Gregory Mullally v. Jackie Gordon

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
DEC 19 2016
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
GREGORY F. MULLALLY, No. 13-55152
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.
5:07-cv-01626-VAP-DTB
v.
JACKIE GORDON, individually and as MEMORANDUM*
General Manager of the Havasu Landing
Casino; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Virginia A. Phillips, Chief Judge, Presiding
Submitted December 15, 2016**
San Francisco, California
Before: CLIFTON, N.R. SMITH, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Gregory Mullally, a former manager of the Havasu Landing Casino
(“Casino”),1 appeals (1) the district court’s order granting Defendants’ motion to
dismiss Mullally’s defamation and conversion claims; (2) the district court’s order
granting Defendants’ motion to dismiss Mullally’s intentional misrepresentation
and promissory fraud claims; and (3) the district court’s order granting summary
judgment as to Mullally’s intentional interference claim. We affirm.
1. Under principles of comity, “federal courts should recognize and enforce
tribal judgments” unless “(1) the tribal court did not have both personal and subject
matter jurisdiction; or (2) the defendant was not afforded due process of law.”
Wilson v. Marchington, 127 F.3d 805, 810 (9th Cir. 1997). Here, the Tribe’s tribal
court (the “Tribal Court”) entered judgment on Mullally’s defamation and
conversion claims.2
1
The Casino is owned and operated by the Chemehuevi Indian Tribe (the
“Tribe”).
2
Mullally also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to amend
his complaint to add claims of defamation and conversion against Lester Marston,
the Tribe’s attorney. The district court found that Mullally had not raised or
exhausted his claims of defamation and conversion against Marston in the Tribal
Court action. Mullally appears to argue that Marston was not a tribal employee or
official, and thus the Tribal Court would not have jurisdiction over Mullally’s
claims against Marston. However, the Tribe has defined a “Tribal Official” as “a
person who has been appointed by the Chemehuevi Tribal Council to hold an
office with the Tribe.” And under the Chemehuevi Administrative Code, the
Tribe’s Tribal Attorney is specifically identified as a tribal official.
2
The district court did not err by recognizing the Tribal Court’s judgment
under principles of comity. First, the Tribal Court had both personal and subject
matter jurisdiction over Mullally’s defamation and conversion claims. Personal
jurisdiction is not in dispute—Mullally brought his claims to the Tribal Court and
thus voluntarily subjected himself to the personal jurisdiction of the Tribal Court.
See Smith v. Salish Kootenai Coll., 434 F.3d 1127, 1137-38 (9th Cir. 2006) (en
banc). The Tribal Court also had subject matter jurisdiction over Mullally’s
defamation and conversion claims. A tribal ordinance specifies that the Tribal
Court has subject matter jurisdiction “over all matters in law or in equity which the
Tribal Council expressly authorizes by ordinance.” On March 29, 2008, the Tribal
Council passed two separate ordinances authorizing the Tribal Court to hear
actions for conversion, and actions for defamation. Mullally filed his complaint
with the Tribal Court nearly one year later on March 27, 2009. Therefore, at the
time Mullally presented his defamation and conversion claims to the Tribal Court,
the Tribal Court had subject matter jurisdiction over such claims.3
Second, Mullally was afforded due process by the Tribal Court. Mullally
contends that he was not afforded due process, because (1) Marston dominated the
3
Appellees’ motion for an order directing Appellees to file a motion to strike
or, in the alternative, to file a supplemental brief is DENIED as moot.
3
process in Tribal Court, and (2) Mullally was unable to appeal his judgment from
the Tribal Court. Neither contention has merit. As the district court reasoned,
“[Mullally’s] allegations are largely unsupported by the evidence in the record.”
Further, although the Tribe does not have a court of appeals, Mullally was able to
separately present his claims to both the Tribal Council and the Tribal Court.
Mullally’s claims were thus reviewed by two separate Tribal bodies. Cf.
Marchington, 127 F.3d at 811 (concluding that evidence that a party lacked “access
to appeal or review” would “support a conclusion that the legal system was one
whose judgments are not entitled to recognition” (emphasis added) (quoting
Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law § 482 cmt. b (1987))).
2. Under California law, intentional misrepresentation claims and promissory
fraud claims both require a showing of actual reliance by the plaintiff. See
Alliance Mortg. Co. v. Rothwell, 900 P.2d 601, 608 (Cal. 1995) (in bank); Agosta
v. Astor, 15 Cal. Rptr. 3d 565, 569–70 (Cal. Ct. App. 2004). Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 9(b) imposes a heightened pleading standard where a complaint alleges
fraud.
The district court did not err by dismissing Mullally’s intentional
misrepresentation and promissory fraud claims. Mullally’s claims stem from the
Casino’s alleged misrepresentations that Mullally was covered by the Family and
4
Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”).4 However, Mullally has not explained in his
pleadings how he relied on the alleged misrepresentations. The misrepresentations
allegedly occurred after Mullally had already accepted a position with the Casino.
As the district court explained, “[Mullally] makes no allegation that Defendants
promised [Mullally] FMLA benefits before he accepted employment with the
Casino, nor does he allege that he would have chosen to reject the offer of
employment with the Casino had he known the truth about the FMLA leave.”
3. Under California law, Mullally must show five elements to state a cause of
action for intentional interference with contractual relations: “(1) a valid contract
between [Mullally] and a third party; (2) defendant[s’] knowledge of this contract;
(3) defendant[s’] intentional acts designed to induce a breach or disruption of the
contractual relationship; (4) actual breach or disruption of the contractual
relationship; and (5) resulting damage.” Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Bear Stearns &
Co., 791 P.2d 587, 589–90 (Cal. 1990) (in bank).
The district court did not err by granting summary judgment on Mullally’s
intentional interference claim. Mullally alleges that certain Casino employees
4
Mullally does not allege that he was actually covered by the FMLA, or that
the Casino breached any agreement with him when it refused to provide him with
FMLA leave. Instead, Mullally’s claims are based on a theory of fraud—Casino
employees either intentionally misrepresented to or fraudulently promised Mullally
that he was covered by the FMLA.
5
interfered with two insurance claims that he filed with Colonial Life and Accident
Insurance Company. First, on November 7, 2007, Mullally filed a claim with
Colonial for disability benefits for mood disorder arising from stress. Colonial
denied Mullally’s claim, because his condition was not covered by his policy. In
relation to this first claim, Mullally fails to evidence any actions by defendants
designed to disrupt his contractual relationship with Colonial, any actual breach or
disruption of this contractual relationship, or any resulting damage.
Mullally later filed a claim with Colonial based on a knee replacement
operation. Immediately after being contacted by Colonial, the Casino’s HR
director provided Colonial with the employer information necessary for the claim
form. Further, Colonial awarded Mullally benefits arising from his knee operation.
Once again, in relation to the second claim, Mullally fails to evidence any actions
by defendants designed to disrupt his contractual relationship with Colonial, any
actual breach or disruption of this contractual relationship, or any resulting
damage.
AFFIRMED.
6