DocketNumber: 9595
Citation Numbers: 168 F.2d 133
Judges: Groner, Miller, Pretty-Man, Prettyman, Wilbur
Filed Date: 6/21/1948
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 8/23/2023
Appellant Marzani was indicted, tried, convicted and sentenced for having made false and fraudulent statements in a matter within the jurisdiction of an agency of the United States Government in violation of Section 80 of Title 18 of the United States Code Annotated. From the judgment of the District Court he appealed.
Appellant’s first point is that the first nine counts of the indictment were barred by the statute of limitations. Dates are the important facts in this connection. In 1940 and 1941 Marzani lived and worked in private pursuits in New York City. In Febbruary, 1942, he applied for a position in the Government service. On March 7, 1942, he was employed as a war service appointee, subject to a character and fitness examination. On July 29, 1942, in the course of that examination, he was interrogated under oath by a representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. On November 23, 1942, he was similarly examined by representatives of the Civil Service Commission. As a result of the latter inquiry, he was rated ineligible. He appealed, and on April 20, 1943, he was given a hearing before the Board of Appeals and Review of the Commission. That Board reversed the initial ruling and rated him eligible. He was employed in the Office of the Coordinator of Information and the Office of Strategic Services as a civilian from March, 1942, until November, 1943, and in the latter service in military status until September, 1945, when he was honorably discharged as a master sergeant, and then with the same organization in a civilian status again until November 15, 1946. During the latter period, his unit of O. S. S. was transferred to the State Department. Marzani was then Deputy Chief of the Presentation Division. On Novem
Marzani was indicted January 17, 1947. The indictment was in eleven counts, the first nine of which related to statements made by him in the course of the F.B.I. and Civil Service Commission inquiries in 1942.
In general the statements alleged by the indictment to have been false were answers to questions whether Marzani had ever been a member of the Communist Party, ever attended meetings of that party, contributed services to that party, and similar inquiries. In the indictment and upon the trial, it was charged that his negative answers were false. The falsity was alleged to have been established by activities of the defendant in New York City in 1940 and 1941.
The ordinary period of limitations for these offenses is three years.
Two statutes are involved. The first is that under which the indictment was laid, which is Section 80, Title 18, of the United States Code Annotated, in its present form an act of June 18, 1934,
“ * * *. or whoever shall knowingly and willfully * * * make * * * any false or fraudulent statements or representations, * * * in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States * * * shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.”
The other statute is Section 590a of Title 18 of the United States Code Annotated, which is an act of August 24, 1942,
The question before us is whether the Suspension Act applies to offenses under the False Claims Act.
We see no escape fom the conclusion impelled by two decisions of the Supreme Court, United States v. Noveck
In United States v. Noveck, the question was whether a statute which read, “That in offenses involving the defrauding or attempts to defraud the United States or any agency thereof, whether by conspiracy or not, and in any manner, * * * the period of limitation shall be six years”,
In United States v. McElvain, supra, the Court held that the six-year statute of limitations involved in United States v. Noveck did not apply to a conspiracy to defraud the United States by making a false income tax return. In United States v. Scharton, supra, the indictment was for an attempt to evade taxes by falsely understating taxable income. The defendant pleaded the statute of limitations. The United States contended that attempts to obstruct or defeat the lawful functions of any department of the Government, if accompanied by dishonest methods, are attempts to defraud the United States. The Court held that the six-year limitation applicable to offenses involving the defrauding of the United States, was not applicable to the offense described in that indictment.
The United States seems to agree with the foregoing view of the Noveck and its allied cases. It says that the Suspension Act “was modeled upon the proviso” in the 1921 Act; that the 1921 and 1926 provisos “are in all essential respects identical with” the present Suspension Act; and that “said cases were decided in accord with the principle first enunciated in United States v. Noveck, to wit, that in order to be affected by the suspension statute ‘defrauding or an attempt to defraud’ the United States must be mi ingredient under the statute defining the offense.”
In United States v. Gilliland, supra, the question was whether the False Claims Act was restricted to matters in which the Government has some financial or proprietary interest. The Court held that it was not. The conclusion was premised largely on the fact that by amendment in 1934
It necessarily follows, in our view, that the Suspension Act does not apply to offenses under the False Claims Act. The Supreme Court has clearly said (1) that a statute identical in pertinent part with the Suspension Act does not apply to offenses of which defrauding the United States in a pecuniary way is not an essential ingredient; and (2) that such defrauding of the United States is not an essential ingredient of offenses under the False Claims statute. If perjury on an official document required to be filed under a federal statute, the making of false income tax returns and an attempt to evade taxes are not defrauding the United States within the meaning of a statute of limitations, we do not see how making a false statement in the course of an inquiry into one’s qualifications for federal employment can be.
The contention of the Government is that the Gilliland case, supra, merely held that an intention to swindle or defraud the Government, resulting in property or pecuniary loss, is not an element of proof under the False Claims Act; and that that Act retained, after its amendment, “all its
The difficulty with the foregoing contention is that it ignores the plain rulings in Noveclc and kindred cases. Those cases involved false statements, under oath. The offenses tended to obstruct, by dishonest means, the operation of a department of the Government. The Court held that the Suspension Act (actually an identical predecessor) does not apply to such offenses. So that even if the False Claims Act does involve the sort of fraud the Government says it does, the Suspension Act does not apply; the rulings in the Noveck and similar cases related to precisely that same sort of fraud. Despite the vigor and skill with which the Government’s contention is pressed upon us by its counsel, we can see no escape from that conclusion. It follows that we are of opinion that the first nine counts of this indictment were barred by the statute of limitations, and the defendant’s motion that they be dismissed should have been granted.
Appellant’s next point is that the admission of the evidence relating to the first nine counts was substantially prejudicial to defendant in respect to the last two counts, and that, therefore, the conviction upon those two counts must be set aside. The tenth and eleventh counts were that defendant had, on or about June 1, 1946, falsely represented to his superior in the State Department, in the course of an official inquiry into his fitness for retention in the Government service, that he had never been a member of the ‘Communist Party and that he had never used the name or been known as Tony Whales. Counts I, V, VI and VIII charged that he made exactly the same false statements to the F.B.T. and the Civil Service Commission in 1942.
If the defendant had been on trial for only his two 1946 statements, the issue would have been the truth or falsity of those statements. Obviously, all the evidence relevant and material to that issue would have been admissible in such a trial. Note that these statements made by Marzani in 1946 were that he had never been a member of the Party or used the alias. Evidence that he had been a member and used the alias in 1940-41 was thus clearly admissible. That admissibility could not be nullified by the mere fact that he made the same statements in 1942. And we do not see that evidence that he had made the same statements in 1942 was prejudicial to him upon a trial as to the truth of the 1946 statements; in fact, it would appear to have been beneficial, in that it showed that he had consistently from a time close to the event maintained the same position.
Evidence was also introduced to show that Marzani had attended meetings of the Communist Party, contributed services to that Party, participated in its activities, and made speeches against conscription. In Counts II, III, IV, VII and IX, respectively, it was charged that in 1942 and 1943 he had falsely stated to the F.B.I. and the Civil Service Commission that he had never done any of those things. The evidence that he had done them was directed to those particular counts, although its admission was not limited to them. Appellant especially urges that this evidence, relating, so he says, to the barred counts, was prejudicial to him in respect to the two valid counts. But we think that the evidence as to these
The sum of the foregoing is that we think that all of the evidence which was actually introduced at this trial, including the evidence of his 1940-41 activities, and the evidence that he made these same or similar statements consistently in 1942-43, would have been admissible in a trial limited to the last two counts of the indictment. Therefore, we can find no error in its actual admission here.
There remains, in connection with this phase of the case, the question whether the inclusion of the barred counts as issues upon the trial, and the submission of those nine counts to the jury, were substantially prejudicial to the defendant in a trial which could validly involve only the last two counts. It was error to permit the first nine counts to remain in the indictment and to go to the jury. The question is whether that error was prejudicial to the defendant’s rights in his trial upon only the last two counts. The function of an appellate court under the applicable rule
Appellant’s next point is that the trial court erred in its instruction to the jury upon the subject of good character. Defendant introduced evidence of good character. The court said to the jury, in the course of its charge: “And, I might add at this point, that evidence of good char
This instruction followed almost precisely what we characterized, in Colbert v. United States,
Appellant next contends that the trial court improperly excluded certain evidence relating to Negroes because of the presence of nine Negroes on the jury, such exclusion being in violation of defendant’s constitutional right to a fair trial. Because of the unique nature of this contention and the seriousness of the error if appellant’s version of the reason for the disputed rulings by the court be correct, we have carefully read all the various portions of the printed appendix surrounding the incidents mentioned, although appellant does not cite to us any specific place at which the court indicated such reasons for its rulings. Appellant’s general contention is that the combination of circumstances that nine of the twelve jurors were Negroes, that the three prosecution witnesses testifying to the falsity of defendant’s statements were Negroes, and that the defendant himself was active in causes and upon occasions in behalf of Negroes, “conditioned the Court’s rulings on the admission and exclusion of evidence”. It is difficult to follow the precise course of appellant’s argument in this respect, but his general statements and the implications are such as to require examination of all that transpired. Appellant cites three examples. The first occurred when Marzani, on the witness stand, began to relate an incident concerning the beating of two Negroes by police in New York. The court called counsel to the bench and, adverting to a prior reference by Marzani to “leaks” by named officials of the State Department and the F.B.I. to named newspaper people, which the court had interrupted and stricken, told counsel that he foresaw an attempt to lead up to a prejudicial statement. The court referred to the “outburst with reference to the FBI and State Department” repeatedly, and iterated its determination that the case go to the jury “without prejudicial bias, sympathy or hatred”. The utmost that the court said was “Well, the prejudice has happened here, so far as this is concerned, but in the future if you find yourself in a situation like that, will you please approach the bench?” When the trial was resumed, counsel for the defendant said, “Your Honor, I do not see how I can ask it except to bring out the discussion”, and the court said, “All right, sir.” The examination then proceeded without interruption.
The second example cited was in the course of the cross-examination of the prosecution witness Drew. Appellant says that the cross-examination was improperly limited by the court. He says, “The Court’s refusal to permit this whole line of inquiry was erroneous * * We do not find that the court refused to permit the whole line of inquiry. When counsel for appellant had asked a series of questions of Drew concerning the National Negro Congress, the court called counsel to the bench and asked the purpose of the line of inquiry. In an extended colloquy, the court ruled that it would permit questions to establish that the testimony of another prosecution witness, Harper, concerning his membership in the Communist Party, was not true, and questions concerning meetings attended by the witness and the defendant and concerning any occasion as to which there was testimony upon direct examination; but the court said that it would not permit “at this time, sir” a question which included what the court thought was an erroneous statement of previous testimony by the witness, or questions concerning meetings and activities of the National Negro Congress not participated in by defendant and not testified to upon direct, and a series of questions of which an example was, “In 1940 and 1941, whenever
The third example cited by appellant under this point was in the course of the cross-examination of the prosecution witness Harper. Harper had testified that a meeting sponsored by the National Negro Congress had been held and that the defendant, under the name “Tony Whales”, had spoken as a representative of the 'Communist Party. On cross-examination of Harper, counsel for defendant said, “I would like to have you list some of the purposes of the National Negro Congress; what its objects were.” After the answer had proceeded somewhat, the court called counsel to the bench and after a colloquy announced that it would permit inquiry concerning the meeting but would not go into “the organization and desires and aims of this Congress.” The court did not indicate that its reasons were those now assigned it by appellant; it said, “We are not concerned with that”, obviously meaning that the subject matter was irrelevant to the issue in the case, which was the truth or falsity of defendant’s statements that he had never been a member of the Communist Party or been known as Tony Whales. We find no error in the limitation imposed by the court upon the extent to which this line of cross-examination could be pursued.
The appellant next says that the court erred in permitting prosecution witnesses to use expressions such as “Communist Party”, “Communist meetings” and “Communist activities”, because they involved opinions as to what is a “Communist”. We are given no citations to places in the record where objections were made to the use of such expressions. Moreover, the same objection might be made to the use of almost any word. “ * * * there are few statements of fact that are not conclusions of fact.”
We have considered the entire evidence, both direct and cross, of the prosecution in this case as it is presented in the printed joint appendix, in order to ascertain the substance of that evidence and the
The jury returned verdicts upon each of the counts. The court imposed sentence generally upon the verdict. Under the rule long since established
Affirmed.
45 Stat. 51 (1927), 18 Ü.S.C.A. § 582.
48 Stat. 096.
52 Stat. 197.
06 Stat. 747.
08 Stat. 667.
58 Stat. 781.
1926, 271 U.S. 201, 46 S.Ct. 476, 70 L.Ed. 904.
1926, 272 U.S. 633, 47 S.Ct. 219, 71 L.Ed. 451.
1932, 285 U.S. 518, 52 S.Ct. 416, 76 L.Ed. 917.
1941, 312 U.S. 86, 61 S.Ct. 518, 85 L.Ed. 598.
42 Stat. 220 (1921) 18 U.S.C.A. § 582.
Other cases referred to in the briefs in this connection are Bailey v. United States, 9 Cir., 1926, 13 F.2d 325; Weinhandler v. United States, 2 Cir., 1927, 20 F.2d 359, certiorari denied 1927, 275 U.S. 554, 48 S.Ct. 116, 72 L.Ed. 423; and Falter v. United States, 2 Cir., 1928, 23 F.2d 420, certiorari denied 1928, 277 U.S. 590, 48 S.Ct. 528, 72 L.Ed. 1003. In the Bailey case, the court held that defrauding the United States was a statutory ingredient of the offense of uttering and publishing a forged indorsement to a Government check with intent to defraud the United States. In the Weinhandler ease, the court held that fraud is an element of the crime of embezzlement, and that, therefore, the six-year limitation in tile 1921 proviso applied. In the Falter case, the court held that a conspiracy to commit a civil fraud is a crime under the conspiracy statute.
48 Stat. 996.
40 Stat. 1015 (1918).
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, rule 52(a), 18 U.S.C.A. following section 687.
Sec. 269 of the Judicial Code, as amended, 40 Stat. 1181 (1919), 28 U.S. O.A. § 391.
1946, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557.
1944, 79 U.S.App.D.C. 261, 146 F.2d 10, 11.
Pullman v. Hall, 4 Cir., 1932, 55 F. 2d 139, 141, and authorities there cited; Simon v. United States, 4 Cir., 1941, 123 F.2d 80, 85, and cases there cited. See Ewing v. United States, 1942, 77 U.S. App.D.C. 14, 135 F.2d 633, certiorari denied 1943, 318 U.S. 776, 63 S.Ct 829, 87 L.Ed. 1145.
3 Wharton, Criminal Evidence 2149 (11th ed. 1935).
1891, Claassen v. United States, 142 U.S. 140, 146, 12 S.Ct. 169, 35 L.Ed. 966, 968; 1936, Whitfield v. Ohio, 297 U. S. 431, 438, 56 S.Ct. 532, 80 L.Ed. 778.