Isaac Mullins v. Charles L. Ryan

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
MAR 09 2017
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ISAAC JOHN MULLINS, No. 08-17208
Petitioner - Appellant, D.C. No. 2:06-CV-1148-PHX-
NVW
v.
CHARLES L. RYAN, Director of the MEMORANDUM*
Arizona Department of Corrections, et al.,
Respondents - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Neil V. Wake, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 15, 2016
San Francisco, California
Before: GOULD and BERZON, Circuit Judges, and TUNHEIM, Chief District
Judge.**
Petitioner Isaac Mullins (“Mullins”) challenges his aggravated sentences for
attempted murder and first-degree assault, arguing that he was sentenced in
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The Honorable John R. Tunheim, Chief United States District Judge for
the District of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
violation of the Sixth Amendment as interpreted in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S.
296 (2004), and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. We affirm the district court’s
denial of habeas relief.1
I
Mullins argues his sentencing violated the Sixth Amendment because no jury
determined any aggravating factor beyond a reasonable doubt. We hold that the
district court erred when it held that the factual basis for Mullins’s plea amounted to
an admission to one or more aggravating factors. Similarly, Mullins did not waive
his Blakely rights by virtue of his guilty plea. State v. Brown, 129 P.3d 947, 952–53
(Ariz. 2006) (en banc). Since Mullins received an aggravated sentence without a
jury finding of any aggravating factor beyond a reasonable doubt, we hold that
Mullins’s sentencing was conducted in a manner contrary to federal law as clearly
established in Blakely. 542 U.S. at 305; see § 2254(d).
Under Arizona law, only one aggravating factor was necessary to expose
Mullins to the maximum aggravated sentence for each count, State v. Martinez, 115
P.3d 618, 624 (Ariz. 2005) (en banc); thus, any Blakely error is harmless if a jury
1
We decline to consider Mullins’s uncertified procedural default claim.
2
would have found at least one aggravator per count. Butler v. Curry, 528 F.3d 624,
648 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993)).
The sentencing judge found that Mullins laid in wait for his victim – an
aggravating factor underlying both the attempted murder and the burglary. Mullins
did not dispute the evidence presented at his sentencing hearing that he laid in wait
prior to the burglary and again prior to attacking the victim,2 and that evidence was
overwhelming. See Butler, 528 F.3d at 648 n.16 (recognizing that Blakely error
may be harmless when, “without regard to any admission by the defendant,” there is
“overwhelming” evidence of an aggravating circumstance); see also United States
v. Guerrero-Jasso, 752 F.3d 1186, 1204 (9th Cir. 2014) (Berzon, J., concurring)
(“[H]armless-error review in Apprendi cases must respect the principle that a court
may not itself make a finding as to a disputed fact . . . .” (emphasis added)). There
is little doubt that “a jury would have found the relevant aggravating factor[ that
Mullins laid in wait] beyond a reasonable doubt.” Butler, 528 F.3d at 648.
Therefore, this Blakely error had no “substantial and injurious effect” on Mullins’s
sentence. Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637–38.
2
“Although we do not consider new admissions made at sentencing in our
harmless error inquiry, we do consider sentencing proceedings insofar as they
would help us adduce what other evidence might have been produced [by a
defendant] at trial, had the question been properly put before the jury.” United
States v. Salazar-Lopez, 506 F.3d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).
3
II
Mullins also argues that the determination under Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-702(D)
(2001) that mitigating factors are not “sufficiently substantial to call for” a sentence
at or below the presumptive term is “legally essential” before an aggravating
sentence may be imposed, and therefore this determination is subject to the
requirements of Blakely. Mullins thus asserts that it was error for the judge rather
than the jury to consider the mitigating factors and that the error was not harmless.
He does not supply any Arizona precedent supporting his reading of § 13-702(D).
Mullins made no mention of this supposed Blakely violation in his Arizona
postconviction relief proceedings. Thus, the state court was never given a “fair
opportunity” to address Mullins’s second Blakely claim. Weaver v. Thompson, 197
F.3d 359, 364 (9th Cir. 1999) (“The state courts have [not] been given a sufficient
opportunity to hear an issue when the petitioner has [not] presented the state court
with the issue’s factual and legal basis.”). Therefore, this Court will not consider
Mullins’s second Blakely claim because either it is unexhausted or it is subject to an
implied procedural bar, and Mullins has not shown that any procedural default
exception applies. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c); Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.2(a) (“A
defendant shall be precluded from [postconviction] relief . . . based upon any
ground . . . (3) [t]hat has been waived at trial, on appeal, or in any previous
4
collateral proceeding.”); see also Hurles v. Ryan, 752 F.3d 768, 779–80 (9th Cir.
2014) (explaining implied procedural bar doctrine and exceptions and holding that
“Arizona’s waiver rules are independent and adequate bases for denying relief”).
AFFIRMED.
5