Monroe v. United States

Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 1 Filed: 03/16/2022
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
_________________
ALLEN H. MONROE,
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellant
______________________
2021-1553
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
in No. 1:18-cv-01059-PEC, Judge Patricia E. Campbell-
Smith.
______________________
Decided: March 16, 2022
______________________
SCOTT W. MACKAY, The Law Offices of Scott W. Mac-
Kay, LLC, Hebron, NH, argued for plaintiff-appellee.
WILLIAM PORTER RAYEL, Commercial Litigation
Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Jus-
tice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellant.
Also represented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, MARTIN F.
HOCKEY, JR., ELIZABETH MARIE HOSFORD; SCOTT W.
MEDLYN, Civil Litigation Directorate, United States De-
partment of the Air Force, Joint Base Andrews-Naval Air
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 2 Filed: 03/16/2022
2 MONROE v. US
Facility, MD.
DORIS JOHNSON HINES, Finnegan, Henderson,
Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, Washington, DC, for
amicus curiae National Veterans Legal Services Program.
Also represented by COURTNEY BOLIN, KAITLYN PEHRSON.
______________________
Before MOORE, Chief Judge, CLEVENGER and CHEN,
Circuit Judges.
CLEVENGER, Circuit Judge.
The United States appeals from the final decision of the
United States Court of Federal Claims (“Claims Court”),
granting Plaintiff-Appellee Allen H. Monroe’s claim for at-
torneys’ fees and expenses pursuant to the Equal Access to
Justice Act (“EAJA”). Monroe v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl.
786, 789 (2020). Jurisdiction for the appeal lies under 28
U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3). For the reasons set forth below, we re-
verse.
I
Mr. Monroe began active duty service in the United
States Air Force on February 16, 2000. In 2005, he was di-
agnosed with diabetes mellitus, type 1. In 2009, he became
insulin dependent, and thereafter his medical condition
was carefully monitored by the Air Force. On October 4,
2010, an Air Force physical evaluation concluded that Mr.
Monroe’s diabetic condition did not make him unfit for duty
and directed that he remain on active duty without any re-
strictions on his physical activity.
On December 8, 2011, Mr. Monroe underwent an an-
nual medical examination, referred to as an Initial Review
in-Lieu-of Medical Evaluation Board (“RILO”) and was not
found unfit for duty. But on December 11, 2012, Mr. Mon-
roe was evaluated again in another annual RILO, after
which the examiner determined that Mr. Monroe was not
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MONROE v. US 3
eligible to return to duty. Mr. Monroe was referred to the
Department of Defense Integrated Disability Evaluation
System (“IDES”) for a determination of whether his diabe-
tes rendered him unfit for duty. In IDES, the determina-
tion of whether a service member is fit for duty is made by
a Department of Defense Physical Evaluation Board
(“PEB”). 1 On May 17, 2013, an Informal Physical Evalua-
tion Board (“IPEB”) found Mr. Monroe’s diabetes condition
1 While fitness for duty is assessed by a PEB, if a ser-
vice member is found unfit, the determination of the appro-
priate disability rating to be assigned to any unfitting
conditions is made using disability ratings schedules estab-
lished by the Department of Veterans Affairs. See Kaster v.
United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 670, 673 (2020). At the times in
this case, the Department of Veterans Affairs Schedule for
Ratings Disabilities (“VASRD”) for the Endocrine System,
specifically for diabetes mellitus, rating 7913, provided in
relevant part: “Requiring one or more daily injections of in-
sulin and restricted diet . . . . 20 [percent]” and “[r]equiring
one or more daily injections of insulin, restricted diet, and
regulation of activities . . . . 40 [percent].” 38 C.F.R. § 4.119.
“Regulation of activities” means “avoidance of strenuous
occupational and recreational activities,” and to meet this
standard, “restriction on both types of activities is a means
of showing the severity of the disability.” Camacho v. Ni-
cholson, 21 Vet. App. 360, 363 (2007) (establishing the test
for 40 percent disability under rating 7913 of 38 C.F.R. §
4.119).
A service member with less than twenty years of ser-
vice found unfit for duty due to physical disability due to
diabetes mellitus rated at 20 percent is separated from ser-
vice with severance pay only under 10 U.S.C. § 1203, but a
disabled service member rated at or above 30 percent is en-
titled to military disability compensation retirement under
10 U.S.C. § 1201. For diabetes mellitus, the next VASRD
highest rating over 20 percent is 40 percent.
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4 MONROE v. US
to be an unfitting medical condition, in part because the
condition limited possible deployments and recommended
his discharge with severance pay and a 20 percent disabil-
ity rating. 2 Mr. Monroe disagreed with the recommenda-
tion and requested an appearance before a Formal Physical
Evaluation Board (“FPEB”).
On July 16, 2013, Mr. Monroe’s requested FPEB found
his diabetes to be an unfitting medical condition, reasoning
that his diabetes was inconsistent with military service be-
cause it is difficult to control and interfered with Mr. Mon-
roe’s ability to deploy worldwide. In particular, the FPEB
stated that “diabetes is a disease that requires constant at-
tention to diet, exercise, blood sugar levels, and insulin dos-
ages and is very difficult to control under field conditions;
his condition will permanently limit his ability to deploy
and serve worldwide.” The FPEB recommended discharge
with a one-time severance pay award, based on a disability
rating of 20 percent, calculated on the basis of his need for
daily doses of insulin and restricted diet, and no regulation
of his activities having been imposed. Because the FPEB
failed to create and maintain an audio recording of its de-
cisional meeting, Mr. Monroe requested and was granted
another FPEB review. On November 12, 2013, the FPEB
met again and confirmed the previous FPEB analysis and
2 In IDES, when a service member is found unfit for
duty due to a medical disability, the IPEB forwards the
case to the Department of Veterans Affairs Disability Rat-
ing Activity Site (D-RAS). The D-RAS evaluates the service
member’s condition using the pertinent VASRD to produce
a disability rating that returned to the IPEB, which adopts
and applies the D-RAS rating to determine whether the
service member is separated with severance pay or retired
with disability compensation. Air Force Instruction 36-
3212, 1.10 Disability Ratings; see also Kaster, 670 Fed. Cl.
at 673.
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MONROE v. US 5
conclusion. Mr. Monroe disagreed with the FPEB discharge
recommendation and, on November 23, 2013, requested his
case be forwarded to the Secretary of the Air Force Person-
nel Council (“SAFPC”) for review. On January 23, 2014, the
SAFPC denied Mr. Monroe’s appeal and directed his dis-
charge with severance pay and a disability rating of 20 per-
cent, due to the fact that Mr. Monroe’s diabetes “will
permanently limit his ability to serve worldwide.” At Mr.
Monroe’s request, the SAFPC agreed to reconsider its deci-
sion. On June 26, 2014, the SAFPC again denied his appeal
and directed his discharge with severance pay and a disa-
bility rating of 20 percent, due to his inability to deploy
worldwide. On November 14, 2014, Mr. Monroe pro se filed
an application for correction of his military records with
the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records (the
“Board”) and made an extensive submission of his argu-
ments. He only sought reinstatement to active duty, on the
ground that the Air Force erred in finding him unfit for
duty and then unlawfully discharged him. In his submis-
sion, Mr. Monroe argued that the evidence failed to show
that his diabetes affected his duty performance. His appli-
cation did not challenge the 20 percent disability rating
recommended throughout by the FPEB and the SAFPC. In-
stead, his submission represented to the Board that his ex-
ceptional health disqualified him for a medical disability
retirement. While Mr. Monroe’s application was pending,
he was honorably discharged on January 22, 2015, with
just under fifteen years of service.
On September 22, 2017, the Board released its deci-
sion, described hereinafter as the 2017 Board decision. The
Board stated that it took notice of Mr. Monroe’s complete
submission in judging the merits of his case. Based on the
written record, including the Air Force’s position that “the
ability to deploy weighed heavily in the decision-making
process,” the Board stated that “[i]nsufficient evidence has
been presented to demonstrate the existence of error or
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6 MONROE v. US
injustice . . . . [W]e agree with the opinions and recommen-
dations of the Air Force offices of primary responsibility
(OPRs) and adopt their rationale as the basis for our con-
clusion that the applicant has not been the victim of any
error or injustice.” As such, the Board denied Mr. Monroe
his requested relief.
II
On July 19, 2018, Mr. Monroe through counsel, filed
suit against the United States in the Claims Court, seeking
review of the 2017 Board decision on the ground that the
Board failed to correct legal error committed by the Air
Force in the previous SAFPC decisions. Mr. Monroe alleged
that his discharge was based on a legally and factually er-
roneous assessment of his fitness for duty, entitling him to
reinstatement to active duty with back pay and other ben-
efits, pursuant to 37 U.S.C. § 204, the money-mandating
statutory entitlement for military pay.
Mr. Monroe was retired pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1203,
which mandates discharge with severance pay for a service
member with less than twenty years of service who is
deemed unfit for duty due to physical disability and whose
disability is rated at 20 percent. A disability rating of 30
percent or greater would entitle such a disabled service
member to monthly disability retirement pay, pursuant to
10. U.S.C. § 1201. Mr. Monroe’s complaint did not plead
any error in the computation of his 20 percent disability
rating. His complaint also did not ask for any relief under
10 U.S.C. § 1201, the money-mandating statute he would
have had to plead in order to vest the Claims Court with
jurisdiction over a claim that erroneous calculation of his
disability rating entitled him a disability rating of 30 per-
cent or more, and thus disability retirement pay under
§ 1201. The only issue presented by Mr. Monroe’s com-
plaint was his alleged entitlement to reinstatement to ac-
tive duty with all back pay and benefits, under 37 U.S.C.
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MONROE v. US 7
§ 204, on the grounds that his discharge was unlawful due
to error in finding him unfit for duty.
The government responded to Mr. Monroe’s complaint
by filing an unopposed motion voluntarily to remand the
case to the Board to allow it to explain in more detail its
responses to certain contentions Mr. Monroe raised before
it and repeated in his Claims Court complaint. The 2017
Board decision had stated that it considered all of Mr. Mon-
roe’s contentions, but rejected them for the reasons stated
in the government’s submissions, without elaborating on
the specific contentions. The government also recom-
mended that Mr. Monroe should be given an opportunity
on remand to submit additional issues, argument, and evi-
dence to the Board. The government argued for the remand
“in the interest of justice,” not because of any legal error in
the 2017 Board decision.
Accordingly, on October 16, 2018, the Claims Court or-
dered that the case be remanded and that the Board spe-
cifically explain (1) whether the SAFPC erred by failing to
apply the benefit of any unresolved doubt regarding Mr.
Monroe’s fitness in favor of Mr. Monroe under Department
of Defense instruction (“DoDI”) 1332.38; (2) whether the
SAFPC violated DoDI 1332.38 by considering the potential
precedential effect of its decision when determining Mr.
Monroe’s unfitness; and (3) whether the SAFPC erred by
failing to consider Mr. Monroe’s prior deployments and the
availability of waivers for Air Force members with assign-
ment limitation codes.
Upon remand, the Board received a submission from
Mr. Monroe that challenged the factual and legal grounds
for the unfitness determination made earlier by the
SAFPC. The Board also received the recommendation of its
medical consultant, which found no error in the SAFPC de-
cision, and a rebuttal submission from Mr. Monroe. Mr.
Monroe only argued that the Air Force erred in finding him
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8 MONROE v. US
unfit for duty, and that the error entitled him to reinstate-
ment to active duty. He did not make any claim that, if the
unfitness determination was correct, he should have been
retired with a disability rating higher than 20 percent.
On April 29, 2019, the Board issued its decision as an
addendum to its 2017 decision, described hereinafter as the
2019 Board decision. Responding to the criticism of its ear-
lier decision for insufficient explanation, the 2019 Board
decision addressed in detail the submissions and the three
remanded issues. The 2019 Board decision explained that
Mr. Monroe’s case presented an unusual situation. Mr.
Monroe’s overall health was excellent, as shown by con-
sistent excellent physical examinations and by his regular
personal exercise regime, as exemplified by his ability to
finish marathon runs. But his diabetic condition required
insulin pump monitoring at least four times a day with the
risk of complications in administration that, at worst, could
result in diabetic ketoacidosis. Thus, although Mr. Monroe
presented a reasonable risk for retention in garrison work-
ing environments, there remained unreasonable long-term
risks for Mr. Monroe and for mission degradation under all
possible environmental and operational deployments. The
SAFPC had previously recognized the competing consider-
ations of Mr. Monroe’s overall good health and of the risks
presented for maintenance of his diabetic condition in aus-
tere deployments, and had concluded that the latter made
him unfit for duty. In sustaining that determination, the
2019 Board decision referred to portions of DoDI 1332.18
and 1332.45 for support.
Turning to the remanded issues, the 2019 Board deci-
sion found no error in not providing Mr. Monroe with the
appropriate benefit of the doubt in deciding his fitness for
duty because the evidence on that issue preponderated in
the Air Force’s favor. While the SAFPC decision in this case
could be seen as setting a precedent, the Board did not see
that fact as error, as each case is decided on its own merits.
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MONROE v. US 9
On the third remanded issue, the Board concluded that the
fact that Mr. Monroe had experienced previous foreign de-
ployments without incident did not undercut the risks as-
sociated with possible future deployments with austere
environments. The Board concluded that the record “did
not demonstrate material error or injustice” in the Air
Force’s determination of Mr. Monroe’s unfitness for duty
and consequent discharge.
III
On May 31, 2019, Mr. Monroe filed an amended com-
plaint in the Claims Court, seeking review of the 2017 and
2019 Board decisions. His amended complaint reiterated
alleged errors by the 2017 Board decision and found fault
in the 2019 Board decision’s responses to the three re-
manded issues. He also faulted the 2019 Board decision for
relying on DoDI provisions that took effect after the deci-
sion by the Air Force to discharge him as unfit for duty. As
in his first complaint, Mr. Monroe cited no error in the Air
Force’s assignment of a 20 percent disability rating, and
requested no adjudication of, or relief for, his discharge
with severance pay under 10 U.S.C. § 1203, based on his 20
percent disability rating, instead of a medical disability re-
tirement with monthly compensation under 10 U.S.C.
§ 1201.
The government again filed an unopposed motion for
remand to the Board. In its motion, the government con-
ceded that the 2019 Board decision had “inappropriately
considered” two DoDI provisions that were not in effect at
the time the Air Force decided to discharge Mr. Monroe as
unfit for duty. The government argued that this error did
not make the overall decisions of the 2017 and 2019 Boards
erroneous. In the interests of justice, the government also
recommended further assessment by the Board of certain
issues raised by Mr. Monroe’s second complaint.
The Claims Court issued its second remand order on
July 31, 2019. The order directed the Board to “complete
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10 MONROE v. US
the following tasks”: (1) to redetermine Mr. Monroe’s fit-
ness without regard to regulations or policies promulgated
after June 26, 2014 (the date of the SAFPC’s decision), (2)
to address the composition of the July and November 2013
FPEBs to determine if having the same voting members for
both FPEBs violated regulations, and if so whether the er-
ror was harmless, (3) to address Mr. Monroe’s deployability
by reconsidering the record concerning the Air Force’s as-
sessment of his availability for deployments and the possi-
bility of waivers of deployment restrictions, (4) to address
again whether the Air Force erred in emphasizing the prec-
edential effect of Mr. Monroe’s case on other service mem-
bers (the concern being that the Air Force used Mr.
Monroe’s case to set a precedent to govern all other insulin
dependent airmen), and (5) to address again whether the
2017 and 2019 Board decisions properly applied the benefit
of the doubt rules in finding no error in the SAFPC’s deci-
sion to order Mr. Monroe’s discharge on unfitness grounds.
On remand, Mr. Monroe submitted arguments renew-
ing his earlier allegations of error by the Air Force in find-
ing him unfit for duty and addressing the matters
remanded. In his August 12, 2019, submission the only re-
lief he sought was correction of his military records to re-
flect his reinstatement to active duty effective January 22,
2015 (his discharge date), with continuous service to the
date of correction, back pay, and all other appropriate ben-
efits. His submission did not ask the Board to review the
correctness of the disability rating assigned to him at the
time of his discharge. The Board also received advisory
opinions from its medical consultant and from SAFPC, ad-
dressing the issues specified in the second remand order.
The Medical Consultant Advisory Opinion, dated No-
vember 26, 2019, addressed the possible error by the 2019
Board decision in relying on regulations promulgated after
Mr. Monroe’s discharge. It did so by analyzing the entirety
of Mr. Monroe’s medical record under applicable regula-
tions. Following the extensive analysis, the medical
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MONROE v. US 11
consultant concluded that the 2019 Board decision could be
sustained under standalone provisions in DoDI 1332.28,
without any reliance on regulations in effect after Mr. Mon-
roe’s discharge.
Regarding Mr. Monroe’s fitness, the medical consult-
ant’s recitation of Mr. Monroe’s medical history notes an
endocrinologist’s comments, dated April 7, 2010, regarding
Mr. Monroe’s diabetes and its impact on his fitness for
duty. The endocrinologist opined that Mr. Monroe should
have his condition assessed annually, but “would be al-
lowed to do physical training at his own pace and distance.”
During a test of his blood sugars on August 16, 2010, Mr.
Monroe reported that he was “running 45 minutes 3 times
per day, swims 1 day per week, and strength training 2
times per week.” The medical consultant’s report also re-
ferred to a September 13, 2010, opinion of an Army endo-
crinologist that Mr. Monroe “should be retained,” noting
ability to perform his duties, but recommending a perma-
nent profile “limiting physical activity, diet and deployabil-
ity.” The medical consultant’s report did not refer to any
actual restriction having been imposed on Mr. Monroe’s
physical activity following the second endocrinologist’s rec-
ommendation. Mr. Monroe’s medical records included an
FPEB determination on October 4, 2010, which stated that,
based on multiple statements as to Mr. Monroe’s function-
ality, he had “no duty restrictions and has not been pre-
cluded from performing support duties or fitness
activities.” The medical consultant’s report noted that a
December 19, 2012, record documented Mr. Monroe’s suc-
cessful completion of a marathon. The report further noted
that “[a]though early on, an Army provider recommended
‘restricted activity,’ the applicant [Mr. Monroe] continued
to participate in the intense activities he enjoyed, e.g., run-
ning several miles, sometimes several times per day or
week.” As the medical consultant noted, Mr. Monroe’s
physical ability to endure the rigors of service came at a
price, meaning notwithstanding his excellent physical
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12 MONROE v. US
condition even with diabetes, his condition rendered him
unfit for duty in all possible deployments. The medical con-
sultant’s report did not suggest the possibility that, based
on the single recommendation for restricted activity on
September 13, 2010, Mr. Monroe’s 20 percent disability
rating may have been incorrect. The medical officer opined
in conclusion that no error existed in the 2017 and 2019
Board decisions sustaining Mr. Monroe’s discharge at a 20
percent disability rating.
The SAFPC provided opinions to the Board on the is-
sues raised by the second remand order concerning deploy-
ments, precedential effect and the benefit of the doubt. On
each, the SAFPC explained its view that no error had been
committed in the assessment of Mr. Monroe’s fitness for
duty.
On December 6, 2019, Mr. Monroe replied to opinions
of SAFPC and the medical consultant, challenging the con-
clusions in those opinions that no error had been commit-
ted by SAFPC in deciding Mr. Monroe’s case in order to set
a precedent for other cases, or in application of the benefit
of the doubt, or in determining that Mr. Monroe was not
entitled only to a waiver of deployability restrictions. In re-
sponse to the Medical Consultant Advisory Opinion, Mr.
Monroe, for the first time in the entire proceedings, pointed
to the single reference in his medical history recommend-
ing a regulation of his activities, and argued that the una-
dopted recommendation of restriction of activities would
warrant compensable disability retirement under 10
U.S.C. § 1201. Mr. Monroe stated that, should the Board
deny his application for restoration to active duty, at least
his records should be corrected to reflect his placement on
the permanent disability retired list with a 40 percent dis-
ability rating effective and retroactive to January 22, 2015.
On January 15, 2020, the Board issued its second ad-
dendum decision, described hereinafter as the 2020 Board
decision. The Board noted that Mr. Monroe, in addition to
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MONROE v. US 13
his long-standing contention that Air Force error in his fit-
ness for duty assessment required his reinstatement to ac-
tive duty, with all appropriate back pay and allowances,
requested that “[i]n the alternative, he be retired from the
Air Force with a 40 percent disability rating.”
The 2020 Board decision discussed each of the issues
remanded to it by the Claims Court. The 2020 Board deci-
sion stated that it adopted the recommended opinions of its
medical consultant and the SAFPC, and explained the rea-
sons why no error had been shown on any of the remanded
issues. Because Mr. Monroe makes no challenge to the
2020 Board decision, we need not repeat the rationales
adopted by the Board for finding no error with regard to
the remanded issues regarding the Air Force’s determina-
tion that Mr. Monroe was unfit for duty and therefore sub-
ject to discharge. Although the Board found no error in the
unfitness determination that led to discharge, it concluded
that “partial relief is warranted” with regard to Mr. Mon-
roe’s disability rating. Towards the end of its decision, the
Board turned to the “risk to himself and/or others” possible
in austere deployments and stated:
The applicant appears to have had a support sys-
tem in place at his local base; however, the Board
believes that at a deployed location, with changing
physical activity and likely change in diet, the risk
would be higher. Likewise, the same risk makes
the argument for a higher disability rating of 40
percent. As such, the Board believes the interest of
justice can best be served by medically retiring the
applicant with a 40 percent disability rating retro-
active to 2015. The Board believes the recom-
mended relief is appropriate to the circumstances
in this case and constitutes full and fitting relief.
The 2020 Board decision did not reference the only pos-
sible basis in the record for legally raising the 20 percent
disability rating to 40 percent, which is the September 13,
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14 MONROE v. US
2010, unadopted recommendation for limitation of physical
activity. Nor did the 2020 Board decision in any way sug-
gest legal error by the Air Force in not having increased his
disability rating to 40 percent. We may assume that if the
2020 Board decision’s rationale for partial relief was to cor-
rect legal error in misapplication of the VASRD disability
rating requirements, the decision would have said just
that. 3 Instead, the 2020 Board decision reflected the injus-
tice of the situation that Mr. Monroe’s overall excellent
health came at a high cost to him, in that the need to avoid
risks and to provide the right care for a disease that did not
limit his activity meant that he was not fully deployable
and thus unfit for duty.
Following the 2020 Board decision, Mr. Monroe moved
to dismiss his complaint voluntarily, and the Claims Court
granted his motion on February 6, 2020. Shortly thereaf-
ter, Mr. Monroe filed a motion for attorneys’ fees and ex-
penses under EAJA.
IV
EAJA provides an exception to the general rule that
plaintiffs cannot recover attorneys’ fees and expenses
against the United States. Scarborough v. Principi, 541
3 The Armed Service Boards for Correction of Mili-
tary Records, here the Air Force Board, are charged with
the responsibility to correct military records when “neces-
sary to correct an error or remove an injustice.” 10 U.S.C.
§ 1552(a)(1). The two grounds for correction of military rec-
ords are not the same. Error means legal or factual error,
and injustice is “treatment by the military authorities, that
shocks the sense of justice, but is not technically illegal.”
Reale v. United States, 208 Ct. Cl. 1010, 1011–12 (Ct. Cl.
1976) (unpublished) (this distinction expressly adopted by
the Court of Claims sitting en banc in Sanders v. United
States, 594 F.2d 804, 813, n.12 (Ct. Cl. 1979).
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 15 Filed: 03/16/2022
MONROE v. US 15
U.S. 401, 404 (2004). In relevant part, EAJA provides that
“a court shall award to a prevailing party . . . fees and other
expenses . . . unless the court finds that the position of the
United States was substantially justified . . . .” 28 U.S.C.
§2412(d)(1)(A). The plaintiff bears the burden of establish-
ing status as a “prevailing party,” and where that test is
met, the United States bears the burden of establishing
that its position was “substantially justified.” Doty v.
United States, 71 F.3d. 384, 385 (Fed. Cir. 1995). In many
cases, there is a dispute over whether a plaintiff is a “pre-
vailing party,” and this issue has been particularly in ques-
tion when remands have been involved in the underlying
litigation. See Former Employees of Motorola Ceramic
Prods. v. United States, 336 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2003). In
this case, the government initially disputed that Mr. Mon-
roe is entitled to “prevailing party” status, but the Claims
Court disagreed, holding that Mr. Monroe is the prevailing
party in this case. The government does not appeal this rul-
ing by the Claims Court, and thus we need not pause before
addressing the only issue before us, which is whether the
Claims Court erred in holding that the government failed
to show that its position was substantially justified.
Whether a government position is substantially justi-
fied is measured by looking back at the government’s
stance throughout the proceedings, including all adminis-
trative proceedings related to the civil action, and the gov-
ernment’s position is viewed as a whole, with one
“threshold determination for the entire civil action to be
made.” Commissioner v. Jean, 496 U.S. 160, 159 (1990). In
Jean, the Supreme Court emphasized the need for a singu-
lar assessment of the government’s position in the whole of
the case by holding that the government can be unjustified
in individual matters and still justified on the inclusive
whole of the case. Id. at 161–62. Further, “substantially
justified” does not mean “justified to a high degree, but ra-
ther ‘justified in substance or in the main,’—that is, justi-
fied to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.”
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16 MONROE v. US
Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988). More par-
ticularly, “a position can be justified even though it is not
correct, and . . . it can be substantially (i.e., for the most
part) justified if a reasonable person would think it correct,
that is, if it has a reasonable basis in fact and law.” Id. at
566, n.2.
In sum, when deciding the substantial justification is-
sue, “trial courts are instructed to look at the entirety of
the government’s conduct and make a judgment call
whether the government’s overall position had a reasona-
ble basis in both law and fact.” Chiu v. United States, 948
F.2d 711, 715 (Fed. Cir. 1991). Where an award is ordered,
the court’s decision that the position of the government was
not substantially justified, when appealed as in this case,
is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Pierce v. Underwood,
487 U.S. 552, 557–63 (1988). Abuse of discretion is shown
if the court “erred in interpreting the law or exercised its
judgment on clearly erroneous findings of material fact,”
Chiu, 948 F.2d at 713, or “make[s] a clear error of judgment
in weighing relevant factors.” DGR Assocs., Inc. v. United
States, 690 F.3d 1335, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Our task now
is to apply this standard to the decision of the Claims Court
that the government’s overall position in this case was not
substantially justified.
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 17 Filed: 03/16/2022
MONROE v. US 17
V
Mr. Monroe’s EAJA motion argued that the govern-
ment’s position was not substantially justified for two rea-
sons. First, Mr. Monroe pointed to the two remand orders,
arguing that “the errors committed by the [Board] that ne-
cessitated the two remands of Mr. Monroe’s case show that
the government’s position was not clearly reasonable in
view of the law and the facts.” Second, the government’s
position was not reasonable because “the [Board] persisted
from 2017 through 2019 in pressing a legal or factual posi-
tion [regarding Mr. Monroe’s disability rating], as is evi-
dent from the [B]oard’s abrupt reversal in January 2020.”
The government responded to the reasons advanced by
Mr. Monroe and argued that the record as a whole showed
its position in the case to be substantially justified. As for
the two remands to the Board, the government argued that
the first remand to consider unexplained matters did not
mean the initial Board had acted arbitrarily, because its
decision showed that the Board had considered the full case
and gave reasons for its decision by adopting the Air
Force’s arguments as the basis for its conclusions, citing
Melendez Camillo v. United States, 642 F.3d 1040, 1044–
46 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (failure to mention specific matter in
decision does not mean matter was not considered), and
Hartman v. Nicholson, 483 F.3d 1311, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2007)
(same). As for the second remand, the government admit-
ted that the Board’s first remand decision had relied on an
incorrect regulation, but that error was determined to be
harmless and thus inconsequential by the 2020 Board de-
cision, and Mr. Monroe did not challenge the Board’s reso-
lution of the remanded issues.
On Mr. Monroe’s second unreasonableness reason, the
government pointed out that the first time Mr. Monroe ever
raised and questioned the propriety of his 20 percent disa-
bility rating was during the administrative proceedings on
the second remand. Because before the Board, “the
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18 MONROE v. US
applicant has the burden of proving sufficient evidence of
material error in injustice,” 32 C.F.R. § 865.4(a), and the
Board determines if “the applicant has demonstrated the
existence of a material error or injustice,” 32 C.F.R.
§ 865.4(h)(4), the government argued that the 2017 and
2019 Board decisions were not “pressing a tenuous factual
or legal position” by not addressing the issue of whether
Mr. Monroe’s disability rating should have been higher
than 20 percent, because he had not raised the issue before
2020, but in fact had represented to the 2017 Board that he
did not qualify for a disability retirement. Mr. Monroe’s re-
sponse to the government’s defense of its reasonableness
did not disagree with the government’s assertion that the
Board need only resolve matters presented to it. On the
merits of the disability rating, the government cited the le-
gal requirements for the next higher rating, 40 percent,
which required “regulation of activities,” meaning “avoid-
ance of strenuous occupational and recreational activities.”
38 C.F.R. § 4.119. Given Mr. Monroe’s top physical assess-
ment scores and his unrestricted marathon running, the
government argued it was legally justified in maintaining
the 20 percent disability rating, until the Board in the in-
terests of justice increased the rating to a compensable
level.
VI
After review of Mr. Monroe’s fee application, the gov-
ernment response, and Mr. Monroe’s rebuttal, the Claims
Court ruled in Mr. Monroe’s favor, finding the govern-
ment’s position not substantially justified and awarding
Mr. Monroe $50,881.27 in attorneys’ fees and expenses.
Monroe, 150 Fed. Cl. at 794. 4
4 The government’s appeal argues primarily that its
overall position was substantially justified, warranting re-
versal of the Claims Court’s award of attorneys’ fees and
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 19 Filed: 03/16/2022
MONROE v. US 19
The Claims Court’s decision was taken on the basis of
the briefs describing the arguments made by the parties.
As noted above, Mr. Monroe argued a lack of justification
on the two grounds identified in his EAJA motion: alleged
errors associated with the two remand orders and the error
of not having increased Mr. Monroe’s 20 percent disability
rating sooner in the Board review process. The court stated
that it “agrees with plaintiff that defendant’s position was
plagued by agency errors and therefore could not have had
a reasonable basis in law and fact.” Monroe, 150 Fed. Cl. at
792 (citing Chiu, 968 F.2d at 715). Further, the court found
that “[p]laintiff has been forced to litigate defendant’s [dis-
ability rating] position since the Air Force’s determination
in 2014, which the Board ultimately determined was
faulty,” by “pressing a tenuous factual or legal position”
through the first remand position. Id. The government
takes issue with the court’s finding that multiple errors
“plagued” the process by which the Air Force found Mr.
Monroe unfit for duty and the process by which three Board
decisions affirmed the assessment that Mr. Monroe’s dia-
betes made him unfit for duty. As for whether the three
grounds for the first remand showed agency error, for the
2017 Board decision not having specifically addressed
those matters, the record shows that the 2017 Board had
before it the complete position of the parties, and took no-
tice of those positions in making its decision. As such, the
government argues that the 2017 Board committed no
expenses. In the alternative, the government argues that
attorney time should be divided between time spent chal-
lenging the unfitness for duty issue and the time spent on
the disability rating issue, thereby substantially reducing
the attorney fee award. Because we conclude that the
Claims Court abused its discretion rejecting the substan-
tial justification of the government’s overall position in the
case, we need not address the government’s alternative ar-
gument.
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 20 Filed: 03/16/2022
20 MONROE v. US
error. The government concedes that the second remand to
the Board was necessary because of legal error by the 2019
Board decision, as the court found. As for this single agency
error, the government points out that the 2020 Board deci-
sion concluded that the admitted error had not affected the
proceedings because properly applied regulations sup-
ported the unfitness decision, and Mr. Monroe has not chal-
lenged that conclusion.
With regard to the disability rating issue, the govern-
ment emphasizes that the burden lies with the service
member to present his case to the Board, and the Board
does not err when it does not address issues not presented
to it. The record is undisputable that the issue of the cor-
rectness of the 20 percent disability rating was only raised
before the 2020 Board, not at any previous time, and Mr.
Monroe even represented to the 2017 Board that he did not
qualify for medical disability retirement. When the issue
was at last put before the 2020 Board, the record evidence
showed one medical reference in September 2010 suggest-
ing possible need for restriction of Mr. Monroe’s physical
activities and other contrary contemporaneous evidence
against restriction, and the consistent reference to his oth-
erwise exemplary physical fitness and ability to complete
marathon runs. In the government’s view, it is clear that
the 2020 Board’s rationale for increasing Mr. Monroe’s rat-
ing to 40 percent was not that the record facts satisfied the
legal test for the increased rating stated in the VA ratings
schedule, but instead that relief for Mr. Monroe was
deemed necessary “in the interest of justice.”
VII
In this case, the Claims Court made its judgment call
that the government’s position was not substantially justi-
fied because, with regard to the two remand proceedings,
the government’s position was “plagued by agency errors.”
On the question of Mr. Monroe’s VASRD disability rating,
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 21 Filed: 03/16/2022
MONROE v. US 21
the Claims Court found that the Boards continued “press-
ing a tenuous factual or legal position through the first re-
mand decision,” which forced Mr. Monroe to litigate [the
disability rating issue] from 2014 5 to 2020 to achieve an
increased disability rating that would afford him a disabil-
ity retirement compensation.
We first address the alleged errors by the government
in connection with the two remands. Somewhat like the
style of the 2017 Board decision, on this issue the Claims
Court did not identify the specific agency errors in connec-
tion with the remands, but instead stated that it “agrees
with plaintiff,” Monroe, 150 Fed. Cl. at 792, on the issue.
Mr. Monroe argued the 2017 Board decision was arbi-
trary and capricious for failure to address the three issues
that were remanded, citing Frizelle v. Slater, 111 F.3d 172(D.C. Cir. 1997). That case involves the Coast Guard Board
for Correction of Military Records and the question of
whether the Board commits error by failing to address ar-
guments made to it. The court first set forth the test for
whether a Board decision is arbitrary: “All that is required
is that the Board’s decision ‘minimally contain a rational
connection between the facts found and the choice made.’’’
Frizelle, 111 F.3d at 176–77 (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs.
Ass’n of U.S. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29,
43 (1983)). A Board thus errs when it “has not given ‘a rea-
son that a court can measure’ for its decision.” Id. In
Frizelle, the decision of the correction board had failed to
respond to two of Frizelle’s arguments, and with no ra-
tionale given for rejection of the arguments, the court held
the board’s decision to be arbitrary. Id. at 177. Mr. Monroe
relies on Frizelle to show agency error by the 2017 Board,
and because the Claims Court adopted Mr. Monroe’s
5 The 2014 date refers to the SAFPC June 26, 2014,
decision, which stated the government’s position that Mr.
Monroe’s disability warranted a 20 percent rating.
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 22 Filed: 03/16/2022
22 MONROE v. US
arguments, we assume it similarly relied on Frizelle to
show one of the “plague” of errors. Frizelle, however, actu-
ally supports the government on this issue. The 2017 Board
decision did not fail to consider any argument made by Mr.
Monroe. Instead, the 2017 Board fully considered Mr. Mon-
roe’s submitted arguments, fully considered the submitted
arguments made by the Air Force and agreed with the ar-
guments made by the Air Force. The 2017 Board gave a
rational connection between its decision and the submis-
sions made to it, and we, as well as the Claims Court, were
given the reason by the 2017 Board to “measure its deci-
sion.” Furthermore, in Melendez Camillo, this court found
no error in the decision of a corrections board that consid-
ered the service member’s complete submission issues but
failed to specifically discuss a particular issue. Melendez
Camillo, 642 F.3d at 1045. The Claims Court thus erred by
misapplying Frizelle and overlooking the government’s re-
liance on Melendez Camillo to find agency error in connec-
tion with the order remanding the 2017 Board decision.
With regard to the agency error that required the sec-
ond remand, namely reliance by the 2019 Board decision
on regulations that post-dated the SAFPC June 26, 2014,
decision, the government conceded that such reliance was
error. The 2020 Board decision concluded that the Air
Force’s unfitness decision was free of error based on regu-
lations and policies in force as of the date of the SAFPC
decision. One harmless error does not amount to a plague
of errors.
The Claims Court’s second reason for finding the gov-
ernment’s position not substantially justified fares no bet-
ter. The record clearly belies any fact finding that Mr.
Monroe was forced to litigate the disability rating issue
from 2014 to 2020 because of a tenuous factual or legal po-
sition taken by the Air Force or the 2017 and 2019 Boards.
Mr. Monroe’s initial application to the 2017 Board did not
challenge the 20 percent disability rating assigned to him
at his discharge. Indeed, in his presentation to the 2017
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 23 Filed: 03/16/2022
MONROE v. US 23
Board, he expressly represented that he did not qualify for
disability retirement, which meant that he did not meet the
VASRD requirement for 40 percent disability because his
record did not show that his physical activities had been
restricted. The only evidence in the record that could have
supported a 40 percent rating was one endocrinologist’s
suggestion for restriction of activity, which was not en-
forced, and which was preceded and followed by copious
contemporaneous attestations that Mr. Monroe did not re-
quire, and was not given, restriction of activities. The posi-
tion taken by the Air Force, and accepted by the 2017 and
2019 Board decisions, was that the factual record showed
Mr. Monroe as entitled only to a 20 percent disability rat-
ing because of his need for daily insulin injections and a
restricted diet. From 2014 through the 2020 Board deci-
sion, the government did not stand in Mr. Monroe’s way to
oppose any challenge he might have raised to the assigned
20 percent disability rating. On this factual record, no evi-
dence supports a finding that the government forced Mr.
Monroe to litigate the issue by pressing tenuous factual or
legal grounds over a long period of time. The Claims
Court’s finding on this issue is clearly erroneous.
In sum, we conclude that neither ground asserted by
the Claims Court to find the government’s position not sub-
stantially justified is correct. Looking back at this extended
litigation and assessing the government’s position as a
whole, there is but a single instance of agency error, which
necessitated a second remand to determine if the 2019
Board decision had improperly relied on regulations that
post-dated Mr. Monroe’s discharge. And that error proved
to be harmless when the 2020 Board decision sustained the
Air Force’s decision without reliance on the post-dated reg-
ulation. From 2014 to 2020, Mr. Monroe fought to have his
unfitness for duty determination reversed, and to be rein-
stated to active duty. His legal challenges in the Claims
Court related solely to his claim to reinstatement to active
duty, and virtually all of his (and the government’s)
Case: 21-1553 Document: 32 Page: 24 Filed: 03/16/2022
24 MONROE v. US
submissions to the three Boards dealt with the claim to re-
instatement. Only at the end of the proceedings did Mr.
Monroe request alternative relief, in the form of a higher
disability rating, and the 2020 Board promptly granted the
relief in the interests of justice, without objection from the
Air Force.
Applying our standard of review, we hold that the
Claims Court abused its discretion in making its judgment
call, due to its errors in faulting justification for the gov-
ernment’s overall position. Accordingly, we reverse the fi-
nal decision of the Claims Court awarding attorneys’ fees
and expenses to Mr. Monroe, and remand the case for dis-
missal of Mr. Monroe’s EAJA motion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED
COSTS
No costs.