Singh v. Holder

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT NOV 01 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
SATBER SINGH, Nos. 06-71882, 07-72216
Petitioner, Agency No. A071-946-082
v.
MEMORANDUM*
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petitions for Review of Orders of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted October 4, 2010
San Francisco, California
Before: BEEZER, KLEINFELD, and GRABER, Circuit Judges.
In this consolidated appeal, Satber Singh (“Singh”) petitions for review of
two decisions by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). First, he petitions for
review of the BIA’s denial of his claims for asylum and for relief under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Second, Singh petitions for review of the
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
BIA’s denial of his motion to reopen as untimely, arguing that his receipt of
ineffective assistance of counsel tolled the 90-day period to file the motion.
We have jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), and
we deny both petitions.
The facts of this case are known to the parties. We do not repeat them.
I
We ordinarily review the BIA’s interpretation of law de novo and its
findings of fact for substantial evidence. Aguilar Gonzalez v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d
1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2008). Where, as here, the BIA adopts the entirety of the
immigration judge’s (“IJ’s”) decision by citing In re Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 872(B.I.A. 1994), without expressing disagreement with the IJ’s reasoning, we review
the IJ’s decision. Abebe v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 1037, 1040 (9th Cir. 2005) (en
banc).
We give considerable deference to the IJ’s findings on Singh’s credibility.
Even if “some of the factors the IJ relied upon are either unsupported or irrelevant,
so long as one of the identified grounds is supported by substantial evidence and
goes to the heart of [Singh’s] claim of persecution, we are bound to accept the IJ’s
adverse credibility finding.” Li v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 959, 964 (9th Cir. 2004)
(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).
2
We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen a case for abuse of
discretion. Singh v. INS, 213 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2000).
II
Singh has not credibly established that he is eligible for asylum or for relief
under CAT. The language of the Immigration and Nationality Act “plainly
indicates” that if the IJ “either does not believe the applicant or does not know
what to believe, the applicant’s failure to corroborate his testimony can be fatal to
his asylum application.” Sidhu v. INS, 220 F.3d 1085, 1090 (9th Cir. 2000). We
will uphold a negative credibility finding “where the IJ has reason to question the
applicant’s credibility, and the applicant fails to produce non-duplicative, material,
easily available corroborating evidence and provides no credible explanation for
such failure.” Id. at 1092. Here, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s adverse
credibility finding.
A
To establish eligibility for asylum, Singh was required to show, among other
things, that he had a “well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A). To satisfy this burden, Singh could have produced direct
evidence of such fear. Deloso v. Aschroft, 393 F.3d 858, 863 (9th Cir. 2005). Or
3
Singh could have established a presumption of such fear by producing evidence
that he had been persecuted in the past. Id. The government could then have
rebutted this presumption by showing that conditions in India had changed to such
an extent that Singh’s fear of future persecution was not well-founded. Id.Singh’s story suffers from several infirmities. Most troubling are those
regarding his relationship with two long-dead leaders of a radical Sikh faction.
Because of these inconsistencies, the IJ was entitled to ask for corroboration or for
a credible explanation as to why such corroboration was unavailable. Sidhu, 220
F.3d at 1091. Singh failed to provide either. Therefore, substantial evidence
supports the IJ’s finding that he produced no credible evidence that he was
persecuted while in India. In addition, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s
finding that country conditions have changed so that any fear of future persecution
harbored by Singh is not well founded.
B
Singh asserted a separate claim for humanitarian asylum for the first time on
appeal before the BIA. See In re Chen, 20 I. & N. Dec.. 16, 21 (B.I.A. 1989); 8
C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A). While the BIA should have explained more
explicitly why it rejected this particular claim, we deny Singh’s petition for remand
as futile.
4
Assuming the BIA even had jurisdiction over Singh’s humanitarian asylum
claim,1 the factual findings made by the BIA effectively disposed of it. Because
the government showed that Singh had no well-founded fear of future persecution,
Singh can receive humanitarian asylum only if he shows either that he suffered
past persecution so severe that he “should not be expected to repatriate,” In re
Chen, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 19, or that he will suffer serious harm upon his return.
Hanna v. Keisler, 506 F.3d 933, 939 (9th Cir. 2007). An applicant for
humanitarian asylum must show a greater level of past persecution than an
applicant for ordinary asylum because he need not show a well-founded fear of
future persecution. Cf. id. Because the BIA has determined that Singh has not
credibly established past persecution sufficient for ordinary asylum, the BIA has
1
This matter is unclear. Contrary to the government’s assertions, we have
jurisdiction because Singh exhausted his administrative remedies when he raised
his claim before the BIA to the extent necessary to put the agency on notice of its
existence. Zhang v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 713, 721 (9th Cir.2004) (per curiam). This
is separate from whether a claim that had not been raised before the IJ falls within
the appellate jurisdiction of the BIA. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i).
5
also determined that he has not suffered the severe past persecution required for
humanitarian asylum.2
C
Singh has also failed to meet his burden of proof under CAT. To establish
eligibility for CAT relief, Singh must credibly show that “he is more likely than
not to suffer intentionally-inflicted cruel and inhuman treatment that either (1) is
not lawfully sanctioned by [India] or (2) is lawfully sanctioned by [India], but
defeats the object and purpose of CAT.” Nuru v. Gonzales, 404 F3d 1207, 1221
(9th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Singh has not
established that he will more likely than not be tortured if he returned to India.
There is some documentary evidence that prisoners in India are mistreated. But
given the changed country conditions discussed above, there is no reason to believe
that there is a more than fifty percent chance that Singh will even be arrested, let
alone tortured.
2
This difference takes Singh’s situation outside the realm of INS v. Orlando
Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 17 (2002) (per curiam). Where the BIA has not considered a
factual issue, we are required to remand so that the agency can “bring its expertise
to bear upon the matter” and “evaluate the evidence” in the first instance. Id. Here
the BIA has examined the evidence regarding whether Singh suffered any past
persecution and rejected it.
6
III
The BIA properly dismissed Singh’s motion to reopen as untimely.
Ordinarily, “a party may file only one motion to reopen deportation or exclusion
proceedings . . . and that motion must be filed no later than 90 days after the date
on which the final administrative decision was rendered.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2).
This is not a jurisdictional requirement, and the BIA may equitably toll this period
in instances “where, despite all due diligence, [the party invoking the toll] is unable
to obtain vital information bearing on the existence of the claim” due to ineffective
assistance of counsel. Socop-Gonzales v. INS, 272 F.3d 1176, 1193 (9th Cir. 2001)
(en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). To toll this period, the immigrant
must prove his due diligence by showing what he did to press his rights until he
“definitively learn[ed]” of the information he needed to bring his claim. Compare
Ghahremani v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 993, 999-1000 (9th Cir. 2007) (exercising
equitable tolling when an immigrant failed to learn of his first attorney’s
incompetence until he hired his fourth attorney) with Singh v. Gonzales, 491 F.3d
1090, 1096 (9th Cir. 2007) (refusing to toll where immigrant failed to investigate
suspicions of incompetence for six months). Singh has failed to show either when
he definitively learned of his previous counsel’s alleged incompetence or what he
did in the interim.
7
Singh has failed even to make assertions regarding what he did between
March and November to protect his rights and thereby fails to show his due
diligence.
In addition, Singh does not establish when he definitively learned of his
prior attorney’s alleged incompetence. He argues that an immigrant “definitively
learns” of a prior attorney’s ineffectiveness when he retains new counsel. We do
not adopt this test because it inappropriately discounts that an immigrant may
delay hiring an attorney after he has learned of the problem through other sources.
See Singh, 491 F.3d 1096. In addition, Singh would fail to meet his own test. He
provides no definitive proof of when he retained his new attorney. Rather than
supplying a dated copy of his retainer, Singh argues only that his new attorney
filed a motion in court in early September. If he retained present counsel before
the middle of August (not implausible given a filing in early September), his
November 13 motion to reopen still would not be timely.
IV
For the reasons discussed above, both of Singh’s petitions for review are
DENIED.
8
FILED
Singh v. Holder, Nos. 06-71882, 07-72216 NOV 01 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
GRABER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I concur in part and dissent in part.
I would assume, without deciding, Petitioner’s credibility. I would deny the
petition with respect to Petitioner’s asylum claim on the ground that substantial
evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Petitioner no longer has a well-founded fear
of future persecution because of changed country conditions.
With respect to Petitioner’s request for humanitarian relief, in my view the
majority exceeds our court’s authority by denying this issue on the merits. The
message of INS v. Orlando Ventura, 537 U.S. 12 (2002) (per curiam), Gonzales v.
Thomas, 547 U.S. 183 (2006) (per curiam), and related cases is not limited to
issues of fact, as the majority asserts. Since SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194,
196 (1947), it has been the law that a court may not affirm an executive branch
agency’s decision for a reason not given by that agency. Here, Petitioner clearly
argued for this form of relief to the BIA (the argument had its own clear heading in
Petitioner’s brief under number IV), yet the BIA did not mention this claim in any
way in its decision, nor did it rule on the claim. Our precedent requires the BIA to
rule on every issue separately argued to it. Sagaydak v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 1035(9th Cir. 2005); Lopez v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 799 (9th Cir. 2004). For these
reasons, I would grant and remand with respect to the claim for humanitarian relief
to allow the BIA to rule on the claim in the first instance.
In all other respects, I concur.
2