United States v. Clayton Roueche

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION OCT 28 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 09-30441
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:07-cr-00344-RSL-1
v.
MEMORANDUM *
CLAYTON ROUECHE,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Washington
Robert S. Lasnik, District Judge, Presiding
Argued & Submitted October 8, 2010
Seattle, Washington
Before: THOMAS and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and COLLINS, District
Judge.**
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as
provided by Ninth Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the District of
Arizona, sitting by designation.
1
Defendant-Appellant Clayton Roueche appeals from his sentence following
a guilty plea to conspiracy to export cocaine, conspiracy to import marijuana, and
conspiracy to engage in money laundering. The District Court for the Western
District of Washington, Judge Robert S. Lasnik presiding, sentenced Roueche to a
total term of 360 months. The parties are presumed to be familiar with the
remaining facts, and we do not recount them here except as necessary to explain
our decision. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and reverse and
remand for resentencing in accordance with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
32(i)(3).
There are three issues on appeal: (1) whether resentencing is required under
Rule 32(i)(3) because the district court did not make findings regarding or disavow
reliance on disputed facts; (2) whether resentencing is required because the district
court abused its discretion in refusing to rule on whether it would consider the
declarations of Daniel LeClerc and Kenneth Davis; and (3) whether the district
court improperly considered crimes committed outside the United States in
fashioning its sentence.
I. The District Court’s Compliance with Rule 32(i)(3)
We review de novo whether a district court complied with Federal Rule of
Criminal Procedure 32. United States v. Herrera-Rojas, 243 F.3d 1139, 1142 (9th
2
Cir. 2001); United States v. Tam, 240 F.3d 797, 803 (9th Cir. 2001).
Strict compliance with Rule 32 is required. United States v. Saeteurn, 504
F.3d 1175, 1178 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Garfield, 987 F.2d 1424,
1428 (9th Cir. 1993) (internal citations omitted)). When a district court fails to
make the findings required under the rule, remand for resentencing is required.
Garfield, 987 F.2d at 1428. If the district court chooses not to rely on the disputed
facts, it does not need to resolve the dispute, but it must make its disavowal express
on the record. See United States v. Carter, 219 F.3d 863, 867 (9th Cir. 2000).
Not all objections will trigger the court’s obligations under Rule 32. First,
the objection must relate to facts that would tend to affect the length of the
sentence imposed. Saeteurn, 504 F.3d at 1179-80. Second, a defendant must make
a specific factual objection. United States v. Stoterau, 524 F.3d 988, 1011 (9th Cir.
2008). A specific factual objection is one that points out factual inaccuracies, not
just recommendations, opinions, or conclusions. Carter, 219 F.3d at 867; United
States v. Lindholm, 24 F.3d 1078, 1085 n.7 (9th Cir. 1994).
The district court here was not required to address most of Roueche’s
objections because they were not factual, specific, or related to the length of his
sentence. However, the district court was required to resolve Roueche’s objections
to parts of the LeClerc declaration and his objections concerning a wiretapped
3
conversation. Specifically, the district court was required to resolve Roueche’s
objections to LeClerc’s claim that he was pressured, intimidated, or threatened into
working for the UN Gang by Roueche, and LeClerc’s claim that Roueche
supervised him. The district court was also required to resolve Roueche’s
objection to the government’s characterization of a conversation he had regarding
an extortion scheme that was captured on wiretap.
Roueche’s objections to LeClerc’s declaration and to the wiretapped
conversation were factual and specific. Roueche challenged the accuracy of
specific facts and provided an alternate version or interpretation. These objections
were also relevant to the length of the sentence imposed since they bore directly on
his history and characteristics, which the court was required to consider under 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1).
At sentencing, the district court failed to make findings regarding LeClerc’s
declaration and wiretap conversations. Specifically, it refused to strike LeClerc’s
declaration but also assured the parties that it did not believe everything put forth
in the declaration. It also refused to rule on which version of the wiretap
conversation it accepted while affirmatively stating it would consider Roueche’s
wiretap conversations. Since we are “left guessing whether the district court
recognized, contemplated, and resolved the . . . objection[s],” remand for
4
resentencing is required. United States v. Houston, 217 F.3d 1204, 1209 (9th Cir.
2000).
II. Use of the LeClerc and Davis Declarations at Sentencing
We review for abuse of discretion determinations regarding the reliability of
evidence for the purposes of sentencing. United States v. Felix, 561 F.3d 1036,
1040 (9th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S.Ct. 256 (2009); United States v.
Alvarado-Martinez, 556 F.3d 732, 735 (9th Cir. 2009). Failure to exercise
discretion can constitute an abuse of discretion. Caudle v. Bristow Optical Co.,
Inc., 224 F.3d 1014, 1027 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Miller v. Hambrick, 905 F.2d
259, 262 (9th Cir. 1990)).
A district court has wide latitude in the evidence it can consider at
sentencing. It may consider information that would not be admissible at trial so
long as it “has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.”
U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a).; Felix, 561 F.3d at 1042. However, it must make clear what
it is considering and what it is not. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.
The district court here abused its discretion when it refused to rule on
Roueche’s objections to the declarations of LeClerc and Davis while at the same
time noting that portions of the declarations were unreliable. The court was
obligated to make findings as to which portions it would consider, and its failure to
5
do so was an abuse of discretion.
III. Use of Crimes Committed Outside the United States at Sentencing
We review the district court’s consideration of Roueche’s actions in Canada
de novo as a legal interpretation of sentencing guidelines. United States v. Azeem,
946 F.2d 13, 15 (2d Cir. 1991).
A district court’s consideration of a defendant’s foreign actions does not
violate the presumption against extraterritorial application of American laws,
because it is not an extraterritorial application of American laws. While there is no
case law directly on point, it is helpful to note that Black’s Law Dictionary defines
“extraterritorial jurisdiction” as “a court’s ability to exercise power beyond its
territorial limits.” Black’s Law Dictionary 929 (9th ed. 2009). Under this
definition, a court must reach beyond its territorial limits to exercise power over a
case or issue that it could not otherwise reach.
The district court here did not reach out beyond its territorial limits to hold
Roueche criminally liable for his actions in Canada by convicting him on charges
stemming from his behavior in Canada. While it is unclear to what extent the
district court did consider non-charged actions that occurred in Canada, it is also
clear that these actions were not used in setting the base offense level or to enhance
the sentencing range in any way. If the district court considered Roueche’s actions
6
in Canada in forming the sentence it imposed, it was merely using that information
to create a more detailed picture of Roueche in order to impose the most
appropriate sentence. This is permissible under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1).
IV. Conclusion
Remand for resentencing is required in this case so that the district court can
comply with the requirements of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 and make
clear what information forms the basis of Roueche’s sentence. The district court
shall identify and rule on all specific factual objections that relate to the length of
Roueche’s sentence or make express its disavowal of the information.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Page -7-