China Custom Manufacturing Inc. v. United States

Case: 22-1345 Document: 67 Page: 1 Filed: 03/02/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC.,
GREENTEC ENGINEERING LLC,
Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
UNITED STATES, ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS FAIR
TRADE COMMITTEE,
Defendants-Appellees
______________________
2022-1345
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of International
Trade in No. 1:20-cv-00121-SAV, Judge Stephen A. Vaden.
______________________
Decided: March 2, 2023
______________________
GEORGE REID TUTTLE, III, Law Offices of George R. Tut-
tle, A Professional Corporation, San Rafael, CA, argued for
plaintiffs-appellants. Also represented by GEORGE R.
TUTTLE.
JAMIE SHOOKMAN, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, New York,
NY, argued for defendant-appellee United States. Also
represented by REGINALD THOMAS BLADES, JR., BRIAN M.
BOYNTON, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY; SAVANNAH MAXWELL,
Office of the Assistant Chief Counsel for Trade
Case: 22-1345 Document: 67 Page: 2 Filed: 03/02/2023
2 CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US
Enforcement and Compliance, United States Department
of Commerce, Washington, DC.
ROBERT E. DEFRANCESCO, III, Wiley Rein, LLP, Wash-
ington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee Aluminum Ex-
trusions Fair Trade Committee. Also represented by
DERICK HOLT, ELIZABETH S. LEE, ALAN H. PRICE, JOHN
ALLEN RIGGINS, ENBAR TOLEDANO.
______________________
Before NEWMAN, CHEN, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges.
CHEN, Circuit Judge.
China Custom Manufacturing, Inc. and Greentec Engi-
neering, LLC (collectively, CCM) appeal a decision by the
United States Court of International Trade (trial court)
sustaining a final scope ruling by the Department of Com-
merce (Commerce) that found CCM’s solar panel mounts
are subject to antidumping and countervailing duty orders
covering aluminum extrusions from the People’s Republic
of China. Commerce and the trial court concluded that the
solar panel mounts are not eligible for the orders’ “finished
merchandise” exclusion because the mounts are just one
component of a downstream product—i.e., a solar panel
mounting system. Because the trial court’s decision is sup-
ported by substantial evidence and is in accordance with
law, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
I
In 2011, Commerce issued antidumping and counter-
vailing duty orders covering aluminum extrusions from the
People’s Republic of China (Orders). Aluminum Extru-
sions from the People’s Republic of China: Antidumping
Duty Order, 76 Fed. Reg. 30,650 (May 26, 2011); Aluminum
Extrusions from the People’s Republic of China: Counter-
vailing Duty Order, 76 Fed. Reg. 30,653 (May 26, 2011).
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CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US 3
The Orders define as subject merchandise “aluminum ex-
trusions which are shapes and forms, produced by an ex-
trusion process, made from” specified aluminum alloys.
Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed. Reg. at 30,650. 1 The Or-
ders further provide:
Subject aluminum extrusions may be described at
the time of importation as parts for final finished
products that are assembled after importation, in-
cluding, but not limited to, window frames, door
frames, solar panels, curtain walls, or furniture.
Such parts that otherwise meet the definition of
aluminum extrusions are included in the scope.
The scope includes the aluminum extrusion compo-
nents that are attached (e.g., by welding or fasten-
ers) to form subassemblies, i.e., partially
assembled merchandise unless imported as part of
the finished goods “kit” defined further below.
Id. at 30,650–51. The Orders contain several exclusions
from their scope, and two are pertinent here. The “finished
merchandise” exclusion states:
The scope . . . excludes finished merchandise con-
taining aluminum extrusions as parts that are
fully and permanently assembled and completed at
the time of entry, such as finished windows with
1 The Orders recite the same scope, and the language
of the Orders is materially the same for present purposes.
See Shenyang Yuanda Aluminum Indus. Eng’g Co. v.
United States, 918 F.3d 1355, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2019); Whirl-
pool Corp. v. United States, 890 F.3d 1302, 1305 n.1 (Fed.
Cir. 2018) (citations omitted). Thus, for ease of reference,
we cite to only the Antidumping Duty Order.
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4 CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US
glass, doors with glass or vinyl, picture frames with
glass pane and backing material, and solar panels.
Id. at 30,651. The “finished goods kit” exclusion states:
The scope . . . excludes finished goods containing
aluminum extrusions that are entered unassem-
bled in a “finished goods kit.” A finished goods kit
is understood to mean a packaged combination of
parts that contains, at the time of importation, all
of the necessary parts to fully assemble a final fin-
ished good and requires no further finishing or fab-
rication, such as cutting or punching, and is
assembled “as is” into a finished product.
Id.
II
We have interpreted the Orders’ scope on multiple oc-
casions, and two of our prior opinions are relevant here. In
the first case, we considered the Orders’ scope as to the fin-
ished merchandise exclusion. There, the plaintiffs argued
that their curtain wall units qualified for the finished mer-
chandise exclusion because each unit was fully and perma-
nently assembled and completed upon entry into the
United States. Shenyang Yuanda Aluminum Indus. Eng’g
Co. v. United States, 776 F.3d 1351, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2015)
(Shenyang I). Commerce disagreed, finding that the cur-
tain wall units were not a “complete product upon entry”
and instead were “designed to be attached to other units to
eventually form a completed curtain wall.” Id. The trial
court sustained Commerce’s determination, explaining
that “[c]urtain wall units are [] undeniably components
that are fastened together to form a completed curtain
wall. Thus, they are ‘parts for,’ and ‘subassemblies’ for,
completed curtain walls.” Id. (alterations in original) (cita-
tion omitted). We affirmed, holding that “[a] part or sub-
assembly, here a curtain wall unit, cannot be a finished
product.” Id.Case: 22-1345 Document: 67 Page: 5 Filed: 03/02/2023
CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US 5
In the second case, which again involved curtain wall
units, we considered the Orders’ scope as to the finished
goods kit exclusion. There, the “only remaining issue” was
“whether [the curtain wall units] are excluded when
viewed (correctly) as subassemblies.” Shenyang Yuanda
Aluminum Indus. Eng’g Co. v. United States, 918 F.3d
1355, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (Shenyang II). We first agreed
with Commerce that the Orders only exclude subassem-
blies when imported as part of a finished goods kit. Id. We
then agreed with Commerce that the curtain wall units at
issue were ineligible for the finished goods kit exclusion be-
cause they were not a “packaged combination” of all the
pieces needed to assemble the curtain wall (i.e., the final
finished good) at the time of importation and were not
ready for installation “as is.” Id.Together, these cases explain that (1) parts or subas-
semblies are not finished products and thus cannot qualify
for the finished merchandise exclusion, (2) subassemblies
may be excluded from the Orders’ scope only if they are im-
ported as part of a finished goods kit, and (3) merchandise
qualifies for the finished goods kit exclusion only if it con-
tains a packaged combination of all of the required compo-
nents at the time of importation and is ready for
installation as is.
III
On October 4, 2019, CCM requested Commerce deter-
mine whether its “Rock-it Mount 3.0” solar panel mounts
are excluded from the Orders’ scope. J.A. 227; J.A. 495.
CCM explained that its solar panel mounts are used with
other parts and components in a downstream structure,
the “EcoFasten 3.0 Rock-it System,” 2 to mount solar panels
2 CCM’s request also refers to the solar panel mount-
ing system as, for example, the “EcoFasten Rock-it 3.0 so-
lar panel mounting system,” J.A. 228; the “EcoFasten
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6 CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US
on a roof. J.A. 231–35; J.A. 495–97. CCM asserted that its
mounts qualify for the finished merchandise exclusion be-
cause the mounts are “fully and permanently assembled
and complete at the time of entry [and] ready for installa-
tion as EcoFasten Rock-It 3.0 solar panel mounting system,
a downstream structure.” J.A. 228–31.
IV
On May 14, 2020, Commerce issued a final scope ruling
that found CCM’s solar panel mounts are composed of alu-
minum extrusions subject to the Orders’ scope and that the
mounts are ineligible for the finished merchandise and fin-
ished goods kit exclusions. J.A. 36, 50, 54–55. According
to Commerce, the solar panel mounts “would not constitute
finished merchandise because, at the time of entry into the
United States, the solar mounts do not constitute a fully
and permanently assembled and completed solar panel
mounting system.” J.A. 52. Instead, the solar mounts “are
subassemblies comparable to the merchandise at issue in
[Shenyang I]” because the mounts “are designed to be part
of a downstream final product, just as curtain wall units
were designed to be part of the final product, a curtain
wall.” J.A. 53–54. Thus, Commerce found CCM’s solar
panel mounts ineligible for the finished merchandise exclu-
sion because “the solar mounts are not themselves finished
merchandise which perform a function independent of the
complete solar panel mounting system.” J.A. 54. Sepa-
rately, Commerce also determined that the solar panel
mounts “do not constitute finished goods kits because, upon
entry into the United States, they do not include all parts
Rock-It System 3.0,” J.A. 230; the “Eco Fasten Rock-it Sys-
tem 3.0,” J.A. 495–96; and the “Rock-It System 3.0,”
J.A. 496. We understand these terms to be interchangea-
ble references to the same solar panel mounting system.
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CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US 7
necessary to fully assemble a finished solar panel mount-
ing system.” J.A. 52.
V
CCM sought review by the trial court, arguing that its
mounts qualify only for the finished merchandise exclusion
and not the finished goods kit exclusion. China Custom
Mfg., Inc. v. United States, No. 20-cv-00121, 2021 WL
5822715, at *6 (Ct. Int’l Trade Dec. 6, 2021). The trial court
affirmed Commerce’s final scope ruling, explaining that
“Commerce correctly applied the litany of Federal Circuit
precedents interpreting the Orders to the solar mounts pre-
sented to it for review.” Id. at *10. Citing CCM’s explana-
tion that its solar panel mounts require other components
to form the solar panel mounting system, the court con-
cluded that the “solar mounts themselves are not finished
merchandise but rather [are] a part or subassembly of the
finished merchandise — the solar panel mounting system
— and as such do not qualify as finished merchandise ex-
cluded from the scope of the Orders.” Id. (citing Shen-
yang I, 776 F.3d at 1358–59).
CCM timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5).
DISCUSSION
We review the trial court’s decisions de novo and apply
anew the same standard it used. Sunpreme Inc. v. United
States, 946 F.3d 1300, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (en banc) (ci-
tations omitted). Under that standard, we “must uphold
Commerce’s determinations unless they are unsupported
by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). Although our review repeats much of the
trial court’s work, we do not ignore the trial court’s in-
formed judgment. Id. (citation omitted). We also give sub-
stantial deference to Commerce’s interpretation of its own
duty orders “because the meaning and scope of those orders
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8 CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US
are issues particularly within the expertise and special
competence of Commerce.” Id. (cleaned up) (citations omit-
ted). A decision is supported by substantial evidence if “a
reasonable mind might accept it as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Id. (cleaned up) (citation omitted).
This appeal is governed squarely by our holding in
Shenyang I that “[a] part or subassembly . . . cannot be a
finished product.” 776 F.3d at 1358. CCM conceded to the
trial court that its solar panel mounts are parts or subas-
semblies of its solar panel mounting system. See J.A. 1064
(“[T]he Eco Fasten mounts are installed with . . . other
identified components and solar panels to function as the
downstream solar panel mounting system. . . . The mounts
are clearly ‘parts’ of this solar panel system . . . .”);
J.A. 1090 (“[W]hen we refer to the Rocket 3 Solar mounts,
we were referring to it as a subassembly, that is, as a part
of a greater whole in which it’s used.”). CCM also conceded
that the mounts have no use outside of the specific solar
panel mounting system—i.e., the EcoFasten 3.0 Rock-it
System. See J.A. 1092 (“THE COURT: Does this mount –
is it solely for use in the Rocket 3.0 kit? . . . [COUNSEL]: I
don’t have an answer to that. But I believe that it’s useful
[in] only the Rocket 3 kit . . . .”). Thus, like the curtain wall
units in Shenyang I, CCM’s solar panel mounts are “unde-
niably components that are fastened together to form a
completed [solar panel mounting system].” 776 F.3d
at 1358 (citation omitted). CCM’s solar panel mounts are
parts or subassemblies and thus cannot be a finished prod-
uct and cannot qualify for the finished merchandise exclu-
sion.
CCM argues that our holding in Shenyang I was lim-
ited to the curtain wall units at issue there and cannot be
applied to the solar panel mounts at issue here. Appel-
lant’s Br. 28; Appellant’s Reply Br. 12–13. We disagree.
Our holding in Shenyang I was based on the language of
the Orders. Indeed, the statement that CCM’s argument
relies on—that a “part or subassembly, here a curtain wall
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CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US 9
unit, cannot be a finished product”—is divided into the le-
gal conclusion (“a part or subassembly . . . cannot be a fin-
ished product”) and the application of that legal conclusion
to the facts (“here a curtain wall unit”). 776 F.3d at 1358.
CCM tries to reinforce its argument that Shenyang I is
not precedential by pointing to a statement by the trial
court in an unrelated proceeding that Shenyang I did not
control the outcome in that specific proceeding. Appellant’s
Br. 26–28 (citing Shenyang Yuanda Aluminum Indus.
Eng’g Co. v. United States, 279 F. Supp. 3d 1209, 1212 n.3
(Ct. Int’l Trade 2017)). CCM misunderstands the trial
court’s statement. In that case, the plaintiffs argued that
their curtain wall units qualified for the finished goods kit
exclusion, and defendant-intervenors responded that
Shenyang I controlled the outcome. Shenyang, 279 F.
Supp. 3d at 1212 & n.3. The court disagreed with the de-
fendant-intervenors because Shenyang I evaluated only
the Orders’ finished merchandise exclusion and did not ad-
dress the finished goods kit exclusion. Id. at 1212 n.3.
Thus, the trial court did not state that Shenyang I is not
precedential. It stated that the holding of Shenyang I,
which addressed only the finished merchandise exclusion,
did not foreclose the finished goods kit exclusion argu-
ments before it.
Unable to convince us that Shenyang I does not apply,
CCM asks us to overturn its holding. CCM fails to convince
us that we should. CCM initially contends that the holding
of Shenyang I is “contrary to the plain language of the [fin-
ished merchandise] exclusion,” which excludes from the
Orders’ scope “parts” that are “fully and permanently as-
sembled and completed at the time of importation.” Appel-
lant’s Br. 18–21, 29; Appellant’s Reply Br. 5. Not only is
this the same argument that the plaintiffs made and that
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10 CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US
we rejected in Shenyang I, 776 F.3d at 1358, it also mis-
reads the exclusion, which states:
The scope . . . excludes finished merchandise con-
taining aluminum extrusions as parts that are fully
and permanently assembled and completed at the
time of entry, such as finished windows with glass,
doors with glass or vinyl, picture frames with glass
pane and backing material, and solar panels.
Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed. Reg. at 30,651 (empha-
ses added). CCM focuses on the italicized portion and ig-
nores the underlined portion. The Orders exclude finished
merchandise containing aluminum extrusions as parts
that are fully and permanently assembled, not the parts
themselves.
CCM also asserts that Commerce rewrote the Orders’
plain language when Commerce found that subassemblies
cannot be excluded under the finished merchandise exclu-
sion. Appellant’s Br. 25; Appellant’s Reply Br. 11. CCM
again ignores our precedent and misreads the plain lan-
guage. In Shenyang I, we held that subassemblies cannot
qualify for the finished merchandise exclusion. 776 F.3d at
1358. We reiterated that holding in Shenyang II, where we
agreed with “Commerce’s straightforward reading” that
subassemblies can be excluded only under the finished
goods kit exclusion. 918 F.3d at 1367. Further, the Orders’
plain language supports our prior decisions, as it states
that “[t]he scope includes the aluminum extrusion compo-
nents that are attached (e.g., by welding or fasteners) to
form subassemblies, i.e., partially assembled merchandise
unless imported as part of the finish goods ‘kit’ defined fur-
ther below.” Antidumping Duty Order, 76 Fed. Reg. at
30,651 (emphasis added). A straightforward reading of the
plain language confirms, contrary to CCM’s argument, that
subassemblies are included in the Orders’ scope and may
be excluded only if imported as part of a finished goods kit.
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CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US 11
CCM next avers that Commerce’s final scope ruling
merged the finished merchandise and finished goods kits
exclusions by requiring all EcoFasten components to be
fully and permanently assembled at the time of entry, thus
requiring a complete “final finished product” for the fin-
ished merchandise exclusion rather than a “part.” Appel-
lant’s Br. 23–24; Appellant’s Reply Br. 5–9. First, we fail
to see how Commerce merged the two exclusions. Com-
merce explained that CCM’s solar panel mounts (1) were
not eligible for the finished merchandise exclusion because
the mounts do not constitute a fully and permanently as-
sembled and completed solar panel mounting system, and
(2) were not eligible for the finished goods kit exclusion be-
cause the mounts do not include, upon entry into the
United States, all the parts necessary to fully assemble a
finished solar panel mounting system. J.A. 52–53. Thus,
Commerce kept the two exclusions separate. Second, Com-
merce did not err in using the phrase “final finished prod-
uct” to describe finished merchandise. The Orders use that
same phrase to explain that “parts for final finished prod-
ucts” are included in the Orders’ scope, Antidumping Duty
Order, 76 Fed. Reg. at 30,650–51 (emphasis added), and we
used a similar term in Shenyang I when we explained that
a “part or assembly . . . cannot be a finished product,” 776
F.3d at 1358 (emphasis added). Thus, Commerce did not
impermissibly change the word “part” to “final finished
product” in the finished merchandise exclusion.
Finally, CCM notes that solar panels are explicitly ex-
cluded from the Orders’ scope and asserts that Commerce,
contrary to the facts of record, erred in finding that solar
panels are added after the mounting system was assem-
bled rather than added in an intermediate step in the as-
sembly of the EcoFasten 3.0 Rock-it System. Appellant’s
Br. 21–23. First, solar panel mounts are undisputedly not
solar panels, and thus whatever the Orders may say about
solar panels is not material to whether solar panel mounts
are excluded. Second, the sequence in which solar panels
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12 CHINA CUSTOM MANUFACTURING INC. v. US
are added to the mounting system does not affect our anal-
ysis. The solar panel mounts at issue are parts or subas-
semblies for a downstream product—the EcoFasten solar
panel mounting system—and thus are not a finished prod-
uct that qualifies for the finished merchandise exclusion.
CONCLUSION
We have considered CCM’s remaining arguments and
find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we af-
firm. 3
AFFIRMED
3 Defendant-Appellee Aluminum Extrusions Fair
Trade Committee (AEFTC) moved to strike portions of
CCM’s corrected opening brief that AEFTC alleged were
substantive corrections made without leave of the court.
AEFTC’s Br. 44–47. At oral argument, AEFTC’s counsel
stated that the court need not reach the motion to strike if
it affirms on the merits. Oral Arg. 32:53–33:22. In light of
our decision, AEFTC’s motion to strike is denied as moot.