Cdoc, Inc. v. Liberty Bankers Life Insurance

Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 1 Filed: 02/23/2021
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
CDOC, INC.,
Appellant
v.
LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,
THE CAPITOL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Appellees
______________________
2020-1643
______________________
Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board in Nos.
91236945, 91237330.
______________________
Decided: February 23, 2021
______________________
EDWARD C. FLYNN, Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott,
LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, for appellant. Also represented by
CHRISTINA D. FRANGIOSA, Philadelphia, PA.
TIMOTHY J. ZARLEY, Zarley Law Firm, P.L.C., Des
Moines, IA, for appellees.
______________________
Before DYK, MAYER, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 2 Filed: 02/23/2021
2 CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE
CHEN, Circuit Judge.
CDOC, Inc. (CDOC) appeals from a judgment of the
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (Board) dismissing its
opposition to Liberty Bankers Life Insurance Company’s
(Liberty Bankers) registration of the mark LIBERTY
BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY and design,
and its opposition to Liberty Bankers and the Capitol Life
Insurance Company’s (collectively, Appellees) registration
of the mark LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE THE CAPITOL
LIFE and design. CDOC, Inc. v Liberty Bankers Life Ins.
Co. & The Capitol Life Ins. Co., Nos. 91236945 and
91237330, 2020 WL 582932 (T.T.A.B. Jan. 16, 2020) (Board
Opinion).
Finding that neither the LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE
INSURANCE COMPANY mark and design nor the
LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE THE CAPITOL LIFE mark
and design are likely to cause confusion with CDOC’s reg-
istered mark BANKERS LIFE, the Board dismissed
CDOC’s oppositions. Board Opinion, 2020 WL 582932, at
*16. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
CDOC and Appellees are insurance companies offering
life insurance, annuities, and supplemental health insur-
ance, including Medicare supplement insurance. Appel-
lant’s Br. at 7; Appellees’ Br. at 1. Appellees are both part
of the Liberty Bankers Insurance Group. Appellees’ Br. at
1.
CDOC is the owner of registered mark BANKERS
LIFE (standard character form; U.S. Trademark Registra-
tion No. 892,222) for use in connection with insurance un-
derwriting services in International Class 36. J.A. 179–80.
The BANKERS LIFE mark was registered on June 2, 1970,
with an asserted date of first use of the mark in commerce
of July 13, 1968. Id. The mark is used by CDOC’s wholly
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 3 Filed: 02/23/2021
CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE 3
owned subsidiary, Bankers Life and Casualty Company.
Appellant’s Br. at 2, 6.
On May 3, 2017, Liberty Bankers filed U.S. Trademark
Application Serial No. 87/435,442, 1 seeking to register the
mark LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE
COMPANY and design, shown below, for underwriting and
administration of life insurance, health insurance, and an-
nuities in International Class 36. J.A. 329–30. The regis-
tration application claimed September 15, 2007 as Liberty
Bankers’s first use of the mark in commerce. Id. at 329.
On May 4, 2017, Appellees filed U.S. Trademark Appli-
cation Serial No. 87/436,780, 2 seeking to register the mark
LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE THE CAPITOL LIFE and de-
sign, shown below, for underwriting and administration of
life insurance, health insurance, and annuities in Interna-
tional Class 36. J.A. 364–65. The registration application
claimed September 15, 2007 as Appellees’ first use of the
mark in commerce. Id. at 364.
In 2017, CDOC filed oppositions asserting that Appel-
lees’ marks would likely cause confusion with CDOC’s
1 This application is the subject of Opposition No.
91236945.
2 This application is the subject of Opposition No.
91237330.
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 4 Filed: 02/23/2021
4 CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE
BANKERS LIFE mark. Appellant’s Br. at 3–4. The Board
evaluated CDOC’s likelihood of confusion claims according
to the factors announced by our predecessor court in In re
E.I. DuPont DeNemours & Co., 476 F.2d 1357, 1361 (CCPA
1973) (DuPont factors), finding record evidence relevant to
six of the thirteen factors. Specifically, the Board found
that the similarity of the services and the similarity of the
trade channels and customers favored a likelihood of con-
fusion, as the services in the BANKERS LIFE registration
and the services in Appellees’ trademark applications are
in part identical. Board Opinion, 2020 WL 582932, at *5.
In addition, due to the mark’s commercial strength, the
Board concluded that BANKERS LIFE was “on the strong
side of the spectrum,” despite insurance-related third-
party registrations and use of “BANKERS” and
“BANKERS LIFE” establishing that the mark is sugges-
tive, id. at *13. See Palm Bay Imps., Inc. v. Veuve Clicquot
Ponsardin Maison Fondee en 1772, 396 F.3d 1369, 1375
(Fed. Cir. 2005) (explaining that likelihood of confusion
fame “varies along a spectrum from very strong to very
weak”). The Board also found that the high degree of pur-
chasing care exercised by consumers of the services, the ab-
sence of actual confusion, and the dissimilarity of the
marks weighed against finding a likelihood of confusion.
Board Opinion, 2020 WL 582932, at *16. After balancing
the factors, the Board concluded that Appellees’ marks
were not likely to cause confusion with the BANKERS
LIFE mark and dismissed the oppositions. Id. CDOC ap-
pealed to this court. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(B).
DISCUSSION
On appeal, CDOC challenges the Board’s findings re-
garding the (1) dissimilarity of the marks, (2) conditions
under which sales are made and buyers to whom such sales
are made, and (3) length of time during which there has
been concurrent use of the marks without evidence of ac-
tual confusion.
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 5 Filed: 02/23/2021
CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE 5
A mark may be refused registration on the principal
register if it is “likely, when used on or in connection with
the goods of the applicant, to cause confusion” with a reg-
istered mark. 15 U.S.C. § 1052(d). Likelihood of confusion
is a question of law based on underlying findings of fact. In
re Chatam Int’l Inc., 380 F.3d 1340, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
We assess a likelihood of confusion based on the DuPont
factors. DuPont, 476 F.2d at 1361. Yet neither this court,
nor the Board, is required to consider every DuPont factor.
Shen Mfg. Co. v. Ritz Hotel Ltd., 393 F.3d 1238, 1241 (Fed.
Cir. 2004). Rather, only the factors that are relevant and
of record need consideration. See id. Moreover, any one
DuPont factor may be dispositive in a particular case, es-
pecially when that single factor is the dissimilarity of the
marks. Champagne Louis Roederer, S.A. v. Delicato Vine-
yards, 148 F.3d 1373, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
We review the Board’s factual findings on each rele-
vant DuPont factor for substantial evidence and review any
legal conclusions de novo. Swagway, LLC v. Int’l Trade
Comm’n, 934 F.3d 1332, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2019). Evidence is
deemed substantial if a reasonable person could find that
the evidence is adequate to support the agency’s finding.
On–Line Careline, Inc. v. Am. Online, Inc., 229 F.3d 1080,
1085 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
A
The first DuPont factor considers the similarity or dis-
similarity of the marks. In assessing this factor, the marks
should be compared “in their entireties as to appearance,
sound, connotation[,] and commercial impression.”
DuPont, 476 F.2d at 1361. Although this court and the
Board evaluate marks in their entireties, when a mark
comprises both words and a design, “‘the verbal portion of
the mark is the one most likely to indicate the origin of the
goods to which it is affixed.’” In re Viterra Inc., 671 F.3d
1358, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting CBS Inc. v. Morrow,
708 F.2d 1579, 1581–82 (Fed. Cir. 1983)). In doing the
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 6 Filed: 02/23/2021
6 CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE
assessment, “for rational reasons, more or less weight [may
be] given to a particular feature of the mark, provided the
ultimate conclusion rests on consideration of the marks in
their entireties.” In re Nat’l Data Corp., 753 F.2d 1056,
1058 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
Here, the Board properly compared Appellees’ marks
to CDOC’s registered mark. First, the Board reasonably
identified the dominant element of Appellees’ marks, “Lib-
erty Bankers Life,” and afforded more weight to that dom-
inant element. In re Electrolyte Lab’ys, Inc., 929 F.2d 645,
647 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (“More dominant features will, of
course, weigh heavier in the overall impression of a
mark.”). In its evaluation, the Board found “Liberty Bank-
ers Life” to be the dominant element of the marks because:
(1) a mark’s literal portion is more likely to make an im-
pression on customers; (2) “Liberty Bankers Life” is the
leading part of the literal portion of Appellees’ marks, see
In re Detroit Athletic Co., 903 F.3d 1297, 1303 (Fed. Cir.
2018) (“The identity of the marks’ initial . . . words is par-
ticularly significant because consumers typically notice
those words first.”); and (3) “Liberty Bankers Life” has a
position of prominence in both marks as it is placed over
“Life Insurance” or “The Capitol Life.” Board Opinion,
2020 WL 582932, at *13–14.
Second, viewing the Appellees’ marks in their entire-
ties, the Board noted that “the stylized design of the Amer-
ican flag reinforces or highlights the word ‘Liberty’ by
engendering the commercial impression of freedom,
thereby implying financial freedom or freedom from a fi-
nancial problem,” id. at *14. The Board then reasonably
found that due to the additions of the word “Liberty” and
the stylized American flag, Appellees’ marks have different
appearances, wording, and commercial impressions than
CDOC’s mark—distinguishing the marks even in view of
the similarity of the services and trade channels. Louis
Roederer, 148 F.3d at 1374–75 (finding that despite the fact
the marks were used for the same class of goods and that
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 7 Filed: 02/23/2021
CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE 7
the goods traveled in the same trade channels and were
purchased by the same or similar customers, the mark
CRISTAL for champagne and the mark CRYSTAL CREEK
for wine differed in appearance, sound, significance, and
commercial impression). Thus, the Board’s finding that the
marks are dissimilar, Board Opinion, 2020 WL 582932, at
*15, is supported by substantial evidence.
CDOC argues that the Board ignored its own determi-
nation of the overall strength of CDOC’s BANKERS LIFE
mark when assessing the similarity of the marks at issue.
Appellant’s Br. at 21. Specifically, CDOC asserts that de-
spite finding its registered mark on the strong side of the
spectrum based on marketplace strength and customer
recognition, the Board improperly “focused solely on its
characterization of [CDOC’s] . . . mark as suggestive” when
analyzing similarity. Id. at 24. We disagree. The Board
in this part of the opinion was not opining on the strength
of CDOC’s mark but instead was analyzing Liberty Bank-
ers’s marks, specifically the “Bankers Life” portion of Lib-
erty Bankers’s overall marks. Given the multiple elements
of Liberty Bankers’s marks, it was not inappropriate for
the Board to weigh the marks’ different portions when as-
sessing similarity, as the Board’s ultimate conclusion
rested on consideration of the marks in their entire-
ties. See Nat’l Data, 753 F.2d at 1058.
CDOC also argues that the Board ignored substantial
evidence of record regarding third-party use and registra-
tions of the American flag and “Liberty” elements of Appel-
lees’ marks, contending that the use and registrations
“refute[] any notion that these elements distinguish
the . . . marks from the BANKERS LIFE mark in any le-
gally-cognizable way.” Appellant’s Br. at 28. But under
the circumstances of this case, the Board reasonably found
that Appellees’ marks, in their entireties, convey a compar-
atively different meaning related to freedom and liberty,
and thus create a different commercial impression than
CDOC’s registered mark, Board Opinion, 2020 WL 582932,
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 8 Filed: 02/23/2021
8 CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE
at *14–15. See J. THOMAS MCCARTHY, 4 MCCARTHY ON
TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION § 23:50 (5th ed.
2020) (MCCARTHY) (noting that “[i]f a junior user takes the
entire mark of another and adds a generic, descriptive[,] or
highly suggestive term, it is generally not sufficient to
avoid confusion,” but if “the marks in their entireties con-
vey quite different meanings,” a junior user may use the
entirety of a senior user’s mark without a likelihood of con-
fusion). We therefore discern no legal error in the Board’s
finding that the marks are dissimilar.
B
The fourth DuPont factor evaluates “[t]he conditions
under which and buyers to whom sales are made, i.e. ‘im-
pulse’ vs. careful, sophisticated purchasing.” DuPont, 476
F.2d at 1361. In assessing this factor, the Board must con-
sider all potential customers for the services recited in a
trademark application, including ordinary consumers.
Stone Lion Cap. Partners, L.P. v. Lion Cap. LLP, 746 F.3d
1317, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Customer care and sophisti-
cation tend to minimize the likelihood of confusion, see
Palm Bay, 396 F.3d at 1376, and may elevate the reasona-
bly prudent person standard to “discriminating purchaser,”
see Weiss Assocs., Inc. v. HRL Assocs., Inc., 902 F.2d 1546,
1548 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (noting that in purchasing decisions
involving expensive goods, the proper standard is “discrim-
inating purchaser”). “The appropriate level of customer
care and sophistication can be proven by: (1) survey evi-
dence; (2) expert testimony; or (3) inferences drawn by a
judge based on the nature of the product or its price.”
MCCARTHY § 23:95.
CDOC contends that the Board did not properly con-
sider all potential customers of the insurance services of-
fered by the parties or the nature of the services
themselves. Appellant’s Br. at 41. CDOC asserts that po-
tential customers “include a variety of levels of experience
and knowledge of the parties’ services,” suggesting that
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 9 Filed: 02/23/2021
CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE 9
“this DuPont factor [must] be analyzed based on the per-
spective of the least sophisticated consumer.” Id. at 45 (in-
ternal quotation marks omitted). CDOC believes “[t]his is
particularly so in the key target market of Medicare sup-
plement insurance,” id. at 44, because the only difference
between the products is price, id. at 45. Accordingly,
CDOC argues that “[a]pplying any heightened level of care
or consideration by consumers in purchasing insurance or
annuities has no support in the record.” Id. at 45. We dis-
agree.
Pointing to the record, the Board explained that poten-
tial customers typically learn about Appellees’ services
through an agent, as the companies do not generally use
advertising. Board Opinion, 2020 WL 582932, at *6. Ad-
ditionally, the Board found that agent sales presentations
often occur in a customer’s home or over the phone, are “tai-
lored to the customer and the product,” and take approxi-
mately one and a half hours, with multiple visits frequently
required for product placement. Id. To market its services,
the Board observed that CDOC also employs sales agents
and disseminates personalized advertisements to custom-
ers. Id.Based on this evidence, the Board concluded that pur-
chases of life and health insurance and annuities are “not
daily purchases or purchases made on a regular basis,” but
are “unusual and complex” and made with “care and delib-
eration” after researching the products and “underwriters
to some degree.” Id. at *7. The Board then reasonably in-
ferred that “[g]iven the nature of the services and the per-
sonalized nature of the parties’ marketing efforts, relevant
purchasers will exercise a relatively high degree of pur-
chasing care when it comes to buying life and health insur-
ance and annuities.” Id. In view of these findings, we agree
that substantial evidence supports the Board’s determina-
tion that the appropriate customer standard is the discrim-
inating purchaser standard. See MCCARTHY § 23:99
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 10 Filed: 02/23/2021
10 CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE
(referring to buying healthcare insurance as a “discrimi-
nating” purchase).
C
The eighth DuPont factor considers the length of time
during and conditions under which there has been concur-
rent use of the marks without evidence of actual confusion.
DuPont, 476 F.2d at 1361. To determine if the absence of
actual confusion is indicative of the likelihood of confusion,
the fact-finder looks to real market conditions to evaluate
consumer exposure to the marks at issue, assessing the
length of time of any concurrent use; the similarity of the
services, customers, and trade channels; and the geo-
graphic overlap of the relevant markets. In re Guild Mortg.
Co., 912 F.3d 1376, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (evaluating the
geographic overlap of the services, the similarity of the ser-
vices and trade channels, and the relevant time periods
when assessing the significance of the absence of actual
confusion).
CDOC challenges the Board’s conclusion that this fac-
tor weighs against finding a likelihood of confusion, assert-
ing that the “record does not establish there was a
reasonable opportunity for actual confusion to have oc-
curred.” Appellant’s Br. at 33. CDOC contends that “the
Board was mistaken in its finding that there was concur-
rent use in the relevant markets since 2007,” id. at 35, ar-
guing that “[p]rior to 2016, there had been very little
competition or overlap between the insurance offerings” of
CDOC and Appellees, id. at 36. According to CDOC, a like-
lihood of confusion arose only after Liberty Bankers en-
tered the Medicare supplement insurance market in 2016.
Id. Further, CDOC asserts that the Board “erred in con-
sidering the quality and scope of” Appellees’ mark use, al-
leging minimal use of the marks at issue. Id. at 38.
Additionally, CDOC argues that the Board’s reliance on the
number of visitors to Appellees’ website “is misplaced,” as
consumers almost never learn about products via the
Case: 20-1643 Document: 41 Page: 11 Filed: 02/23/2021
CDOC, INC. v. LIBERTY BANKERS LIFE INSURANCE 11
website and the marks at issue did not appear on the web-
site after 2015. Id. at 40.
After reviewing the record, substantial evidence sup-
ports the Board’s findings. Notably, the Board found that
although Liberty Bankers did not start selling Medicare
supplement insurance until 2016, Board Opinion, 2020 WL
582932, at *8, Appellees began using their marks in con-
nection with the sale of life insurance and annuities in Sep-
tember 2007, id. CDOC also sold life insurance and
annuities during this time period, id. at *9, targeting the
same consumers as Appellees (i.e., Americans at or near
retirement age, Americans planning for retirement, and re-
tired Americans), id. Further, the Board found that to-
gether, CDOC and Appellees employ over 15,000 agents,
selling services throughout the United States. Id. Even
prior to Liberty Bankers’s entry into the Medicare supple-
ment insurance market in 2016, CDOC and Appellees had
significant marketing and sales and were well known in
the insurance and annuities industries. Id. at *8–9. Yet
the Board observed that there was not one reported case by
any agent of actual confusion. Id. at *9. The absence of
actual confusion, despite offering similar products to the
same customers in overlapping markets over a long period
of time, see Guild, 912 F.3d at 1381, provides substantial
evidence supporting the Board’s finding that the eighth
DuPont factor weighs against finding a likelihood of confu-
sion.
CONCLUSION
We have considered the remaining arguments but find
them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm
the decision of the Board dismissing CDOC’s oppositions.
AFFIRMED