Public Lands for the People, Inc. v. United States Department of Agriculture

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE, 
INC., a California 501 C-3, non-
profit corporation; GERALD E.
HOBBS; BRYAN BUNTING; HILLARIE
BUNTING; STEVE WANDT; GENE E.
BAILEY; RICHARD NUSS; RANDY
BURLESON, individuals,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF No. 11-15007
AGRICULTURE; UNITED STATES D.C. No.
FOREST SERVICE; TOM VILSACK, in  2:09-cv-01750-
his official capacity as Secretary LKK-JFM
of Agriculture; TOM TIDWELL, in
OPINION
his official capacity as Chief
Forester of the USDA Forest
Service; RANDY MOORE, in his
official capacity as Regional
Forester USDA Forest Service
Regional Office R5; RAMIRO
VILLALVAZO, in his official
capacity as Forest Supervisor of
the El Dorado National Forest,
Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of California
Lawrence K. Karlton, Senior District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
April 17, 2012—San Francisco, California
11871
11872 PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA
Filed September 26, 2012
Before: Alex Kozinski, Chief Judge, M. Margaret McKeown
and N. Randy Smith, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge McKeown
11874 PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA
COUNSEL
David Young (argued), Law Offices of David Young, Los
Angeles, California, for the plaintiffs-appellants.
Ignacia S. Moreno, Assistant Attorney General, David C.
Shilton (argued), Andrew C. Mergen, and Jason A. Hill,
Attorneys United States Department of Justice, Environment
& Natural Resources Division, Washington, DC; Thomas K.
Snodgrass, Attorney United States Department of Justice,
Environmental Defense Section, Denver, Colorado, for the
defendants-appellees.
OPINION
McKEOWN, Circuit Judge:
The Wild West has long conjured up images of prospectors
with pack mules and pickaxes foraging for gold. The oft-
romanticized ways of the Wild West eventually modernized
and gave way to prospecting with the aid of motor vehicles
and heavy machinery. The United States Forest Service (the
“Forest Service”), an arm of the Department of Agriculture,
recently limited the use of motor vehicles to certain roads in
the century-old Eldorado National Forest (“ENF”). Concerned
about the impact of the limitation on their activities, a group
of miners and prospectors challenged the Forest Service’s
decision. The district court dismissed the complaint, and we
affirm.
PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA 11875
BACKGROUND
Beginning in 2005, the Forest Service published a Notice
of Intent to propose prohibitions on motor vehicle use in the
ENF, held public meetings, and circulated for public comment
a draft environmental impact statement on proposed travel
management in the ENF. The Final Environmental Impact
Statement (“FEIS”), issued in March 2008, recognized that if
prohibitions on motor vehicle use were adopted, miners and
prospectors would need to obtain permission, through a
Notice of Intent or Plan of Operations, to use motor vehicles
in areas where no such permission restriction existed before.
The FEIS noted the effect of 36 C.F.R. § 228, which requires
miners to obtain pre-authorization when conducting certain
operations:
Individuals or companies that conduct prospecting
and exploration activities are not usually required to
obtain a permit or other form of authorization, pursu-
ant to 36 CFR 228, but must comply with other For-
est rules and regulations. Access associated with
mineral development activities, such as for an active
mine, is commonly dealt with through a Plan of
Operations or Notice of Intent, pursuant to 36 CFR
228.
The FEIS explicitly acknowledged that, because mining and
prospecting are “facilitated by the use of public wheeled
motor vehicles for access and hauling of equipment,” restric-
tions on motorized vehicle use in areas with likely mineral
resources “may have the affect [sic] of reducing access for
prospecting or exploration, with the subsequent effect of a
reduction of discovery of new mineral resource commodi-
ties.”
In April 2008, the Forest Service issued a decision limiting
motor vehicle use in the ENF to certain roads and trails and
prohibiting public wheeled motor vehicle cross-country travel
11876 PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA
(the “2008 Decision”). The 2008 Decision specifically limits
motor vehicle use by the public to “1,002 miles of ML-2
roads and 210 miles of trails,” while concurrently disallowing
motor vehicle use on 502,000 acres of previously open forest
land.1 According to the Forest Service, the 2008 Decision pro-
vides “diverse public wheeled motor vehicle opportunities,”
while minimizing effects on both forest resources and wildlife
and “limiting conflict between wheeled motor vehicle use and
other recreation opportunities.”
Appellants (“the Miners”) are seven individuals who wish
to use motor vehicles to pursue mining or prospecting activi-
ties in the ENF, and Public Lands for the People, Inc., an
association of miners and prospectors. Some of the individu-
als claim existing mining rights within the ENF, while others
simply anticipate prospecting for minerals. The Miners allege
that, due to the 2008 Decision, they “could [now] be subject
to criminal and civil penalties for failure to file a Notice of
Intent or Plan of Operations should they proceed [with motor
vehicle use] without such authorization.” The Miners seek “to
vindicate Federal rights of access to prospect, and access their
mining claims” by continuing to use motor vehicles on ENF
roads in the same manner as they did before the 2008 Deci-
sion.
The Miners claim that the Forest Service is without author-
ity to restrict their motor vehicle use and that the Forest Ser-
vice “acted arbitrarily and capriciously by requiring that entry
onto roads and rights of way previously open, and now closed
due to the [2008 Decision], requires a Notice of Intent or Plan
of Operations pursuant to 36 C.F.R. § 228.4(a) in order to
prospect and/or access a valid Federal mining claim and min-
1
The 2008 Decision did not implicate roads “managed for standard four
wheel passenger vehicles” (ML-3 to ML-5 roads). Nor did the Decision
affect “an additional 334 miles of State, county and private roads on the
ENF and 311 miles of roads and trails within the Rock Creek Recreational
Trails area.”
PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA 11877
eral estate.” The district court held that the Miners failed to
establish standing and, alternatively, that they failed to state
a claim upon which relief could be granted because the Secre-
tary of Agriculture had the authority to impose the road
restrictions and reasonably interpreted a Forest Service regu-
lation pertaining to “public roads.”
ANALYSIS
I. STANDING
[1] “Article III . . . gives the federal courts jurisdiction
over only ‘cases and controversies.’ ” Whitmore v. Arkansas,
495 U.S. 149, 154-55 (1990) (citation omitted). The oft-cited
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife case states the three require-
ments for Article III standing: (1) an injury in fact that (2) is
fairly traceable to the challenged conduct and (3) has some
likelihood of redressability. 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992).
With respect to the “injury in fact” requirement, the threat of
injury must be “concrete and particularized; . . . actual and
imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Summers v. Earth
Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009).
The district court sua sponte dismissed the Miners’ first
amended complaint for lack of standing. According to the dis-
trict court, the “injury in fact” prong required the Miners to
identify specific mining claims affected by the 2008 Decision,
as well as the road closures that limited their ability to access
those claims. “Because the district court sua sponte dismissed
[the Miners’] complaint on its face,” we review “standing as
if raised in a motion to dismiss.” Bernhardt v. Cnty. of Los
Angeles, 279 F.3d 862, 867 (9th Cir. 2002). We “accept all
factual allegations of the complaint as true and draw all rea-
sonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Id.(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
[2] The district court’s restrictive approach unduly burdens
the standing requirements with bells and whistles not imposed
11878 PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA
by the Supreme Court. The Miners’ standing to bring suit
rests on their claim that they should not be forced to obtain
advance approval either to access their claims or to prospect
for minerals. It doesn’t depend on the details of their mining
rights. As the government acknowledges, and we appreciate
its candor, road closures pursuant to the “[2008] Decision
place[ ] at least a modest burden on prospectors or miners
who before that decision did not have to request that authori-
zation.”
The Miners’ allegations are not vacuous. Some of them are
apparently no longer able to access their mining claims. For
example, the Bunting family claims “access to their Federal
mining claims and mineral estates has been closed pursuant to
the FEIS and [Record of Decision], in that Forest Road
13N92 is now closed to wheeled motorized vehicles.” Identi-
cal allegations are made by another miner, Bailey, regarding
Road 14N25G.
[3] We must accept these allegations as true. They are suf-
ficient to establish standing under the Defenders of Wildlife
factors. Some of the Miners have suffered an injury in fact
because they can no longer access their mining claims via
motor vehicles without first filing a Notice of Intent or Plan
of Operations. The denial of access is “fairly traceable” to the
2008 Decision, and it could be redressed by a court order
striking down the prohibition on vehicular access. The Miners
aren’t required to identify particular mining claims to satisfy
constitutional standing. See Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n, 497
U.S. 871, 889 (1990) (noting that in a motion to dismiss, we
“presume[ ] that general allegations embrace those specific
facts that are necessary to support the claim”).
[4] The harm alleged here is not unlike that in Karuk Tribe
of Cal. v. United States Forest Serv., in which we recently
held that a Native American tribe had standing to challenge
a Forest Service decision that allowed mining because such
“operations could impact the Tribe’s ability to enjoy the spiri-
PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA 11879
tual, religious, subsistence, recreational, wildlife, and aes-
thetic qualities of the areas affected by the mining operations,
. . . [and] any alleged failure of the Forest Service to properly
regulate mining operations could directly and adversely harm
the Tribe and its members.” 681 F.3d 1006, 1019 (9th Cir.
2012) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly,
the Forest Service’s decision to prohibit motor vehicle use on
Forest Roads 13N92 and 14N25G “directly and adversely”
harms Bailey and the Buntings by preventing them from using
motor vehicles to access their mining claims. Because the
presence of at least one party with standing assures that the
controversy before the court is justiciable, the Miners have
standing to pursue this action. See Dep’t of Commerce v. U.S.
House of Representatives, 525 U.S. 316, 329-30 (1999).
II. FOREST SERVICE AUTHORITY
[5] We now turn to the Miners’ claim that the Forest Ser-
vice lacks authority to restrict motor vehicles use in the ENF.
The Forest Service’s extensive statutory authority dooms this
challenge. Over a century ago, Congress granted the Forest
Service broad authority to regulate access to mining claims on
National Forest Service lands. The Organic Administration
Act of 1897 gives the Secretary of Agriculture authority “to
promulgate rules and regulations to protect the national forest
lands from destruction and depredation.” Clouser v. Espy, 42
F.3d 1522, 1529 (9th Cir. 1994); see 16 U.S.C. § 551.
Although nothing prohibits an individual from entering “na-
tional forests for all proper and lawful purposes, including
that of prospecting, locating, and developing the mineral
resources thereof,” he “must comply with the rules and regu-
lations covering such national forests.” Id. § 478.
[6] Consistent with this statutory scheme, the Secretary of
Agriculture “may adopt reasonable rules and regulations
which do not impermissibly encroach upon the right to the use
and enjoyment of . . . claims for mining purposes.” United
States v. Weiss, 642 F.2d 296, 299 (9th Cir. 1981). Indeed,
11880 PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA
“there can be no doubt that the Department of Agriculture
possesses statutory authority to regulate activities related to
mining—even in non-wilderness areas—in order to preserve
the national forests.” Clouser, 42 F.3d at 1530 (citing 16
U.S.C. § 551). The Secretary of Agriculture has the right to
restrict motorized access to specified areas of the national for-
ests, including mining claims. Id. (means of access “may be
regulated by the Forest Service”). More specifically, we have
upheld Forest Service decisions restricting the holders of min-
ing claims to the use of pack animals or other non-motorized
means to access their claims. Id. at 1536-38. Relatedly, we
have rejected the contention that conduct “reasonably inci-
dent[al]” to mining could not be regulated. United States v.
Doremus, 888 F.2d 630, 632-33 (9th Cir. 1989). Our prece-
dent thus confirms that the Forest Service has ample authority
to restrict motor vehicle use within the ENF.
[7] The Forest Supervisor’s Record of Decision illustrates
the balancing undertaken by the Forest Service:
The designated system of routes will provide for
diverse public wheeled motor vehicle opportunities,
provide routes that enhance wheeled motor vehicle
recreation, and provide access to dispersed recre-
ation. In prohibiting wheeled motor vehicle use off
of designated routes, the Forest is minimizing dam-
age to Forest resources, minimizing harassment of
wildlife and limiting conflict between wheeled motor
vehicle use and other recreation opportunities.
Among other factors, the Forest Service considered “impacts
from motor vehicle use on quiet recreation opportunities” and
“impacts to wildlife, water quality, air quality, and other
resources.” Its goal “was to allow a diversity of highway and
non-highway classes of public wheeled motor vehicle use on
ML-2 roads, while still reducing environmental impacts.” The
2008 Decision struck a balance between competing interests
by allowing motor vehicle use by the public on “1,002 miles
PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA 11881
of ML-2 native surfaced roads” while prohibiting other vehic-
ular access. Contrary to the Miners’ allegations, the 2008
Decision is not an indirect prohibition on mining operations
masquerading as an access regulation, and its access restric-
tions aren’t unreasonable.
The Miners claim that a web of statutes creates a national
policy that protects self-initiation and encourages prospecting
and mining on federal lands by limiting the Forest Service’s
authority to regulate motor vehicle access on National Forest
Service lands. The Miners’ argument understates the Forest
Service’s legitimate authority to regulate access. Although the
Miners list a litany of statutes, they do not point to any spe-
cific statutory language that strips the Secretary of Agriculture
of his authority to regulate motor vehicle use.
[8] We conclude that none of the statutes cited by the Min-
ers cabin the Secretary’s authority with respect to vehicular
access.2 No statutory provision gives the Miners an unfettered
right to access their mining claims via motor vehicles. See,
e.g., 30 U.S.C. § 22 (“[A]ll valuable mineral deposits in lands
belonging to the United States . . . shall be free and open to
exploration . . . by citizens of the United States . . . under reg-
ulations prescribed by law . . . .” (emphasis added)).
[9] The only specific argument the Miners make is that 16
U.S.C. § 472 restricts the Secretary’s discretion because the
“Secretary of the Department of Agriculture shall execute or
cause to be executed all laws affecting public lands . . .
excepting such laws as affect the surveying, prospecting,
locating, appropriating, entering, relinquishing, reconveying,
certifying, or patenting of any of such lands.” The Miners
2
See 16 U.S.C. §§ 478, 1134(b); 30 U.S.C. §§ 21a, 22-54, 612, 615; 43
U.S.C. §§ 1701, 1732(b). The Miners also claim that the doctrine of in
pari materia somehow makes Department of Interior-related statutes apply
to the Secretary of Agriculture. See, e.g., 30 U.S.C. § 21a. We do not
endorse this mix-and-match theory of statutory authority.
11882 PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA
claim that the 2008 Decision impinges upon possessory rights
in their mining claims by imposing access regulations that
have “the same effect as prohibition under the guise of time
consuming delay causing regulations.” But the Secretary of
Agriculture has long had the authority to restrict motorized
access to specified areas of national forests, including to min-
ing claims. See Clouser, 42 F.3d at 1530. Indeed, we recently
reaffirmed that even where a miner has a federal mining right,
a “prior approval requirement does not ‘endanger or materi-
ally interfere with’ [the miner’s] mining operations and is
therefore permissible under the statutory scheme.” United
States v. Backlund, 2012 WL 3089358 at * 7 (9th Cir. July 31,
2012) (quoting Doremus, 888 F.2d at 633).
III. FOREST SERVICE INTERPRETATION
[10] Anticipating the shortcomings of their challenge to
the Forest Service’s authority, the Miners claim that 36 C.F.R.
§ 228.4(a) creates an exception to the 2008 Decision.3 Section
228.4(a)(1)(i) provides that a Notice of Intent to operate is not
required for “Operations which will be limited to the use of
vehicles on existing public roads or roads used and main-
tained for National Forest System purposes.” Reasoning that
the 2008 Decision does not change the “public” character of
previously “public roads,” the Miners posit that they need not
3
The Forest Service argues that the Miners’ claim—36 C.F.R.
§ 228.4(a) creates an exception—is not ripe for review because the roads
where motor vehicles are prohibited are not “public roads.” Thus, the For-
est Service argues that the exception is inapplicable to the Miners. How-
ever, this circular logic, characterized by the Forest Service as a ripeness
argument, presumes the correctness of the Forest Service’s interpretation
of what constitutes a “public road.” The agency’s effort to deflect the chal-
lenge as unripe is at odds with our precedent. See Mont. Sulphur & Chem.
Co. v. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, 666 F.3d 1174, 1183-84 (9th Cir. 2012)
(rejecting ripeness challenge before determining reasonableness of agen-
cy’s interpretation of its regulation); see also Ctr. for Biological Diversity
v. Kempthorne, 588 F.3d 701, 708 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding ripeness in
facial challenge to regulations).
PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA 11883
seek pre-authorization for motor vehicle use on such “public”
roads in the ENF.4
Although the concept of a “public road” may seem obvious,
the definition is not immediately clear. The Forest Service
urges that its 2008 Decision, which limited motor vehicle use
to certain roads, rendered all other roads within the ENF
“non-public” because those roads now fall outside the Forest
Service Manual’s definition of “public road.” The Manual
defines a “public road” as:
1. Available, except during scheduled periods,
extreme weather, or emergency conditions;
2. Passable by four-wheel standard passenger cars;
and
3. Open to the general public for use without restric-
tive gates, prohibitive signs, or regulation other than
restrictions based on size, weight, or class of regis-
tration.
The Miners accuse the Forest Service of “aggressively rede-
fining” the meaning of “public road.”
[11] We give wide deference to an agency’s reasonable
interpretation of its own regulation. “[W]here an agency inter-
prets its own regulation, even if through an informal process,
its interpretation of an ambiguous regulation is controlling
under Auer unless ‘plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the
regulation.’ ” Bassiri v. Xerox Corp., 463 F.3d 927, 930 (9th
Cir. 2006) (quoting Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461
(1997)). The Forest Service’s definition of “public roads”—
4
In their reply brief, the Miners rely on 43 U.S.C. § 932 for support.
Because the Miners did not raise this argument in their opening brief, we
do not consider it. See United States ex rel. Meyer v. Horizon Health
Corp., 565 F.3d 1195, 1199 n.1 (9th Cir. 2009).
11884 PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA
roads open to motor vehicle use by the general public—is rea-
sonable because “public” is commonly defined as “[o]pen or
available for all to use, share, or enjoy.” Black’s Law Dictio-
nary 1348 (9th ed. 2009).5 Given the many restrictions placed
on their use, the roads restricted by the 2008 Decision are no
longer public roads. The Miners’ alternative definition does
not render the Forest Service’s definition plainly erroneous or
inconsistent with the regulation.6
CONCLUSION
[12] The Miners had standing to bring this suit. Still, the
Forest Service acted within its authority when it prohibited
cross country vehicle traffic and limited motor vehicle use to
certain designated roads in the ENF. The “public roads” pro-
vision in 36 C.F.R. § 228.4(a)(1) does not create an exception
to the 2008 Decision because the roads on which motor vehi-
cles were prohibited ceased to be “public roads,” as reason-
ably defined by the Forest Service.
5
Allegations that the Forest Service will unreasonably deny requests for
pre-authorization are speculative and unripe. See Park Lake Res. Ltd. Lia-
bility Co. v. U.S. Dept. of Agr., 197 F.3d 448, 451-52 (10th Cir. 1999)
(holding that miners’ challenge to the designation of land as research natu-
ral area was unripe because, inter alia, if the miners had submitted a plan
of operations, the plan might have been approved despite the designation).
6
The Miners also argue that roads “used and maintained for National
Forest System purposes” include roads closed to motor vehicle use by the
2008 Decision because the closed roads continue to be both “used” and
“maintained” for Forest Service System purposes. See 36 C.F.R.
§ 228.4(a)(1)(i). The Forest Service, however, determines which roads to
designate for motor vehicle use based in part on whether a road needs
“maintenance and administration” and whether resources are available for
its maintenance and administration. See 36 C.F.R. § 212.55(a). As the
government argues, “it is designated roads . . . for which ‘maintenance’
must be provided.” The Forest Service’s interpretation of section
228.4(a)(1)(i)’s reference to roads “used and maintained for National For-
est System purposes” that limits it to only those roads designated for
motor vehicle use is thus not plainly erroneous or inconsistent with that
regulation.
PUBLIC LANDS FOR THE PEOPLE v. USDA 11885
AFFIRMED.