Aam v. Xavier Becerra

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
JUL 24 2020
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ASSOCIATION FOR ACCESSIBLE No. 20-15014
MEDICINES,
D.C. No.
Plaintiff-Appellant, 2:19-cv-02281-TLN-DB
v.
MEMORANDUM*
XAVIER BECERRA, in his Official
Capacity as Attorney General of the State
of California,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of California
Troy L. Nunley, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 16, 2020
San Francisco, California
Before: IKUTA and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and TAGLE,** District Judge.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Hilda G. Tagle, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
In this interlocutory appeal, Association for Accessible Medicine (AAM)
challenges the denial of its motion for a preliminary injunction against the
enforcement of California Assembly Bill 824 (AB 824).
Although the district court analyzed the complaint in terms of ripeness,
“[t]he doctrines of standing and ripeness ‘originate’ from the same Article III
limitation” and “boil down to the same question.” Susan B. Anthony List v.
Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149, 157 n.5 (2014) (citation omitted); see also Coons v. Lew,
762 F.3d 891, 897 (9th Cir. 2014). We therefore analyze the Article III
requirements in terms of standing here.
To establish standing, “[t]he plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in
fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3)
that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v.
Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). The injury in fact must be “concrete,
particularized, and actual or imminent.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S.
398, 409 (2013) (citation omitted). Plaintiffs suffer an injury in fact if they incur
economic harm in complying with a statute. See Mont. Shooting Sports Ass’n v.
Holder, 727 F.3d 975, 979–81 (9th Cir. 2013); Nat’l Audubon Soc’y, Inc. v. Davis,
307 F.3d 835, 855–56 (9th Cir. 2002). When plaintiffs allege a future injury, the
injury must be “certainly impending,” or there must be “a ‘substantial risk’ that the
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harm will occur,” to satisfy the requirements of standing. Clapper, 568 U.S. at
410, 414 n.5 (citation omitted). Where the future injury alleged is the enforcement
of an allegedly unconstitutional statute, “a plaintiff satisfies the injury-in-fact
requirement where he alleges ‘an intention to engage in a course of conduct
arguably affected with a constitutional interest, but proscribed by a statute, and
there exists a credible threat of prosecution thereunder.’” Susan B. Anthony List,
573 U.S. at 159 (quoting Babbitt v. Farm Workers, 442 U.S. 289, 298 (1979)).
“The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing
standing.” Id. at 158 (citation omitted). “[E]ach element must be supported in the
same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e.,
with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the
litigation.” Id. (quoting Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)).
“Therefore, at the preliminary injunction stage, a plaintiff must make a ‘clear
showing’ of his injury in fact.” Lopez v. Candaele, 630 F.3d 775, 785 (9th Cir.
2010) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008)).
AAM has not shown that there is a “substantial risk” that AB 824 will cause
any of its members to suffer injury that is concrete, particularized, and imminent.
Clapper, 568 U.S. at 414 n.5.
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First, to the extent that AB 824 chills or prohibits “pay for delay” settlement
agreements,1 none of the declarations that AAM members have submitted in
support of AAM’s motion for preliminary injunction allege “an intention to engage
in a course of conduct arguably affected with a constitutional interest,” Susan B.
Anthony List, 573 U.S. at 159 (citation omitted), i.e., an intention to engage in such
a settlement. At most, AAM’s members state that they are engaged in patent-
infringement lawsuits involving pharmaceutical products and that they historically
have settled such lawsuits, but they do not allege that they intend to enter into
settlement agreements of the sort prohibited by AB 824. Thus, AAM has not
established standing based on a threat of imminent or “certainly impending”
prosecution. Clapper, 568 U.S. at 410.
Second, AAM members have not established that they have incurred
economic injury due to complying with AB 824, i.e., by foregoing pay for delay
settlements or litigating patent-infringement suits to judgment. Rather, the
1
Specifically, AB 824 provides that “an agreement resolving or settling, on
a final or interim basis, a patent infringement claim, in connection with the sale of
a pharmaceutical product, shall be presumed to have anticompetitive effects and
shall be a violation of this section” if (1) “[a] nonreference drug filer receives
anything of value from another company asserting patent infringement” and
(2) “[t]he nonreference drug filer agrees to limit or forego research, development,
manufacturing, marketing, or sales of the nonreference drug filer’s product for any
period of time.” 2019 Cal. Legis. Serv. Ch. 531 (West) (codified at Cal. Health &
Safety Code § 134002(a)(1)).
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members state that they “likely would expect to be forced to litigate every pending
patent-infringement lawsuit to judgment,” or that they “likely will stay [their] hand
on many products and simply stay off the market until the relevant patents all
expire.” These declarations allege only “possible future injury” and do not
establish a substantial risk of harm. Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409 (citation omitted).
Because AAM has not demonstrated that its members have an Article III
injury in fact, we conclude that AAM lacks associational standing to bring claims
on its members’ behalf. See Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S.
333, 342 (1977). We vacate the district court’s order and remand with instructions
to dismiss without prejudice.
VACATED AND REMANDED with instructions.2
2
Costs are awarded to appellee.
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