Walter Espinoza Orellana v. Merrick Garland

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 26 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
WALTER AMILCAR ESPINOZA No. 18-71606
ORELLANA,
Agency No. A206-272-122
Petitioner,
v. MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted October 22, 2021**
San Francisco, California
Before: BERZON, BEA, and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges.
Walter Amilcar Espinoza Orellana (“Espinoza Orellana”)—a native and
citizen of El Salvador—petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’
(“BIA”) order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of Espinoza
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Orellana’s applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under
the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. §
1252 and deny the petition.
Where the BIA cites Matter of Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 872 (B.I.A.
1994), “and also provides its own review of the evidence and law,” the court
reviews the decisions of both the IJ and BIA. See Aguilar Fermin v. Barr,
958 F.3d 887, 891 (9th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 664 (2020). We review
the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo, Santiago-Rodriguez v. Holder, 657 F.3d 820,
829 (9th Cir. 2011), and its factual findings for substantial evidence, Sinha v.
Holder, 564 F.3d 1015, 1020 (9th Cir. 2009). Substantial evidence review requires
us to uphold the agency’s factual findings “unless any reasonable adjudicator
would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” See Singh v. Lynch, 802 F.3d
972, 974 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)), overruled on other
grounds by Alam v. Garland, 11 F.4th 1133, 1136–37 (9th Cir. 2021) (en banc).
Espinoza Orellana applied for relief after May 11, 2005, therefore the REAL
ID Act’s standards regarding adverse credibility findings guide our review. See
Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1039 (9th Cir. 2010). Under the Act,
credibility findings need not go “to the heart of the applicant’s claim.” Id. at 1040(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). “‘[I]n assessing an adverse credibility
finding under the [REAL ID] Act, we must look to the ‘totality of the
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circumstances[ ] and all relevant factors.’” Alam, 11 F.4th at 1137 (quoting 8
U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)).
At his merits hearing, Espinoza Orellana testified to three incidents of
persecution by a gang of supporters of a rival political party. Espinoza Orellana
testified that rivals came to his home three times in about one week and demanded
his voting credentials with threats of harm. He refused, and they did not harm him,
though one rival reached through a fence and tried to grab him. Espinoza Orellana
also testified that in 2010 his brother was murdered because of similar political
beliefs and in 2014 his brother-in-law was also murdered for these beliefs.
The IJ found Espinoza Orellana’s applications were untimely. In evaluating
the merits of Espinoza Orellana’s claims, the IJ found that Espinoza Orellana had
not testified credibly and the incidents he experienced did not constitute
persecution, so Espinoza Orellana could not meet his burden of proof for obtaining
asylum and withholding of removal. The IJ also found that Espinoza Orellana did
not meet his burden of proof for obtaining CAT relief. The IJ’s findings were
supported by substantial evidence, so we must deny the petition.
Espinoza Orellana did not submit evidence to support his argument that the
one-year filing deadline for asylum applications, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), should
be tolled because he received incorrect advice. Dhital v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1044,
1049 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D)). Espinoza
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Orellana argues that Matter of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637 (BIA 1988)—which
relates to the ineffective assistance of counsel—does not apply here because there
is no evidence in the record about who misled him, be it an attorney or non-
licensed individual. This argument, however, highlights the lack of evidence in the
record generally. Espinoza Orellana’s argument that the deadline should be tolled
because he is a class member in Rojas v. Johnson, 305 F. Supp. 3d 1176 (W.D.
Wash. 2018), is similarly unsupported. Espinoza Orellana has not provided any
evidence, or even argument, about how and to which of the Rojas classes he
belongs.
At least four specific and cogent reasons support the agency’s adverse
credibility determination. First, the IJ found that Espinoza Orellana’s demeanor
weighed against credibility.1 The IJ cited several examples of Espinoza Orellana
responding to a question in a way which did not answer the question asked.
Second, Espinoza Orellana did not provide complete and accurate information in
his application about the number of siblings he has and where they live. This
information undercut part of his argument, as his father and several siblings share
Espinoza Orellana’s political beliefs but continue to live unharmed in the same
1
The government argues Espinoza Orellana waived the demeanor issue
because he failed to meaningfully contest it in his opening brief. Espinoza
Orellana argued this issue separately in his brief, so he did not forfeit it. See, e.g.,
Barrios v. Holder, 581 F.3d 849, 856 n.6 (9th Cir. 2009); Martinez-Serrano v. INS,
94 F.3d 1256, 1259–60 (9th Cir. 1996).
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area in which he previously lived in El Salvador.
Third, Espinoza Orellana’s application and declaration failed to reveal that
his brother-in-law had been killed because of his political beliefs and failed to
explain some aspects of his brother’s death. But Espinoza Orellana then relied on
omitted details to support his testimony that he had been threatened and would be
harmed for his beliefs if he were to return to El Salvador. Fourth, Espinoza
Orellana did not provide corroborating documents, such as statements from a
person who he testified had witnessed his brother’s death or letters from party
leaders stating he had worked for their party. His explanations for these omissions
and inconsistencies (e.g., that he did not realize the information’s significance or
relevance, that he did not count his half-siblings as siblings, that party leaders are
in El Salvador) do not “compel” the conclusion that he testified credibly. Cf.
Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 901, 908–09 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Afriyie v.
Holder, 613 F.3d 924, 931 (9th Cir. 2010)); Gui v. INS, 280 F.3d 1217, 1225–28
(9th Cir. 2002).
Nor does Espinoza Orellana challenge the finding that he failed to provide
evidence of government acquiescence in the harm he describes. Meza-Vazquez v.
Garland, 993 F.3d 726, 729–30 (9th Cir. 2021) (“A government’s inability or
refusal to protect against persecution is a core requirement for withholding of
removal.”). Espinoza Orellana instead references a country conditions report
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which was not part of the record to support his argument. Espinoza Orellana
argues that “[w]hile not admitted into the record, the Agency should have taken
judicial notice of these Country Conditions since they are readily available on the
internet.” He further argues that he has suffered a due process violation because
the IJ declined to accept materials that were not timely submitted at least thirty
days prior to his merits hearing but were instead submitted several days before the
scheduled hearing. Espinoza Orellana had the burden and the opportunity to
submit evidence into the record to support his claims, but he did not timely do so.
Madrigal v. Holder, 716 F.3d 499, 503 (9th Cir. 2013); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.31(c).
Espinoza Orellana also did not prove that he suffered past persecution or had
a well-founded fear of future persecution. Madrigal, 716 F.3d at 503; 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.13(b)(1). The three incidents Espinoza Orellana experienced, in which
members of a rival political gang came to his home and threatened him but did not
carry out their threats, do not constitute past persecution. As discussed above,
multiple members of Espinoza Orellana’s family who share his political beliefs
continue to live in the same area and have not been harmed. His testimony about
the deaths of his brother and brother-in-law was speculative as to why they were
killed and by whom, and was not supported by record evidence.
We therefore conclude that substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial
of asylum and withholding of removal.
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Espinoza Orellana’s CAT claim also fails. Espinoza Orellana argues that we
should reverse the BIA’s denial of CAT relief because he has suffered “severe
psychological trauma” and the country conditions evidence shows “the Salvadoran
government not only acquiesces but even participates in . . . rampant violence.”
Although an adverse credibility finding does not foreclose a CAT claim,
Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279, 1284 (9th Cir. 2001), Espinoza Orellana has not
presented sufficient evidence to compel reversal of the agency’s findings.
As discussed, the IJ’s adverse credibility finding was supported, and thus
Espinoza Orellana’s testimony about the harm he suffered could not be credited.
Even crediting his testimony, Espinoza Orellana did not show that “he would be
subject to a ‘particularized threat of torture.’” Dhital, 532 F.3d at 1051 (emphasis
omitted). Espinoza Orellana was not harmed by gang members, and family
members who share his politics still live in the area unharmed. He did not submit
evidence that members of his political party are subject to torture. Espinoza
Orellana therefore has not shown a particularized threat of harm rising to the level
of torture.
Further, Espinoza Orellana did not show that any “torture” he fears would be
“inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public
official.” Zheng v. Ashcroft, 332 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003) (emphasis
omitted) (quoting 8C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1)). Espinoza Orellana did not report the
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threats to the police; submitted no evidence of government acquiescence in harm to
himself, his family members, or individuals with similar characteristics; and did
not timely submit any country conditions evidence.
We therefore conclude that substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial
of CAT relief.
Petition for review is DENIED.
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