United States v. Gust

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,  No. 04-30208
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.  D.C. No.
CR-03-00172-WFN
TONY LAWRENCE GUST,
OPINION
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Washington
Wm. Fremming Nielsen, Senior District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
March 10, 2005—Seattle, Washington
Filed April 26, 2005
Before: Ferdinand F. Fernandez, A. Wallace Tashima, and
Ronald M. Gould, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Gould
4645
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4647
COUNSEL
Gerald R. Smith, Federal Defenders of Eastern Washington
and Idaho, Spokane, Washington, for the defendant-appellant.
James A. McDevitt, United States Attorney, and George J.C.
Jacobs, III, Assistant United States Attorney, Spokane, Wash-
ington, for the plaintiff-appellee.
4648 UNITED STATES v. GUST
OPINION
GOULD, Circuit Judge:
After entering a conditional guilty plea, Tony Lawrence
Gust appeals his judgment of conviction for possession of an
unregistered firearm in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d). Pur-
suant to his plea agreement, Gust challenges the district
court’s denials of his suppression motion and his renewed
suppression motion, arguing that the district court erred in
determining that he had no legitimate expectation of privacy
in a locked container that the district court found was readily
identifiable as a gun case based on its outward appearance.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We
reverse the district court’s denials of Gust’s motion to sup-
press and his renewed motion to suppress and remand for fur-
ther proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I
On February 1, 2003, Officer Wade Hulsizer of the Liberty
Lake Police Department received a nonemergency call from
a passerby who had observed individuals firing shotguns on
private property located in a designated no-shooting zone.
Officer Hulsizer drove to the scene of the reported shooting,
and, upon hearing shots as he exited his patrol vehicle, called
for law enforcement assistance.
Officer Hulsizer’s request was answered by Deputy Rich-
ard K. Johnson of the Spokane County Sheriff’s Department.
After Deputy Johnson arrived on the scene, he and Officer
Hulsizer entered the property to investigate the shots. They
encountered Gust walking with his girlfriend, Regina Lyons,
and his friend, Brian Olsen. Gust and his companions were
carrying cases that the officers testified they were readily able
to identify as gun cases.1 The officers detained Gust and his
1
There are factual disputes as to whether there were two or three cases,
and whether one of the cases was cloth or plastic. However, it is unneces-
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4649
companions, and ran a warrant check that came back positive
for Olsen and “unconfirmed” for Gust.
Gust informed the police that the trio had been engaged in
target practice and that they had received permission to do so.
Gust also told the police that the cases he and his companions
were carrying contained guns. Officer Hulsizer searched the
gun cases2 and found the sawed-off shotgun that formed the
basis for Gust’s prosecution and conviction for possession of
an unregistered firearm in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d).3
sary for us to consider these disputes because there is no question that the
case containing the sawed-off shotgun was the plastic Bushmaster case
pictured in Defendant’s Exhibits 102-06, appended hereto in Appendix A.
2
There is also a factual dispute as to whether Officer Hulsizer conducted
the search with Gust’s consent, but it is unnecessary for us to evaluate this
dispute because the government did not argue consent as a basis for the
search on appeal. Rather, the government sought to justify the search
solely on the ground that the contents of the case containing the sawed-off
shotgun were readily discernible based on the case’s outward appearance.
3
26 U.S.C. § 5861(d) provides that: “It shall be unlawful for any person
. . . to receive or possess a firearm which is not registered to him in the
National Firearms Registration and Transfer record . . . .”
For the purposes of this code section, a “firearm” is defined as:
(1) a shotgun having a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in
length; (2) a weapon made from a shotgun if such weapon as
modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel
or barrels of less than 18 inches in length; (3) a rifle having a bar-
rel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length; (4) a weapon made
from a rifle if such weapon as modified has an overall length of
less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches
in length; (5) any other weapon, as defined in subsection (e); (6)
a machinegun; (7) any silencer (as defined in section 921 of title
18, United States Code); and (8) a destructive device. The term
“firearm” shall not include an antique firearm or any device
(other than a machinegun or destructive device) which, although
designed as a weapon, the Secretary finds by reason of the date
of its manufacture, value, design, and other characteristics is pri-
marily a collector’s item and is not likely to be used as a weapon.
26 U.S.C. § 5845(a).
4650 UNITED STATES v. GUST
Gust made a pretrial motion to suppress the sawed-off shot-
gun and the statements he made after Officer Hulsizer discov-
ered the gun, arguing that the police had violated his Fourth
Amendment rights by searching his locked gun case without
a warrant. The government responded by arguing that the
search was justified under both the “single-purpose container”
and the exigent circumstances exceptions to the warrant
requirement. The government further asserted that Gust had
consented to the search.
The district court conducted a suppression hearing and then
issued a written order denying Gust’s motion. Although the
district court rejected the government’s contentions that the
search of Gust’s gun case “was a consensual search or con-
ducted under exigent circumstances,” it relied on United
States v. Huffhines, 967 F.2d 314 (9th Cir. 1992), to uphold
the search on the ground that Gust “had no reasonable expec-
tation of privacy in the gun case[ ]” because Officer Hulsizer
“was able to infer from the distinctive configuration of the
case[ ] that [it] contained [a] gun[ ]” and “[i]t was almost as
if the gun[ ] were in plain view.”4
Gust subsequently renewed his motion to suppress, which
was denied after the district court held a second hearing. Gust
then entered a conditional guilty plea reserving his right to
appeal the district court’s denials of his motion to suppress
and his renewed motion to suppress. This timely appeal fol-
lowed.
II
A district court’s denial of a motion to suppress is reviewed
4
At the first hearing, the district court orally stated that: “There is no
question [the cases Gust and his companions were carrying, including the
one containing the sawed-off shotgun] were gun cases. I am absolutely
satisfied that they were gun cases. Any of us would recognize those are
gun cases, and the officers certainly recognized those were gun cases.”
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4651
de novo, while the factual findings underlying the denial of
the motion are reviewed for clear error. United States v.
Bynum, 362 F.3d 574, 578 (9th Cir. 2004). “Whether or not
an individual’s expectation of privacy was objectively reason-
able is also reviewed de novo.” United States v. Bautista, 362
F.3d 584, 589 (9th Cir. 2004).
Clear error review is “significantly deferential, and we
must accept the district court’s factual findings absent a defi-
nite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”
Leavitt v. Arave, 383 F.3d 809, 815 (9th Cir. 2004) (per
curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). “So long as the
district court’s view of the evidence is plausible in light of the
record viewed in its entirety, it cannot be clearly erroneous,
even if the reviewing court would have weighed the evidence
differently had it sat as the trier of fact.” SEC v. Rubera, 350
F.3d 1084, 1093-94 (9th Cir. 2003).
III
Gust contends that the district court erred in applying the
“single-purpose container” exception to uphold the warrant-
less search of his gun case because his case was “of such a
nature that [it] could have contained any number of things,”
not just a gun. We agree.5
A
The “single-purpose container” exception to the warrant
requirement originated in the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Arkansas v. Sanders, 442 U.S. 753 (1979), over-
ruled on other grounds by California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S.
565 (1991). The central question in Sanders was “whether, in
5
Because we reverse the district court’s denial of Gust’s suppression
motion on the ground that the district court erroneously applied the
“single-purpose container” exception, we need not address Gust’s alterna-
tive contention.
4652 UNITED STATES v. GUST
the absence of exigent circumstances, police are required to
obtain a warrant before searching luggage taken from an auto-
mobile properly stopped and searched for contraband.” Id. at
754. The Court answered this question in the affirmative, but
declared:
Not all containers and packages found by police dur-
ing the course of a search will deserve the full pro-
tection of the Fourth Amendment. Thus, some
containers (for example a kit of burglar tools or a
gun case) by their very nature cannot support any
reasonable expectation of privacy because their con-
tents can be inferred from their outward appearance.
Id. at 764 n.13.6
[1] In Robbins v. California, a plurality of four justices
elaborated on the “single-purpose container” exception,
explaining that the exception is:
6
Although the Court overruled the main holding of Sanders in Acevedo
by deciding that “[t]he police may search an automobile and the containers
within it where they have probable cause to believe contraband or evi-
dence is contained,” 500 U.S. at 580, we have recognized the continuing
applicability of the footnote 13 “single-purpose container” exception in
the context of searches of containers outside of vehicles. See Huffhines,
967 F.2d at 319 n.5 (acknowledging the overruling of Sanders and
explaining that “because Acevedo was expressly based on an application
of the automobile exception, it does not alter the principle set forth in
Sanders that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in a container
that discloses its contents”) (internal citation omitted). Other circuits and
a leading treatise on search and seizure have endorsed the principle that
the Sanders footnote 13 exception has continuing vitality. See United
States v. Villarreal, 963 F.2d 770, 776 n.2 (5th Cir. 1992) (“While . . .
Sanders . . . ha[s] been overruled, the logic of the Sanders footnote has
survived.”); United States v. Donnes, 947 F.2d 1430, 1437 (10th Cir.
1991) (same); 3 Wayne R. LaFave, Search & Seizure (“LaFave”) § 5.5(f)
(4th ed. 2004) (surveying cases stemming from Sanders footnote 13,
including numerous post-Acevedo cases).
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4653
little more than another variation of the “plain view”
exception,7 since, if the distinctive configuration of
a container proclaims its contents, the contents can-
not fairly be said to have been removed from a
searching officer’s view. The same would be true, of
course, if the container were transparent, or other-
wise clearly revealed its contents. In short, the nega-
tive implication of footnote 13 of the Sanders
opinion is that, unless the container is such that its
contents may be said to be in plain view, those con-
tents are fully protected by the Fourth Amendment.
453 U.S. 420, 427 (1981) (plurality opinion), overruled on
other grounds by United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 (1982).8
Applying these principles to the facts before them, the Rob-
bins plurality held that the police could not rely on the foot-
note 13 exception to justify the warrantless search of
7
Courts have extended the Sanders footnote 13 exception beyond the
classic “plain view once removed” scenario to cover “plain touch” cases,
see, e.g., United States v. Portillo, 633 F.2d 1313, 1320 (9th Cir. 1980)
(upholding warrantless search where officer lawfully came into contact
with paper bag containing gun as he put his hand down to support his
weight, because “[u]nder . . . Sanders . . . appellants did not possess a rea-
sonable expectation of privacy in the paper bag[ ]” as its contents “were
apparent from the outward feel of the container”), and “plain smell” cases,
see, e.g., United States v. Haley, 669 F.2d 201, 203-04 (4th Cir. 1982)
(upholding warrantless search of boxes and bags smelling of marijuana
because for the purposes of the Sanders/Robbins exception, “[a]nother
characteristic which brings the contents [of a container] into plain view is
the odor given off by those contents”). These extensions of the Sanders
exception are not implicated in this appeal.
8
Ross overruled the “precise holding” of Robbins that “the police may
not conduct a warrantless search of a closed, opaque container found in a
car even if they discover the container during a lawful search of the car,”
but we have since determined that we “may still properly rely upon the
Robbins plurality’s interpretation of footnote 13 of the Sanders opinion”
because “Ross reversed Robbins on entirely different grounds relating to
searches in the limited context of automobile searches and seizures.”
United States v. Miller, 769 F.2d 554, 559 n.4 (9th Cir. 1985).
4654 UNITED STATES v. GUST
packages described as “plastic wrapped green blocks” that
were found in the defendant’s trunk. Id. at 428. Notwithstand-
ing that the officers had smelled marijuana smoke when the
defendant opened his car door, that marijuana and drug para-
phernalia was found in the passenger compartment of the car,
and that the defendant had stated, “[w]hat you are looking for
is in the back,” the plurality invalidated the search because the
record “did not establish that marihuana is ordinarily ‘pack-
aged this way.’ ” Id. at 422, 428; see also id. at 442 (Rehn-
quist, J., dissenting). According to the plurality:
Expectations of privacy are established by general
social norms, and to fall within the [single-purpose
container] exception of [Sanders] footnote [13] a
container must so clearly announce its contents,
whether by its distinctive configuration, its transpar-
ency, or otherwise, that its contents are obvious to an
observer. If indeed a green plastic wrapping reliably
indicates that a package could only contain mari-
huana, that fact was not shown by the evidence of
record in this case.
Id. at 428.9
[2] In Miller, we interpreted the Robbins plurality opinion
to mean that courts should make judgments about the applica-
bility of the “single-purpose container” exception by evaluat-
ing the nature of containers from the objective viewpoint of
a layperson, rather than from the subjective viewpoint of a
trained law enforcement officer, and without sole reliance on
the specific circumstances in which the containers were dis-
9
Cf. Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 33, 40 (2001) (noting that rea-
sonableness of a defendant’s expectation of privacy is evaluated in terms
of what “society recognizes as reasonable” and holding that government
engaged in unconstitutional search by “us[ing] a device that is not in gen-
eral public use, to explore details of the home that would previously have
been unknowable without physical intrusion”) (emphasis added).
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4655
covered. 769 F.2d at 560. In other words, because the ratio-
nale behind the exception, “focuses upon the individual’s
reasonable expectation of privacy, which is established by
‘general social norms,’ the extent to which a container’s exte-
rior reveals its contents should not be solely determined either
by the circumstances of its discovery, or by the experience
and expertise of law enforcement officers.”10 Id. (internal cita-
tion omitted). We declined in Miller to apply the “single-
purpose container” exception to uphold the warrantless search
of a plastic bag leaking a white powder that tested negative
for cocaine and that was lacking any distinctive shape or odor
10
We are not alone in our construction of Sanders footnote 13 to reflect
its narrow scope. See e.g., United States v. Bonitz, 826 F.2d 954, 956-57
(10th Cir. 1987) (rejecting government’s argument that footnote 13 excep-
tion applied despite officers’ testimony that they recognized the hard plas-
tic container as a gun case where “a great many things could have been
contained in the case” and trial court found that the case “could equally
be suspected of carrying a violin or something like that”); People v. Smith,
431 N.E.2d 699, 701 (Ill. App. Ct. 1982), rev’d on other grounds, 447
N.E.2d 809 (Ill. 1983) (declining to apply footnote 13 exception because
officers’ “subjective knowledge [that box found in defendant’s truck was
of a type commonly used for transportation of marijuana], while relevant,
is not conclusive. Rather, the container must be evaluated to determine
whether society as a whole would recognize it as one commonly used to
carry a controlled substance”). But see United States v. Williams, 41 F.3d
192, 197-98 & n.3 (4th Cir. 1994) (stating that “[i]n determining whether
the contents of a container are a foregone conclusion, the circumstances
under which an officer finds the container may add to the apparent nature
of its contents,” upholding warrantless search of cellophane-wrapped
packages because a veteran officer testified that his experience was that
such packages “ ‘always’ contained narcotics,” and distinguishing Ninth
Circuit’s Miller decision because in Miller the powder leaking from the
bag tested negative for cocaine, which prevented the incriminating nature
of the contents of the bag and the contents of the container inside the bag
from being a foregone conclusion, and because there was nothing in Miller
to suggest that the bag searched was surrounded by “unusual items” as the
packages in the instant case were); United States v. Cardona-Rivera, 904
F.2d 1149, 1155 (7th Cir. 1990) (“[I]f the shape or other characteristics of
the container, taken together with the circumstances in which it is seized
. . . proclaim its contents unambiguously, there is no need to obtain a war-
rant”) (emphasis added).
4656 UNITED STATES v. GUST
because the bag “did not, by its outward appearance,
announce to the observer that it contained a controlled sub-
stance.” Id.
While it is difficult to evaluate the nature of a container
without regard for the context in which it is found or the fact
that the searching officer had special reasons to believe the
container held contraband, we have previously decided that
Robbins narrowed Sanders along these lines because other-
wise the exception could swallow the warrant requirement; to
apply Sanders footnote 13 without such restrictions could
result in a rule that essentially permits law enforcement to
conduct warrantless searches of indistinct and innocuous con-
tainers based solely on probable cause derived from the offi-
cers’ subjective knowledge and the circumstances, in
contravention of the well-established principle that “no
amount of probable cause can justify a warrantless search or
seizure absent ‘exigent circumstances,’ ” Horton v. Califor-
nia, 496 U.S. 128, 137 n.7 (1990). See Miller, 769 F.2d at 560
(“[T]o permit such an extension [of the exception to cases in
which the contents of a container are determined by reference
to the circumstances of its discovery or the experience and
expertise of the police] ‘would increase significantly the risk
of erroneous police decisions on whether there is sufficient
certainty to permit a warrantless search’ ”); 3 LaFave § 5.5(f)
(“[S]uch an extension of the Sanders footnote 13 concept [to
permit searches based on an exceptionally strong showing of
probable cause instead of exclusively on the nature of the con-
tainer] would outrun its rationale, namely, that a person can-
not claim any reasonable expectation of privacy in a container
when its ‘outward appearance’ in the circumstances in which
he uses it makes it close to certain what it contains.”).
Miller’s reading of the Robbins plurality opinion to limit
the weight a court may give to context and the subjective
knowledge and expertise of searching officers when conduct-
ing a footnote 13 exception analysis also is proper in light of
the manner in which the Robbins plurality applied Sanders to
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4657
the facts of Robbins. In holding that the “plastic wrapped
green blocks” were outside the scope of the Sanders excep-
tion, the plurality disregarded that the packages were found
under circumstances that made it obvious that the packages
contained drugs. Robbins, 453 U.S. at 428, 442 (Rehnquist, J.,
dissenting). As then-Associate Justice Rehnquist stressed in
dissent, the officers had already found marijuana and had
found drug paraphernalia in the car, and the defendant had
then declared that: “[w]hat you are looking for is in the back.”
Justice Rehnquist observed that these facts were “conspicu-
ously absent” from the plurality opinion, even though the offi-
cers could have readily inferred the contents of the packages
based on these circumstances and the officers’ general aware-
ness “that contraband was often wrapped in this fashion.” Id.
B
Applying these principles underlying the “single-purpose
container” exception here, we hold that the district court erred
in denying Gust’s motion to suppress. The government argues
that Huffhines, our most recent opinion addressing the
“single-purpose container” exception, stands for the proposi-
tion that a person cannot have a legitimate expectation of pri-
vacy in containers that experienced officers can identify as
gun cases. However, as explained above, we rejected that
argument in Miller,11 where we made clear that courts should
assess the nature of a container primarily “with reference to
‘general social norms’ ” rather than “solely . . . by the experi-
ence and expertise of law enforcement officers.” 769 F.2d at
560.
The government correctly notes that Huffhines upheld the
11
In Miller, the government “argue[d, as it does in the instant case,] that
the contents of the [opaque] plastic bag [found to contain a fiberglass con-
tainer of cocaine] were obvious to [the searching agent] because of . . .
[the agent’s] considerable experience and expertise in drug enforcement.”
769 F.2d at 560.
4658 UNITED STATES v. GUST
warrantless search of an opaque plastic bag containing a
handgun on the ground that “[t]here can be no reasonable
expectation of privacy in a container if its contents can be dis-
cerned from its outward appearance,” 967 F.2d at 319, but
this does not mean that Huffhines detracted from Miller in any
way. We addressed the Sanders footnote 13 exception only
briefly in Huffhines, reciting the general rule and holding that
it applied because there was uncontroverted testimony from
the searching officer that he “could tell what was in the bag
by looking at it.” 967 F.2d at 319. We neither explained how
the officer was able to “tell what was in the bag by looking
at it,” nor included any other details from the record that
would support the broad reading urged by the government. Id.
[3] Although our discussion of the “single-purpose contain-
er” exception in Huffhines was terse, we do not have to inter-
pret it in a vacuum when other precedents like Robbins and
Miller speak to the same issue. Thus, the government cannot
rely on the fact that Officer Hulsizer and Deputy Johnson
were familiar with Gust’s gun case because they had used
similar cases during their work as police officers12 to justify
the warrantless search that occurred here. See Miller, 769 F.2d
at 560; see also Bonitz, 826 F.2d at 956 (declining to hold that
gun case fell within Sanders footnote 13 where the “hard plas-
tic case did not reveal its contents to the trial court [which
opined that it did not recognize the plastic case as a gun case]
even though it could perhaps have been identified as a gun
case by a firearms expert”).
12
The officers testified at the suppression hearings that they recognized
the plastic cases in dispute as standard gun cases because they were the
same type of cases the police department used. For example, Officer Hul-
sizer testified at the first suppression hearing that the cases in dispute were
ones “that [he] recognized from [his] work on the force as the type of
cases that [the Liberty police department] used to contain semiautomatic
weapons.” Deputy Johnson testified that he recognized the cases as “stan-
dard gun cases” because “a standard to me is they are basically the same
ones we use in our department.”
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4659
Our analysis does not, however, end here. Even after we
reject the government’s argument that the search of Gust’s
gun case can be justified solely on the ground that the officers
“recognized the plastic cases because they were exactly like
the ones the Liberty Lake Police Department used,” the
“clearly erroneous” standard of review requires us to affirm
the district court’s finding that the cases were readily identifi-
able as gun cases if “the district court’s view of the evidence
is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Rub-
era, 350 F.3d at 1093-94.
[4] Our review of the record leads us to the conclusion that
once one disregards the officers’ testimony regarding their
experience with gun cases and the circumstances surrounding
the search, the record is devoid of evidence to show that the
case in dispute is one that is susceptible to ready identification
by the general public as a gun case. In fact, the evidence in
the record points to the contrary conclusion that a layperson
would not be able to infer the contents of the case based on
its outward appearance alone, and leads us to the “definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed,” even
given the “significantly deferential” clear error standard of
review. Leavitt, 383 F.3d at 815.
For example, there are photographs of the disputed case in
the record, labeled as Defendant’s Exhibits 102-06 (Appendix
A hereto). These photographs depict a nondescript, flat, rec-
tangular case made of black plastic, bearing the mark “BUSH-
MASTER.” The case has a handle and hasps or fasteners
along the opening side so that it can be secured with padlocks,
and is virtually identical to some of the guitar cases pictured
in Defendant’s Exhibit 113.13 Also, at the first suppression
hearing, Deputy Johnson testified that he “wouldn’t be able to
say” what was in the gun case if one were “set . . . in front
of [him] today.”
13
Exhibit 113 is appended hereto in Appendix B.
4660 UNITED STATES v. GUST
The record does contain testimony from Gust’s girlfriend,
Lyons, that cases such as the one in dispute are “what are
commonly referred to as gun cases” and the “type of case
[that] ordinarily houses a gun.” But, like the officers, Lyons
was offering her opinion as a person “who has experience and
knowledge” of gun cases. Moreover, her statements on their
face are not unequivocal statements about the readily identifi-
able nature of the cases; Lyons is explaining that the cases are
in fact the type of case commonly used for gun storage, not
asserting that the cases are automatically recognizable to the
general public as such. Finally, one cannot reasonably read
Lyons’ above statements as support for the proposition that
the case in dispute is a container of such a nature that its con-
tents can be readily inferred from its outward appearance
when Lyons also testified that such cases “could hold other
things” and that she would not “be able to tell [what was in
the case] without opening it.”14
[5] We hold that the district court erred in finding that the
case in dispute is identifiable as a gun case based on its out-
ward appearance alone, and in applying the “single-purpose
container” exception to uphold the warrantless search of the
case. Given that the district court had also ruled that the gov-
ernment could not justify the search based on consent or the
exigent circumstances exception, Gust was entitled to have
the sawed-off shotgun from the case and his post-search state-
ments suppressed. “Because [Gust] entered a conditional
guilty plea, we are required to remand and allow him to with-
draw his plea if he elects to do so.” United States v. Grubbs,
377 F.3d 1072, 1080 (9th Cir. 2004); see also United States
v. Mejia, 69 F.3d 309, 316 n.8 (9th Cir. 1995) (“If any ruling
that forms a basis for the conditional [guilty] plea is found to
be erroneous, we are required to permit the defendant to with-
14
We express no opinion whether Gust’s pre-search admissions to the
police that the cases contained guns should be relevant to determining
whether Gust retained any expectation of privacy in the gun case, as nei-
ther party raised this issue on appeal.
UNITED STATES v. GUST 4661
draw his plea.”). Accordingly, the district court’s order deny-
ing Gust’s suppression motion is reversed and the case is
remanded for further proceedings.
REVERSED and REMANDED.