Acosta v. Gonzales

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BRAULIO JUAN ACOSTA, 
Petitioner, No. 04-72682
v.
 Agency No.
A78-740-597
ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney
General, OPINION
Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted
December 5, 2005—Portland, Oregon
Filed February 23, 2006
Before: James R. Browning, Dorothy W. Nelson, and
Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge O’Scannlain
1949
ACOSTA v. GONZALES 1951
COUNSEL
Jennifer M. Rotman, Immigrant Law Group LLP, Portland,
Oregon, argued the cause for the petitioner; Stephen W. Man-
ning and Jessica M. Boell, Immigrant Law Group, Portland,
Oregon, were on the briefs.
Barry Pettinato, United States Department of Justice, Wash-
ington, D.C., argued the cause for the respondent; Peter D.
Keisler, M. Jocelyn Lopez Wright, and Carol Federighi,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., were
on the brief.
1952 ACOSTA v. GONZALES
OPINION
O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge:
We must decide whether an inadmissible alien is eligible
for penalty-fee adjustment of status based on marriage to a
United States citizen or an extreme hardship waiver, or both.
I
Braulio Juan Acosta is a Mexican national who entered the
United States without inspection in May 1993. Since his ille-
gal entry into the country, he has returned to Mexico twice,
in 1996 and 1999, both times reentering the United States
without inspection.
Acosta married a United States citizen in April 2001 and
applied for adjustment of status based on his marriage, filing
the required paperwork and paying the $1,000 penalty fee.
His application was denied because he had accrued more than
one year of unlawful presence in the United States followed
by an illegal reentry and was therefore permanently inadmissi-
ble.1 Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) § 212(a)(9)(C)
(i)(I), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(I).
In late 2002, Acosta received a Notice to Appear from the
Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”), explaining
that he was subject to removal as an alien present in the
United States without being admitted or paroled. At one of
several hearings before the Immigration Judge (“IJ”), Acosta
conceded removability but renewed his application for adjust-
ment of status. The IJ denied the application in a May 2003
written decision based on the same inadmissibility rule. He
1
As an exception to this permanent inadmissibility rule, not relevant
here, an alien may obtain permission from the Attorney General to apply
for admission ten years following his last departure from the United
States. § 1182(a)(9)(C)(ii).
ACOSTA v. GONZALES 1953
granted Acosta voluntary departure with an alternate order of
removal to Mexico.
Acosta appealed that decision to the Board of Immigration
Appeals (“BIA”) in June 2003, which affirmed the IJ’s deci-
sion without opinion. Acosta timely filed this appeal, and we
exercise jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a).
II
Acosta presents two arguments on appeal. He first claims
that his inadmissibility is not a bar to penalty-fee adjustment
of status. Alternatively, he argues that he is eligible for
§ 1182(a)(9)(B)’s extreme hardship waiver. We address each
of his arguments in turn.
A
Because the BIA affirmed the IJ without opinion, “we
review the IJ’s decision as the final agency action.” Tapia v.
Gonzales, 430 F.3d 997, 999 (9th Cir. 2005). We review the
IJ’s determination of purely legal questions de novo. Kanka-
malage v. INS, 335 F.3d 858, 861 (9th Cir. 2003).
In interpreting the INA, we follow the procedure prescribed
in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Coun-
cil, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-45 (1984); Chowdhury v. INS, 249
F.3d 970, 972 (9th Cir. 2001). Under Chevron, we first apply
normal principles of statutory construction, deferring to the
agency if the statute is ambiguous or uncertain. 467 U.S. at
843; Chowdhury, 249 F.3d at 972 (citing Chevron).2 We defer
2
Pursuant to Chevron, we start with the language of the statute itself.
“Absent a clearly expressed legislative intention to the contrary, that lan-
guage must ordinarily be regarded as conclusive.” Consumer Prod. Safety
Comm’n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108 (1980); Santiago v.
Rumsfeld, 425 F.3d 549, 558 n.8 (9th Cir. 2005). In interpreting the stat-
ute, we seek to “ascertain the congressional intent and give effect to the
1954 ACOSTA v. GONZALES
to agency regulations if they are based on a permissible con-
struction of the statute. Akhtar v. Burzynski, 384 F.3d 1193,
1198 (9th Cir. 2004). “Interpretations such as those in opinion
letters—like interpretations contained in policy statements,
agency manuals, and enforcement guidelines, all of which
lack the force of law—do not warrant Chevron-style defer-
ence.” Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 587
(2000); Vigil v. Leavitt, 381 F.3d 826, 835 (9th Cir. 2004)
(quoting Christensen).
1
[1] Under the INA, any alien “who has been unlawfully
present in the United States for an aggregate period of more
than 1 year . . . and who enters or attempts to reenter the
United States without being admitted is inadmissible.”
§ 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(I). Acosta concedes that he is inadmissible
under this section; he accrued more than one year of unlawful
presence in the United States and reentered the country with-
out being admitted. Nevertheless, he claims eligibility for
penalty-fee adjustment of status under INA § 245(i), 8 U.S.C.
§ 1255(i).
[2] Penalty-fee adjustment of status allows an alien who
entered the United States without inspection to pay a fee of
$1,000 and to apply for adjustment of status to that of lawful
permanent resident. § 1255(i)(1). To be eligible, the alien
must be the beneficiary of a petition under 8 U.S.C. § 1154
that was filed before April 30, 2001, and if such petition was
filed after January 14, 1998, he must have been physically
present in the country on December 21, 2000.
legislative will”; in doing so, we look to the “language and design of the
statute as a whole.” United States v. Workinger, 90 F.3d 1409, 1412 (9th
Cir. 1996) (quoting Philbrook v. Glodgett, 421 U.S. 707, 713 (1975) and
K-Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281, 291 (1988)) (internal quota-
tion marks omitted).
ACOSTA v. GONZALES 1955
§ 1255(i)(1)(B)-(C). If an alien satisfies these criteria, the
Attorney General may “adjust the status of the alien to that of
an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the alien
is eligible to receive an immigrant visa and is admissible to
the United States for permanent residence; and an immigrant
visa is immediately available to the alien at the time the appli-
cation is filed.” § 1255(i)(2).
The INA does not explicitly address the issue before us.
The statutes involved do not clearly indicate whether the inad-
missibility provision or the penalty-fee adjustment of status
provision should take precedence in Acosta’s situation. We
have, however, previously considered a similar question in
Perez-Gonzalez v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 783, 791 (9th Cir.
2004).
2.
[3] We held in Perez-Gonzalez that an inadmissible alien—
one who had been removed and reentered the country3 —was
nevertheless eligible for penalty-fee adjustment of status. Id.
Acosta contends that we should follow that decision as con-
trolling his case.4
3
The alien’s inadmissibility in Perez-Gonzalez was based on 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(II), a companion of the provision under which Acosta
is inadmissible, § 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(I).
4
Because Perez-Gonzalez was handed down after the BIA issued its
decision in Acosta’s case, the Government argues for a remand so that the
BIA can consider the implications of that decision. In the government’s
view, this procedure is required in order to accord the agency the proper
deference under Chevron. However, the BIA has already had an opportu-
nity to interpret the statutory provision at issue in this case. Further, an
agency is not owed deference when the issue is the interpretation of Cir-
cuit law rather than the statute. Consideration of Circuit law is not one of
the areas “consigned to the INS’s discretion in the first place.” Hughes v.
Ashcroft, 255 F.3d 752, 757 (9th Cir. 2001). We therefore find it unneces-
sary to remand for such consideration.
1956 ACOSTA v. GONZALES
There is some merit to Acosta’s argument; in Perez-
Gonzalez, the Government argued, as it does here, that an
alien inadmissible under § 1182(a)(9)(C) is ineligible for
penalty-fee adjustment of status.5 We rejected the Govern-
ment’s assertion that INS guidance memoranda controlled the
issue. Id. at 791-93 & n.8. In particular, a March 31, 1997,
memorandum declared—with no supporting analysis—that
aliens inadmissible under this section are ineligible for
penalty-fee adjustment of status. Memorandum by Paul W.
Virtue, Acting Executive Assoc. Comm’r (Mar. 31, 1997).
This statement was repeated in a May 1997 memorandum,
which promised “further guidance” on the issue “in the near
future.” Memorandum by Louis D. Crocetti, Jr., Assoc.
Comm’r (May 1, 1997). Despite its promise, the agency never
provided any further analysis to support its conclusion.
As we noted, guidance memoranda are not entitled to the
same rigorous deference due agency regulations. Perez-
Gonzalez, 379 F.3d at 793. In fact, “guidance memoranda are
entitled to respect . . . but only to the extent that those inter-
pretations have the power to persuade.” Id. (quoting Christen-
sen, 529 U.S. at 587). After considering the purposes of the
statute and its implementing regulations, we found the guid-
ance memoranda unpersuasive. Id.
3
[4] Our reasoning in Perez-Gonzalez appears to control the
issue now before us. We stated that “[t]he statutory terms of
§ 245(i) clearly extend adjustment of status to aliens living in
this country without legal status.” Id. This broad statement
5
The statutory provision affects two groups of aliens. Perez-Gonzales
concerned those from the second group—aliens who reenter the country
after being removed. § 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(II). Acosta belongs to the first
group—aliens who reenter the country after accruing more than one year
of unlawful presence. § 1182(a)(9)(C)(i)(I). Both classes are permanently
inadmissible.
ACOSTA v. GONZALES 1957
was based on a recognition that the statute’s purpose is to
allow relatives of permanent residents to avoid separation
from their loved ones. Id. (citing Joint Memorandum, State-
ment of Senator Kennedy, 146 Cong. Rec. S11850-52 (daily
ed. Dec. 15, 2000)). We held that “[n]othing in the statutory
provisions regarding adjustment of status, nor in the discus-
sion of its purposes, suggests that aliens who have been previ-
ously deported or removed are barred from this form of
relief.” Id. With respect to Acosta’s case, there is also nothing
to suggest that aliens who reenter the country after accruing
more than one year of unlawful presence are ineligible for
penalty-fee adjustment of status.
Although the Government argues otherwise, any attempt to
distinguish the present case from Perez-Gonzalez based on the
different grounds of inadmissibility involved would be unper-
suasive. To do so, we would be forced to conclude, despite
the lack of evidence, that Congress intended different treat-
ment for two groups of aliens that it specifically grouped
together—aliens who reentered the United States after being
removed and those who reentered the country after accruing
over a year of unlawful presence. Thus, although both of these
classes are permanently inadmissible, we would be holding
one group eligible for penalty-fee adjustment of status and
one class ineligible. We cannot conclude that Congress
intended this result, particularly when the statutes do not pro-
vide any support for the approach. We continue to believe that
“the most natural reading of . . . § 245(i) permits illegal aliens
. . . who can demonstrate the requisite family ties and pay the
requisite fee, to apply for adjustment of status.” Id. at 794.
As previously noted, we have already recognized penalty-
fee adjustment of status is intended to prevent the needless
separation of families. Id. at 793. As such, penalty-fee adjust-
ment establishes “an ameliorative rule designed to forestall
harsh results,” and we must interpret and apply the rule in an
ameliorative fashion. Akhtar, 384 F.3d at 1201. In the immi-
gration context, and in Acosta’s case, we must resolve doubts
1958 ACOSTA v. GONZALES
in favor of the alien. Id. This rule provides further support for
Acosta’s argument that his inadmissibility does not defeat his
eligibility for penalty-fee adjustment of status, particularly
where it is not clear that Congress intended that harsh result.
4.
The Tenth Circuit’s analysis of the issue in Padilla-Caldera
v. Gonzales, 426 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir. 2005), also provides
support. The Tenth Circuit conducted an extensive analysis of
the structure, context, and history of the statutes at issue and
held that an alien who has been in the United States unlaw-
fully for more than one year is eligible for penalty-fee adjust-
ment of status.6 Padilla-Caldera, 426 F.3d at 1296. In
Padilla-Caldera the Government argued, as it does here, that
only aliens who have accrued less than a year of unlawful
presence in the United States are eligible. Id. at 1298. In
response, the court noted that “[n]othing in the text, let alone
the history, of [§ 245(i)] suggests that Congress intended such
a narrow application.” Id. Much as we did in Perez-Gonzalez,
the court recognized that Congress intended penalty-fee
adjustment “to provide an exception to the general rule that
aliens who entered the country without inspection are ineligi-
ble to seek adjustment to lawful permanent status.” Id.
The court noted the presence of the savings clause in
§ 1182(a) which states that aliens governed by the section are
inadmissible “except as otherwise provided in this chapter.”
Id. As a result, the government bore the burden of proving
that penalty-fee adjustment of status did not provide an excep-
6
The Fifth Circuit reached the opposite conclusion in Mortera-Cruz v.
Gonzales, 409 F.3d 246 (5th Cir. 2005). That court based its decision in
part on an analysis of Berrum-Garcia v. Comfort, 390 F.3d 1158 (10th Cir.
2004), which specifically rejected our approach in Perez-Gonzalez. See
Mortera-Cruz, 409 F.3d at 254-56.
We are not free to consider Mortera-Cruz because we are bound by
Perez-Gonzalez.
ACOSTA v. GONZALES 1959
tion for inadmissibility on these grounds. Id. After consider-
ing the history and purpose of the statutory provisions, the
court rejected the government’s interpretation. In particular,
Congress extended eligibility for penalty-fee adjustment three
years after adding the inadmissibility provision in question. A
familiar canon of statutory construction requires that “ ‘con-
flicting statutes should be interpreted so as to give effect to
each but to allow a later enacted, more specific statute to
amend an earlier, more general statute.’ ” Id. (quoting Smith
v. Robinson, 468 U.S. 992, 1024 (1984)).
The Tenth Circuit also noted that the specific temporal
requirements in the statute provide powerful evidence of Con-
gress’ intent. Considering the statute is intended to prevent the
needless separation of families, Congress surely did not
intend the result argued by the government. The court
explained:
The LIFE Act requires that aliens be “physically
present in the United States on the date of the enact-
ment of the LIFE Act Amendments of 2000.” 8
U.S.C. § 1255(i)(1)(C). In other words, the statute
benefits those individuals with a preexisting period
of physical presence in the United States, as long as
that period included the date of enactment, Decem-
ber 21, 2000. Therefore, the provision excludes from
adjustment all entrants later than December 21,
2000.
Given the date of enactment, this statutory lan-
guage requires applicants . . . to be physically and
illegally present in the United States at least four
months prior to the application deadline. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1255(i) (requiring physical presence on December
21, 2000, and allowing applicants to file for adjust-
ment through April 30, 2001). Therefore, the statute
explicitly accepts applications from those with an
unlawful presence spanning several months. It is
1960 ACOSTA v. GONZALES
improbable that Congress—having explicitly
allowed applications for adjustment from aliens who
had been in the country illegally for four months—
meant to impose an absolute and infrangible bar for
those who stayed for twelve by requiring the INS/
USICE to continue to superimpose the requirements
of the earlier conflicting statutory provision. Noth-
ing in the LIFE Act indicates Congress’s intent that
an alien who entered the U.S. illegally on March 30,
2000, for example, would be barred from LIFE Act
relief on April 1, 2001. To hold as the government
would have it would mean that Congress passed the
LIFE Act with the intention that it apply at the
moment it was enacted only to those aliens who had
been in the U.S. for no more than eight months.
Padilla-Caldera, 426 F.3d at 1299-1300 (second emphasis
added).
We find this reasoning complementary to our rationale in
Perez-Gonzalez. If Congress intended this statute to prevent
the needless separation of loved ones, extending its applica-
tion only to aliens who entered the country in the eight
months before passage of the provision is inconsistent with
that intent.7
5
[5] We therefore conclude that an alien inadmissible for
accruing more than one year of unlawful presence is eligible
for penalty-fee adjustment of status. Acosta is entitled to con-
sideration of his application.
7
We therefore reject the Government’s attempted reliance on 8 C.F.R.
§ 245.10(m) which states that an alien eligible for penalty-fee adjustment
of status continues to accrue unlawful presence under § 1182(a)(9)(C). We
need not defer to this agency regulation because it is not based on a per-
missible construction of the statute. Akhtar, 384 F.3d at 1198.
ACOSTA v. GONZALES 1961
B
Acosta also claims that he is eligible for the extreme hard-
ship waiver of § 1182(a)(9)(B) because that section defines
“unlawful presence” as used in subparagraph (C). Notwith-
standing our conclusion that Acosta is eligible for adjustment
of status, we must also reach the question of whether he is eli-
gible for such waiver.
1
[6] We begin with the plain language of the statute. Section
1182(a)(9)(B) provides that an alien who has accrued between
180 days and one year of “unlawful presence” in the United
States is inadmissible.8 § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i). “Unlawful pres-
ence” accrues when an “alien is present in the United States
after the expiration of the period of stay authorized by the
Attorney General or is present in the United States without
being admitted or paroled.” § 1182(a)(9)(B)(ii). After defin-
ing “unlawful presence,” the statute provides several
exceptions—the calculation of unlawful presence does not
include time during which an alien is a minor, an applicant for
asylum, or a beneficiary of family unity protection. § 1182(a)
(9)(B)(iii)(I)-(III). An exception also completely exempts a
battered spouse or children in certain circumstances.
§ 1182(a)(9)(B)(iii)(IV).9 Finally:
The Attorney General has sole discretion to waive
clause (i) in the case of an immigrant who is the
spouse or son or daughter of a United States citizen
or of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent resi-
dence, if it is established to the satisfaction of the
8
The alien may seek permission to apply for admission three years after
leaving the country, but an alien who accrues more than one year of
unlawful presence must wait ten years. § 1182(a)(9)(B).
9
The statute also contains a provision to toll the calculation of unlawful
presence for up to 120 days in specific cases. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(iv).
1962 ACOSTA v. GONZALES
Attorney General that the refusal of admission to
such immigrant alien would result in extreme hard-
ship to the citizen or lawfully resident spouse or par-
ent of such alien. No court shall have jurisdiction to
review a decision or action by the Attorney General
regarding a waiver under this clause.
§ 1182(a)(9)(B)(v). Acosta argues that he is eligible for this
waiver because it is incorporated into § 1182(a)(9)(C) along
with the definition of “unlawful presence.”
2
Acosta argues that we must read § 1182(a)(9)(B) and (C)
together because Congress intended them to function jointly.
Acosta contends that Congress intended to incorporate the
definition of “unlawful presence” and its “descriptive ele-
ments” into both parts of the statute.
[7] Where Congress uses words more than once in the same
statute, we presume that those words have the same meaning.
Boise Cascade Corp. v. EPA, 942 F.2d 1427, 1432 (9th Cir.
1991). We therefore presume that “unlawful presence” has the
same general meaning in both parts of the statute. We do not,
however, automatically presume that the exceptions and the
waiver provisions are also incorporated, particularly where
they are contained in separate provisions and not within the
definition itself.
[8] Indeed, the plain text of the various exceptions and the
extreme hardship waiver weigh against incorporation of any-
thing other than “unlawful presence.” These provisions
include a specific reference to “clause (i).” The “battered
woman” exception states that “[c]lause (i) shall not apply” to
certain battered women and children, and the extreme hard-
ship waiver states that “the Attorney General has sole discre-
tion to waive clause (i)” in cases of extreme hardship.
§ 1182(a)(9)(B).
ACOSTA v. GONZALES 1963
“In construing federal statutes, we presume that the ordi-
nary meaning of the words chosen by Congress accurately
express its legislative intent.” Santiago Salgado v. Garcia,
384 F.3d 769, 771 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal quotations and
citation omitted). We presume Congress intended “clause (i)”
to mean “clause (i) of subparagraph (B).” Throughout the
INA, Congress uses this type of reference within a statutory
subdivision. When referring to a different part of the statute,
Congress uses more specificity. In this instance, we cannot
accept—absent evidence to the contrary—an interpretation
which gives “clause (i)” other than its plain—and usual—
meaning.
The clause defining “unlawful presence” supports this
approach. It does not contain a reference to “clause (i).”
§ 1182(a)(9)(B)(ii). Instead, it defines “unlawful presence”
“[f]or purposes of this paragraph,” which we interpret as
referring to paragraph (9) of § 1182(a). See § 1182(a) (refer-
ring to subdivisions of subsection (a) with the word “para-
graphs”). Acosta asks us to hold in effect that “clause (i)” and
“this paragraph” have the same meaning. We would think it
exceedingly strange that Congress used these phrases synony-
mously, and we therefore decline to impose Acosta’s sug-
gested interpretative scheme.
3
The BIA’s decision in In re Garcia-Hernandez, 23 I. & N.
Dec. 590 (2003), on which Acosta relies, does not suggest a
different result. In Garcia-Hernandez, the BIA reversed the
IJ’s decision that an alien convicted of a crime of moral turpi-
tude was ineligible for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b). Id. at 593. The IJ applied the general rule declar-
ing an alien ineligible if “convicted of an offense under sec-
tion 1182(a)(2),” § 1229b(b)(1)(C), but failed to consider the
clearly applicable exception. The BIA interpreted the statu-
tory language as “incorporating the entirety of section
[1182](a)(2), including the exception for petty offenses set
1964 ACOSTA v. GONZALES
forth therein.” Id. In contrast to the specific language of incor-
poration at issue in Garcia-Hernandez, there are no explicit
references between the statutory sections at issue here, and for
that reason Garcia-Hernandez is inapposite.
4
[9] Because we must reject Acosta’s incorporation theory,
he is ineligible for the extreme hardship waiver of
§ 1182(a)(9)(B).
III
In summary, we conclude that Acosta is eligible for
penalty-fee adjustment of status and thus reverse and remand
the BIA’s decision to the contrary. We further conclude that
Acosta is not eligible for the extreme hardship waiver and
affirm the BIA’s decision to that extent.
REVERSED and REMANDED in part, AFFIRMED in
part.