Toyota Motor Corporation v. Reactive Surfaces Ltd., LLP

Case: 18-1906 Document: 58 Page: 1 Filed: 07/10/2020
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION,
Appellant
v.
REACTIVE SURFACES LTD., LLP,
Appellee
______________________
2018-1906
______________________
Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2016-
01914.
______________________
Decided: July 10, 2020
______________________
OLEG KHARITON, Dinsmore & Shohl LLP, Cincinnati,
OH, argued for appellant. Also represented by JOHN DAVID
LUKEN, JOSHUA LORENTZ.
PETER J. AYERS, Law Office of Peter J. Ayers, Austin,
TX, argued for appellee. Also represented by CLAUDE
STEVEN MCDANIEL, McDaniel & Associates, PC, Austin,
TX.
______________________
Case: 18-1906 Document: 58 Page: 2 Filed: 07/10/2020
2 TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. v. REACTIVE SURFACES
LTD., LLP
Before WALLACH, HUGHES, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
HUGHES, Circuit Judge.
Toyota Motor Corporation appeals from a Final Writ-
ten Decision of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board holding
that claims 1–11 of U.S. Patent No. 8,394,618 are un-
patentable as obvious. Reactive Surfaces Ltd., LLP v.
Toyota Motor Corp., No. IPR2016-01914, 2018 WL 1146318
(P.T.A.B. Mar. 1, 2018) (Board Decision). Because substan-
tial evidence supports the Board’s obviousness determina-
tion, we affirm.
I
Toyota is a co-owner of the ’618 patent, which is di-
rected to the use of lipase enzymes to remove visible finger-
prints from surfaces through vaporization. The ’618 patent
teaches that if lipases are included in a coating or substrate
applied to a surface, such as a touchscreen display, these
enzymes can degrade lipids in fingerprints placed on the
coating into smaller, more volatile molecules that are more
likely to vaporize than the original lipids in the fingerprint,
making the fingerprint less visible.
Claim 1 of the ’618 patent, the sole independent claim,
is representative and the only claim at issue on appeal:
1. A method of facilitating the removal of a finger-
print on a substrate or a coating comprising:
providing a substrate or a coating;
associating a lipase with said substrate or said
coating such that said lipase is capable of enzymat-
ically degrading a component of a fingerprint, and
facilitating the removal of a fingerprint by vapori-
zation from the lipase associated substrate or coat-
ing when contacted by a fingerprint.
’618 patent at 15:18–26. The ’618 patent issued on
March 12, 2013. On September 30, 2016, Reactive
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TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. v. REACTIVE SURFACES 3
LTD., LLP
Surfaces Ltd., LLP filed a petition for inter partes review.
Reactive Surfaces asserted that claims 1–11 of the ’618 pa-
tent are obvious over various combinations of prior art ref-
erences. The Board instituted review of all eleven claims.
As relevant to this appeal, the Board considered whether
claim 1 was obvious over U.S. Patent No. 5,868,720 (Van
Antwerp).
Van Antwerp teaches a catheter with an enzyme coat-
ing that produces lipase compounds. These compounds dis-
solve obstructions along the catheter lumen. Board
Decision at *4. The Board considered Van Antwerp com-
bined with an article from forensic science literature re-
ferred to as Buchanan. Buchanan begins by describing a
previous experiment which discovered that “the finger-
prints of children disappear from surfaces more quickly
than those of adults” and sets forth a study to determine
the cause. Id. at *6. Buchanan’s study compared the com-
position of samples extracted from adult and child finger-
tips, finding that “adult fingertips contained higher
concentrations of less volatile long chain esters of fatty ac-
ids, whereas samples extracted from children’s fingertips
contained higher levels of relatively volatile free fatty ac-
ids.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Buchanan
teaches that “this difference in composition accounts for
the more rapid disappearance of children’s fingerprints
from surfaces.” Id. The Board found that this combination
of prior art taught that “a surface-associated lipase . . . ca-
pable of degrading lipids . . . inherently will facilitate the
removal of lipid-containing stains, such as fingerprints, by
vaporization from the surface.” Id. at *8.
Case: 18-1906 Document: 58 Page: 4 Filed: 07/10/2020
4 TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. v. REACTIVE SURFACES
LTD., LLP
On March 1, 2018, the Board issued its Final Written
Decision, finding claims 1–11 unpatentable as obvious. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A). 1
II
Toyota argues that the Board erred in finding the ’618
patent claims obvious. Toyota asserts that the Board erred
under two alternative grounds. First, Toyota argues that
the Board incorrectly considered Buchanan to be analogous
prior art. Second, Toyota argues that even if Buchanan
were properly considered analogous prior art, the Board
erred in finding that Van Antwerp inherently teaches facil-
itating the removal of fingerprints in light of Buchanan.
We consider each argument in turn.
Although obviousness is ultimately a legal conclusion
which we review de novo, we review the Board’s underlying
factual determinations in an obviousness analysis for sub-
stantial evidence. In re Gartside, 203 F.3d 1305, 1316
1 In 2014, Reactive Surfaces filed a complaint in the
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas
against Toyota and others, seeking a declaratory judgment
that the ’618 patent claims were invalid, unenforceable,
and not infringed by Reactive Surfaces’ products. The dis-
trict court dismissed without prejudice Reactive Surfaces’
claims against Toyota. On August 29, 2018, Toyota moved
to terminate this appeal, and to remand to the Board with
instructions to dismiss pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 315(a)(1).
We held this appeal pending the Supreme Court’s decision
in Thryv, Inc. v. Click-to-Call Technologies, LP, 140 S. Ct.
1367, 1368 (2020). We received supplemental briefing and
subsequently denied Toyota’s motion to terminate in light
of Thryv on June 2, 2020. Thryv compels the conclusion
that the real party in interest determination under sec-
tion 315(a)(1), which is decided at the institution stage, is
unreviewable by this court.
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TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. v. REACTIVE SURFACES 5
LTD., LLP
(Fed. Cir. 2000). These factual findings include the teach-
ings of prior art and whether a person of ordinary skill in
the art would have been motivated to combine prior art ref-
erences. In re Ethicon, Inc., 844 F.3d 1344, 1349 (Fed. Cir.
2017). “A finding is supported by substantial evidence if a
reasonable mind might accept the evidence to support the
finding.” Id.
A
We first address Toyota’s challenge to the Board’s find-
ing that Buchanan was analogous prior art. Analogous
prior art includes art from the same field as the invention
at issue. But it also encompasses references from other
fields if such reference is “reasonably pertinent to the par-
ticular problem with which the inventor is involved.” Id.
(quoting In re Clay, 966 F.2d 656, 658–59 (Fed. Cir. 1992)).
“Whether a reference is analogous art is a question of fact.”
Id. “Generally, a skilled artisan would only have been mo-
tivated to combine analogous prior art [references].” Id.
Toyota raises multiple arguments in support of its conten-
tion that Buchanan should not be considered analogous
prior art. However, none of them speak directly to the rel-
evant standard of review: whether the Board’s finding to
the contrary was supported by substantial evidence. 2
In determining that Buchanan was analogous prior
art, the Board defined the problem with which the inventor
of the ’618 patent was concerned as “the development of
‘materials or coatings that can actively promote the re-
moval of fingerprints on organic surfaces or in organic coat-
ings.’” Board Decision at *7 (quoting ’618 patent at 1: 40–
42). The Board found that “the substances of which finger-
prints are composed” would be highly relevant to one en-
deavoring to solve the problem of removing fingerprints
2 We see no legal error in the Board’s recitation of
this court’s precedent delineating analogous prior art.
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6 TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. v. REACTIVE SURFACES
LTD., LLP
from a surface or coating. Id. The Board further found that
Buchanan—which relates to and is even titled “Chemical
characterization of fingerprints from adults and chil-
dren”—would have been “[a] natural starting point” for the
inventor of the ’618 patent. Id. The Board’s finding that
Buchanan was analogous prior art was based on substan-
tial evidence.
B
Next, Toyota argues in the alternative that the Board
erred in finding that Van Antwerp, combined with Bu-
chanan, inherently teaches the facilitating step of claim 1.
It is not disputed that Van Antwerp teaches the first two
steps of claim 1: “providing a substrate or a coating” and
“associating a lipase with said substrate or said coating
such that said lipase is capable of enzymatically degrading
a component of a fingerprint[.]” ’618 patent at 15:20–23.
Toyota argues only that the teachings of Van Antwerp and
Buchanan do not render obvious the third step: “facilitat-
ing the removal of a fingerprint by vaporization from the
lipase associated substrate or coating when contacted by a
fingerprint.” Id. at 15:24–26.
The Board found that “any combination of prior art
that teaches the first two limitations of the challenged
claims inherently would teach the [facilitating step].”
Board Decision at *8. Substantial evidence supports this
finding. The inherent teachings of prior art references are
questions of fact. In re Napier, 55 F.3d 610, 613 (Fed. Cir.
1995). “[I]n order to rely on inherency to establish the ex-
istence of a claim limitation in the prior art in an obvious-
ness analysis,” a party must show that “the limitation at
issue necessarily must be present, or the natural result of
the combination of elements explicitly disclosed by the
prior art.” PAR Pharm., Inc. v. TWI Pharm., Inc., 773 F.3d
1186, 1195–96 (Fed. Cir. 2014). This is an exacting stand-
ard which cannot be met by a showing of “probabilities or
possibilities. The mere fact that a certain thing may result
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TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. v. REACTIVE SURFACES 7
LTD., LLP
from a given set of circumstances is not sufficient.”
Hansgirg v. Kemmer, 102 F.2d 212, 213 (CCPA 1939).
In its analysis of the inherent teachings of the prior art,
the Board cited Buchanan and the testimony of Reactive
Surfaces’ expert, Dr. Rozzell, as evidence that an artisan
would have known that fingerprints contain lipids. Board
Decision at *7. The Board also cited Dr. Rozzell’s testimony
that “it was well known that a lipase would degrade a li-
pid . . . since the early 1900s[.]” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). Finally, the Board cited Dr. Rozzell’s tes-
timony that “fingerprints with lower concentrations of low-
volatility components would disappear more quickly via va-
porization than fingerprints with higher concentrations of
those same components, as well as that the action of lipases
on fingerprint lipids would cause low-volatility components
to break down into smaller, higher volatility components.”
Id. The Board found her testimony supported by Bu-
chanan. Id. The Board thus concluded that Van Antwerp’s
teaching of the first two steps of claim 1 inherently teaches
the third step because “if a surface-associated lipase is ca-
pable of degrading lipids, it inherently will facilitate the
removal of lipid-containing stains, such as fingerprints, by
vaporization from the surface.” Id. at *8.
Toyota’s arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive.
Toyota argues first that Buchanan does not consider how a
fingerprint appears to the “naked eye,” and second that Bu-
chanan’s teachings are speculative. As to the first, the
Board’s conclusion that Buchanan relates to visible finger-
prints is supported by substantial evidence. Buchanan is
concerned with the “disappearance of latent fingerprints
from surfaces”; “allowing fingerprints to be observed over
longer periods of time”; and “the disappearance of finger-
prints from crime scenes.” J.A. 837. As to the second,
Toyota points to two sentences of Buchanan as evincing
that “Buchanan merely speculates that some fingerprints
seem to ‘disappear’ from crime scenes faster than others
because they contain fewer [low-volatility] lipids,”
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8 TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. v. REACTIVE SURFACES
LTD., LLP
Appellant’s Br. 52–53 (emphasis in original). However, Bu-
chanan also states that “the higher levels of the [low-vola-
tility lipids] found in adult fingerprints would remain on
the surface longer, allowing fingerprints to be observed
over longer periods of time.” J.A. 837. This clear, non-spec-
ulative teaching of Buchanan supports the Board’s finding
of the inherent teachings of the prior art. Thus, substantial
evidence supports the Board’s determination that the prior
art taught the facilitating step of claim 1.
III
We have considered Toyota’s remaining arguments and
find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we af-
firm the Board’s decision.
AFFIRMED