Further, because they all had previous relationships
with each other, and because the area in which they lived was
small, many of the victims reported feeling uncomfortable
around past friends. The appointee for the children, the World
3
Our resolution of this issue does not foreclose the payment of higher
market rates to professionals from developed countries who perform coun-
seling services to overseas victims.
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6347
Vision Foundation, recommended and developed a program
for alternative learning that would allow the child victims to
receive some type of education. The district court did not
abuse its discretion in determining that such training was
“also appropriate to make these victims whole again.”
[10] Finally, in the context of this case, it was not an abuse
of discretion to award a management fee to the World Vision
Foundation.4 This modest sum allows for a traditional coun-
seling component between the victim and social worker, as
well as meetings with the families of the victims. The case
worker funded in part by this management fee will help reha-
bilitate the victims in accordance with the restitution plan.
Without that assistance, it is reasonable to assume that the
victims would incur additional transportation, communica-
tion, and related administrative costs associated with execut-
ing that plan. In light of the “broad discretion” granted district
courts when ordering restitution, Laney, 189 F.3d at 966, we
find this fee is appropriately included as part of the “full
amount” required to compensate the “losses suffered by the
victim as a proximate result of the offense.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 2259(b)(3)(F).
[11] We emphasize that this is a unique case. Doe traveled
outside the United States to molest children in his native
country. As such, he not only gets the windfall of paying only
reduced developing-world rates, but the government is also
hindered in its ability to investigate his remote activity, to
locate all of the victims of his criminal conduct, and to pro-
vide supervision of the children’s recovery. In a situation such
as this, where all the child victims are minors in a foreign
country, the government necessarily must contract with repu-
table outside organizations to perform services that might be
4
Although Doe argues that nearly $7,000 of the total restitution was to
cover the cost of a case worker, that assertion does not find support in the
record. At the restitution hearing, the government requested only $2,383
total for the management of all eight child victim cases.
6348 UNITED STATES v. DOE
readily available by more familiar institutions in the United
States.
For the foregoing reasons, we believe that the district court
did not abuse its broad discretion in crafting its $16,475 resti-
tution award.
III
A
Doe also contends that the failure of the district court to
provide advance notice of certain special supervised condi-
tions violated his due process rights and the rights afforded by
Rule 32. The government concedes that the district court did
not provide adequate notice of the special conditions of super-
vised release under this court’s decision in United States v.
Wise, 391 F.3d 1027 (9th Cir. 2004). The government there-
fore agrees that a limited remand should be ordered to allow
Doe the opportunity to object to the extra conditions of super-
vised release.
B
Although we need not accept the government’s concession
on a matter of law, see United States v. Miller, 822 F.2d 828,
832 (9th Cir. 1987), we conclude that the district court did not
provide adequate notice to Doe of certain additional super-
vised release conditions that were imposed.
[12] In Wise, we stated that “[w]here a condition of super-
vised release is not on the list of mandatory or discretionary
conditions in the sentencing guidelines, notice is required
before it is imposed, so that counsel and the defendant will
have the opportunity to address personally its appropriate-
ness.” Wise, 391 F.3d at 1033 (emphasis added).
At Doe’s first sentencing hearing, his counsel requested the
opportunity to review the conditions which the court was con-
UNITED STATES v. DOE 6349
sidering imposing. The district court denied that request and
instructed Doe that he would be allowed to object to the con-
ditions “post-sentence.” In Wise, however, we expressly
rejected such a method of notice. We stated:
It is not enough notice, however, first to impose the
sentence, and then to invite counsel to comment, at
least where counsel objects as occurred here. That is
no notice at all. Talking a judge out of a decision he
has already made is a different and harder task than
persuading him not to make it. Also, such an
approach prevents negotiation of a condition more
precisely tailored to the legitimate interests of both
sides.
Id.
[13] Thus, we vacate the conditions of supervised release
and order a limited remand to the district court with instruc-
tions that the district court provide advance notice of any non-
standard conditions it deems appropriate. Doe should be given
a chance to challenge their applicability to his case.
IV
The order of restitution is affirmed. The conditions of
supervised release are vacated and the case remanded to the
district court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND
REMANDED.