United States v. Lewis

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION SEP 30 2011
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 05-10692
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. CR-04-00217-MJJ
v.
MEMORANDUM *
BEAU LEE LEWIS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
Martin J. Jenkins, District Judge, Presiding
Argued August 14, 2007
Submitted September 29, 2011
San Francisco, California
Before: O’SCANNLAIN, HAWKINS, and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges.
In United States v. Lewis, 518 F.3d 1171 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Lewis II”), we
reversed and remanded to the district court the question of whether the original
indictment against Lewis should have been dismissed without prejudice. We
directed the district court to consider all periods of pre-trial delay leading up to
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Lewis’s first trial to determine whether there was a Speedy Trial Act (STA), 18
U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2), violation that required dismissal of the indictment with
prejudice, which would have precluded Lewis’s second trial and this appeal. We
did so principally because we determined that the district court misconstrued our
remand order in Lewis’s appeal from his first trial, United States v. Lewis, 349 F.3d
1116 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Lewis I”). We expressly retained jurisdiction over Lewis’s
non-STA claims of error and address them now.1
1. The district court did not err in instructing the jury on the law of
entrapment. Lewis argues that the last sentence of the instruction, instructing the
jury that it “may find that there was entrapment as to some of the acts but no
entrapment as to other of the acts” with which he was charged was in error.
That error, Lewis speculates, allowed the jury to reach what he believes is the
untenable conclusion that Lewis had been entrapped during the smuggling of the
first FedEx package but not during the later five packages. Entrapment has two
distinct elements: “government inducement of the crime and the absence of
predisposition on the part of the defendant.” United States v. Sandoval-Mendoza,
472 F.3d 645, 648 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). If either element is absent,
1
In the meantime, the district court calculated the entirety of the pre-trial
delay before the first trial and determined that dismissal of the indictment without
prejudice was proper. Lewis appealed that decision, and a different three-judge
panel of our court affirmed. United States v. Lewis, 611 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2010)
(“Lewis III”).
the defense of entrapment is not available. However, there is nothing in our case
law supporting the proposition that an initial entrapment necessarily demonstrates
that both elements are proved for all future crimes. A jury may determine that an
initial entrapment carries over to subsequent acts. Sherman v. United States, 356
U.S. 369, 374 (1958). Alternatively, a jury may well find, as it apparently did here,
that the government did not induce the defendant to commit some of the criminal
acts with which he was charged. The district court’s instructions encompassed
both scenarios, accurately guided the jury’s deliberation and correctly instructed
the jury on the law of entrapment. See United States v. Kessi, 868 F.2d 1097, 1101
(9th Cir. 1989) (citations omitted).
2. The district court properly denied Lewis’s Rule 29 motion for judgment
of acquittal. This motion was based on supposed inconsistencies in the jury
verdicts on the question of entrapment and the argument that he was entrapped as a
matter of law.
There is no evidence that Lewis’s verdict forms are inconsistent on the
matter of entrapment. The jury did not make findings regarding entrapment where
it found Lewis not guilty. Indeed, only for the counts where the jury found Lewis
guilty did it make a specific finding that he was not entrapped. Logical inferences
that Lewis may draw from these findings are not permitted to be used against the
guilty verdicts. United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65 (1984) (“It is equally
possible that the jury, convinced of guilt, properly reached its conclusion [on the
guilty verdict] and then through mistake, compromise, or lenity, arrived at an
inconsistent conclusion.”).
The court did not err by rejecting Lewis’s argument that he was entrapped as
a matter of law. To demonstrate entrapment as a matter of law, Lewis must “point
to undisputed evidence making it patently clear that an otherwise innocent person
was induced to commit the illegal act by trickery, persuasion, or fraud of a
government agent.” Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d at 649. The government
strongly contested that Lewis was induced to commit the criminal acts in question.
It even presented evidence that Lewis engaged in smuggling activities that took
place without the knowledge of the undercover government agent. The jury had
the opportunity to listen to and assess numerous recorded conversations between
the government agent and Lewis. Whether Lewis was entrapped was a question
properly entrusted to the jury.
3. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it struck a prospective
juror for cause after the juror recounted an experience which he considered to be
his own case of entrapment. The juror told the district court judge that the issues
of entrapment “spark[ed] a memory clearly” of when the juror had been arrested
for marijuana possession. The court then questioned the juror, observing his
demeanor and conduct. During the juror’s explanation of his entrapment episode,
the judge had to ask him to “keep your voice down just a little bit.” The district
court judge’s physical position was well suited to observe the juror’s demeanor and
thereby assess the juror’s ability to remain impartial. The judge determined that
the juror’s statements were marked by an “emotional fervor” that rendered him
biased in fact. United States v. Gonzales, 214 F.3d 1109, 1111-12 (9th Cir. 2000)
(“Because determinations of impartiality may be based in large part upon
demeanor, [we] typically accord[] deference to the district court’s determinations,
and review[] a court’s findings regarding actual juror bias ‘for manifest error’ or
abuse of discretion.”) (citation omitted).
4. The district court did not plainly err in admitting stipulations from the
first trial into evidence. A stipulation entered into prior to a trial remains binding
during subsequent proceedings between the parties. Bail Bonds by Marvin Nelson,
Inc. v. Commissioner, 820 F.2d 1543, 1547-48 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding that a
stipulation entered prior to the first trial of a case applies to the de novo retrial of
that case) (citing United States v. Boothman, 654 F.2d 700, 703 (10th Cir. 1981),
and United States v. Marino, 617 F.2d 76, 82 (5th Cir. 1980)). The authority cited
by Lewis is inapposite, as the cases he cites involve proceedings where the second
trial lacked a mutuality of the parties. Here, the second trial involved the same
plaintiff and defendant, related events, occurrences, transactions, property, and
questions of law and fact.
We recognize that, as with the interpretation of contracts, “we must interpret
[stipulations] so as to carry out the intention of the parties.” United States v. Petty,
80 F.3d 1384, 1387 (9th Cir. 1996). Interpretation of stipulations, to determine
whether the district court properly effectuated the intent of the parties, is an issue
of law reviewed de novo. United States v. Lawton, 193 F.3d 1087, 1094 (9th Cir.
1999). We find no basis in the stipulations to suggest that they were limited to use
in the first trial. Thus, in the absence of direct authority or clearer intent in the
stipulations, we do not find that the district court plainly erred in admitting the
stipulations in the second trial.
5. Because we do not find that there was any trial error, we do not reach the
question of cumulative error.
6. The district court did not commit procedural error in calculating Lewis’s
sentence. We review the sentence imposed by the district court for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 993 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc); see
also Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). We will reverse the sentence
only where it was procedurally erroneous or substantively unreasonable. Carty,
520 F.3d at 993. “It would be procedural error for the district court to fail to
calculate – or to calculate incorrectly – the Guidelines range . . . .” Id. (citing Gall,
552 U.S. at 51).
The district court was not required by United States v. Scheele, 231 F.3d 492(9th Cir. 2000), to consider the margin of error in calculating the market value of
the imported wildlife. The district court correctly concluded that Scheele did not
apply where the court relied on “pretty good evidence of market value” and “a far
more substantive methodology” than used in Scheele. Thus, the district court did
not commit procedural error in determining that the contraband had a value of
$70,850 and assessing a six-level increase to Lewis’s offense level.
AFFIRMED.