David Heath v. Jean Hill

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION SEP 17 2010
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DAVID MCDONALD HEATH, No. 10-35262
Petitioner - Appellee, D.C. No. 6:07-cv-00669-TC
v.
MEMORANDUM *
JEAN HILL,
Respondent - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Oregon
Ann L. Aiken, Chief Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 2, 2010
Seattle, Washington
Before: CANBY, NOONAN and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
Jean Hill, Superintendent of the Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution,
appeals the district court’s grant of a writ of habeas corpus to David McDonald
Heath. Heath was convicted by an Oregon state jury on several counts stemming
from two home invasion robberies. Heath was sentenced to over twenty years in
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
prison, all but twenty-seven months of which were attributable to the convictions
for the second robbery, which are the subjects of this appeal. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, and we affirm.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of habeas relief to Heath, and
“[w]e may affirm the district court’s decision on any ground supported by the
record, even if it differs from the district court’s rationale.” Lambert v. Blodgett,
393 F.3d 943, 965 (9th Cir. 2004). Because the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) governs Heath’s claim, the writ may be granted only if
“the state court adjudication of the merits of a claim ‘(1) resulted in a decision that
was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2)
resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts
in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.’” Dows v. Wood,
211 F.3d 480, 484 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). If, after applying
AEDPA’s highly deferential standard of review, we conclude that the state court’s
decision was contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of clearly
established federal law, we review Heath’s claims de novo. Frantz v. Hazey, 533
F.3d 724, 737 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc).
To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, Heath must show both that
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counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient and that he was prejudiced by
that deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
And, because Strickland’s is a general standard, a state court has even more
latitude to reasonably determine that a defendant has not satisfied the standard.
Knowles v. Mirzayance, 129 S. Ct. 1411, 1420 (2009). Nonetheless, “even a
general standard may be applied in an unreasonable manner,” and “AEDPA does
not ‘require state and federal courts to wait for some nearly identical factual pattern
before a legal rule must be applied.’” Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930, 953
(2007) (quoting Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 80 (2006) (Kennedy, J.,
concurring in judgment)). Cognizant of the “doubly deferential” standard of
review, Knowles, 129 S. Ct. at 1420, we hold that the state court unreasonably
applied Strickland in concluding that Heath’s trial counsel was constitutionally
effective, despite his failure to move to suppress the identification testimony of
victim Robert Cameron.1
1
Because we conclude that the failure to move to suppress Cameron’s
identification testimony was a “‘single, serious error[’]” constituting ineffective
assistance of counsel, Moore v. Czerniak, 574 F.3d 1092, 1101 (9th Cir. 2009),
cert. granted sub nom. Belleque v. Moore, 130 S. Ct. 1882 (2010) (quoting
Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 383 (1986)), we do not reach the question
whether, as the district court held, the state court unreasonably applied
Strickland in resolving several other alleged shortcomings in counsel’s
representation of Heath.
3
In an affidavit introduced at Heath’s state post-conviction hearing, Heath’s
trial counsel indicated that, while the “identity of the male robber was the key issue
for the jury to decide,” he did not move to suppress Cameron’s identification
testimony because he had “no legal basis” to do so. Counsel explained that
“[t]here was no evidence to prove that the detectives used impermissibly
suggestive techniques when presenting the photo throwdowns to the victims.” We
agree with the district court that “counsel had ample reason and legal basis to seek
suppression of [] Cameron’s identification of [Heath] and that competent counsel
would have done so.”
First, the state court unreasonably concluded that, in light of the totality of
the circumstances, the identification procedures were not impermissibly
suggestive. See Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 383 (1968). Cameron
testified that he believed that the detective wanted him to pick “the guy” from the
final photo array, even if he was not told which image to select. Correspondingly,
the record contains no indication that Cameron was admonished either orally or in
writing that he was not required to select an individual from that array. The state
also was unable to provide any documentation that the detective who showed
Cameron the final array had been trained in non-suggestive procedures. This
detective was convinced from the outset that Heath was the male perpetrator; he
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showed Cameron the final array even after Cameron told him that he had not been
able to get a good look at the perpetrator; and he already had shown Cameron two
other images of Heath in prior arrays from which Cameron failed to make an
identification. See United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 235 (1967) (discussing
the danger that when “the police themselves have, in a given case, little or no doubt
that the man put up for identification has committed the offense , . . . this
persuasion may communicate itself even in a doubtful case to the witness in some
way” (citation omitted)); see also Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 116 (1977)
(noting the potential “coercive pressure to make an identification arising from the
presence of another”).
Moreover, prior to making the identification, Cameron testified before the
grand jury that indicted Heath, so he reasonably could have assumed that the
indicted individual was in the post-indictment array. Cf. Simmons, 390 U.S. at 383(“The chance of misidentification is . . . heightened if the police indicate to the
witness that they have other evidence that one of the persons pictured committed
the crime.”). And because Heath already had been indicted and was in custody, the
final photo array was unnecessary: the detective could have arranged a line-up
instead, where Heath would have been entitled to the presence of counsel, Wade,
388 U.S. at 236-37, and which “is normally more accurate” than a photo
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identification in any event, Simmons, 390 U.S. at 386 n.6.
The state court did not reach the question of whether the suggestive
identification procedure nonetheless was reliable, see Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S.
188, 199-200 (1972), so we review that question de novo. See, e.g., Wiggins v.
Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003) (reviewing prejudice de novo where state court
did not reach that prong of the Strickland analysis); Lewis v. Mayle, 391 F.3d 989,
996 (9th Cir. 2004) (reviewing de novo whether petitioner waived an alleged
conflict of interest where the state court resolved the claim entirely on the merits).
We conclude that, “under all the circumstances of this case[,] there is ‘a very
substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.’” Manson, 432 U.S. at 116(quoting Simmons, 390 U.S. at 383).
Although the robbers were in Cameron’s trailer for an extended period of
time, Cameron’s opportunity to view the male perpetrator and his degree of
attention during the robbery were both low: he acknowledged that he “couldn’t get
a good look at the suspect’s face, and then his eyes swelled shut.” Further, while
Cameron’s description of the male perpetrator matched Heath’s characteristics in
some respects, Heath’s hair was longer than that described by Cameron.
Moreover, approximately five months passed between the robbery and Cameron’s
identification, and Cameron’s trial testimony casts significant doubt on his ability
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to recall the appearance of the male robber after such a delay. Portions of his
testimony were at odds with statements he gave to the police in the days following
the robbery, and Cameron had difficulty remembering that he had made such
statements.
The only factor weighing in favor of a finding of reliability were Cameron’s
statements that he was certain that he had selected the correct individual. The
value of these statements, however, is undermined both by Cameron’s previous
statement that he did not get a good look at the culprit, as well as the fact that
Cameron made the identification and these statements only after viewing the array
“for some time.” Considering the totality of the circumstances, the reliability of
Cameron’s identification was far inferior to the identifications upheld by the
Supreme Court in Manson, 432 U.S. at 114-16, and Biggers, 409 U.S. at 382-83,
and did not in this case “outweigh[] . . . the corrupting effect of the challenged
identification itself.” Manson, 432 U.S. at 116.
Therefore, counsel’s conclusion that he had “no legal basis” to move to
suppress Cameron’s identification testimony was unreasonable. Further, counsel
advanced no strategic reason for not moving to suppress Cameron’s identifications
of Heath, and no such strategic reason is apparent to us. See Kimmelman v.
Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 385 (1986); Moore v. Czerniak, 574 F.3d 1092, 1107 n.17
7
(9th Cir. 2009), cert. granted sub nom. Belleque v. Moore, 130 S. Ct. 1882 (2010)
(“Although a strategic reason may not be necessary for failing to make a motion
that has no merit, it is certainly necessary when counsel fails to make a meritorious
motion.”). Because the identification of the male culprit in the second robbery was
the primary issue at Heath’s trial, we hold that counsel was deficient under
Strickland’s first prong in failing to move to suppress Cameron’s identification
testimony. The state court unreasonably applied Strickland in concluding
otherwise.
The state court also unreasonably concluded that Heath was not prejudiced
by counsel’s failure to move to suppress the identifications. For the same reasons
highlighted above, a motion to suppress Cameron’s identification testimony would
have succeeded, had it been filed. See Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 382. Further,
“there is a reasonable probability that the successful motion would have affected
the outcome.” Van Tran v. Lindsey, 212 F.3d 1143, 1156 (9th Cir. 2000),
overruled on other grounds by Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63 (2003) (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 375). Although Heath did not dispute his participation in
the first robbery, he denied involvement in the second robbery, which is at issue
here. Because the other evidence linking Heath to the second robbery was weak,
the identification evidence was critical to the government’s case. And without
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Cameron’s identification testimony, the identity evidence would have been limited
to (1) the female victim’s in-court identification of Heath, which even the state
court described as “extremely weak” and “tentative,” and (2) the victims’
descriptions of the male perpetrator, which lacked detail and did not fully match
Heath’s characteristics.
In addition, counsel’s challenge at trial to the identification evidence was
insufficient to overcome his failure to move to suppress that evidence. Counsel’s
cross-examination of Cameron on his ability to see his attacker was brief and
elicited only equivocal responses, in part due to counsel’s failure adequately to
investigate Cameron’s vision and injuries or the conditions of the crime scene prior
to trial.2 Counsel’s reference to these equivocal responses during closing argument
was similarly ineffective. The state court therefore unreasonably concluded that
Heath was not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to move to suppress Cameron’s
identification testimony.
2
To the extent that the state court found counsel’s cross-examination of
Cameron on his vision adequate on the basis of the court’s understanding that
Cameron’s uncorrected vision was 20/40, the court unreasonably determined the
facts in light of the evidence before it. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). The record
shows that Cameron’s corrected vision was 20/40 in his best eye, and Cameron
testified that he was not sure that he was wearing his glasses during the robbery.
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The district court’s judgment granting a writ of habeas corpus to Heath is
AFFIRMED.
10