Cesar Rivera-Esquivel v. Merrick Garland

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 15 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CESAR DAVID RIVERA-ESQUIVEL, No. 15-73482
Petitioner, Agency No. A074-384-216
v.
MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted November 10, 2021**
Seattle, Washington
Before: GOULD, TALLMAN, and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Cesar David Rivera-Esquivel challenges a final removal order in
which the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) ordered him deported to Mexico.
We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition in part and
dismiss it in part for lack of jurisdiction.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
1. Rivera argues that the agency improperly applied the modified
categorical approach to his conviction under Nevada Revised Statute § 453.321
(1998) because that state statute is indivisible as to the identity of the relevant
controlled substance. But he did not raise this issue before the BIA, so it is
unexhausted and we lack jurisdiction over it. See Alvarado v. Holder, 759 F.3d
1121, 1127 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Generally, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) mandates exhaustion
and therefore bars us, for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, from reaching the merits
of a legal claim not presented in administrative proceedings below.” (cleaned up));
Abebe v. Mukasey, 554 F.3d 1203, 1208 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (clarifying that a
petitioner is “deemed to have exhausted only those issues he raised and argued in
his brief before the BIA”).
2. In the alternative, Rivera claims that § 453.321 is indivisible with
regard to its actus reus requirement so it cannot be subject to the modified
categorical approach and the agency erred in so concluding. We disagree. Several
binding Nevada Supreme Court decisions establish that § 453.321 is divisible as to
its actus reus requirement by analyzing the sale of controlled substances, of which
Rivera was convicted, as a stand-alone offense even though it is not the only act
enumerated in the statute. See Sparks v. State, 591 P.2d 268, 269 (Nev. 1979) (per
curiam); Hamilton v. State, 582 P.2d 376, 377 (Nev. 1978) (per curiam); Ward v.
Sheriff, Clark Cnty., 529 P.2d 798, 799 (Nev. 1974) (per curiam); cf. Mathis v.
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United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2256 (2016) (explaining that the divisibility question
is settled if “a state court decision definitively answers the question” in the
affirmative). The agency correctly found that Rivera’s prior conviction under
§ 453.321 is subject to the modified categorical approach and we thus deny the
petition with regard to this issue. See Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2256; Ward, 529 P.2d at
798–99. And we decline to address Rivera’s unexhausted suggestion that his
conviction record is vague as to the actus reus to which he pled guilty. See Abebe,
554 F.3d at 1208.
3. Rivera contends that the agency erroneously denied him the
opportunity to seek withholding of removal because he was not sentenced to
incarceration for violating § 453.321, so he is not guilty of a per se particularly
serious crime. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). He further maintains that the
agency improperly declined to analyze whether he poses any danger to the
community in deeming him ineligible for withholding of removal. But Rivera did
not raise these arguments before the BIA, meaning that they are unexhausted and we
lack jurisdiction to address them. See Abebe, 554 F.3d at 1208.
4. Apart from the above issues, Rivera disputes the agency’s finding that
his fear of torture in Mexico is speculative such that he is not entitled to protection
under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We disagree because substantial
evidence supports the agency’s finding on this issue.
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CAT relief is available only if an alien shows it is more likely than not that he
or she faces a particularized threat of torture at the instigation of, or with the consent
and acquiescence of, an official in the country of removal. Alphonsus v. Holder, 705
F.3d 1031, 1049 (9th Cir. 2013); Dhital v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1044, 1051 (9th Cir.
2008). And Rivera did not meet this standard. He claims that, if he is deported to
Mexico, the individual from which he sourced the cocaine that he was convicted of
selling will kill him in revenge. But the person Rivera spoke of was not tried for any
drug crimes in the United States. Rivera has not spoken to this individual or any of
his associates for at least twenty years. And Rivera’s claims that this person now
works for the cartels in Mexico is not supported by any facts in the record. Rivera
did not demonstrate that anyone is interested in his whereabouts or has any desire to
harm him in the future, much less that the Mexican government would acquiesce to
this speculative torture. We deny Rivera’s petition with regard to CAT protection
for these reasons. See Lopez-Cardona v. Holder, 662 F.3d 1110, 1113–14 (9th Cir.
2011).
The petition for review is denied as to the divisibility of § 453.321 with regard
to its actus reus requirement and as to CAT relief. The petition is otherwise
dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
DENIED IN PART AND DISMISSED IN PART.
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