Snipr Technologies Limited v. Rockefeller University

Case: 22-1260 Document: 47 Page: 1 Filed: 07/14/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED,
Appellant
v.
ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY,
Appellee
KATHERINE K. VIDAL, UNDER SECRETARY OF
COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
AND DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES
PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE,
Intervenor
______________________
2022-1260
______________________
Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. 106,123.
______________________
Decided: July 14, 2023
______________________
BRIAN ROBERT MATSUI, Morrison & Foerster LLP,
Washington, DC, argued for appellant. Also represented
by SETH W. LLOYD; PARISA JORJANI, MATTHEW IAN
KREEGER, San Francisco, CA.
SALVATORE J. ARRIGO, III, Arrigo, Lee, Guttman, &
Mouta-Bellum LLP, Washington, DC, argued for appellee.
Case: 22-1260 Document: 47 Page: 2 Filed: 07/14/2023
2 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
Also represented by HARRY JOEL GUTTMAN.
SARAH E. CRAVEN, Office of the Solicitor, United States
Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, argued for
intervenor. Also represented by THOMAS W. KRAUSE,
MONICA BARNES LATEEF, AMY J. NELSON, FARHEENA
YASMEEN RASHEED.
______________________
Before CHEN, WALLACH, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges.
CHEN, Circuit Judge.
In 2011, Congress enacted the Leahy-Smith America
Invents Act (AIA), transforming the U.S. patent system
from a first-to-invent to a first-inventor-to-file system for
determining patent priority. Pub. L. No. 112-29, 125 Stat.
284 (2011). Under the old, pre-AIA first-to-invent system,
the first person to invent had “priority” to an invention and
was entitled to a patent, even if a different inventor was
the first to file a patent application for that invention. Un-
der the AIA’s new first-inventor-to-file system, however,
the first person to file a patent application on an invention
has priority and is entitled to a patent, even when another
inventor can establish an earlier invention date.
As part of the new first-inventor-to-file patent system,
Congress eliminated from the Patent Act “interferences,”
which are administrative priority contests the U.S. Patent
and Trademark Office’s (Patent Office) Patent Trial and
Appeal Board (Board) has historically conducted in the old
first-to-invent regime to determine which inventor among
two inventors who claim the same invention could prove an
earlier invention date. The AIA’s effective date provision,
AIA § 3(n), makes clear that interferences and other first-
to-invent aspects of pre-AIA law do not apply to patents ex-
clusively governed by the AIA and issued under the new
first-inventor-to-file regime.
The Board declared an interference between five first-
inventor-to-file patents owned by SNIPR Technologies
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 3
Limited (SNIPR) and a first-to-invent patent application
assigned to Rockefeller University (Rockefeller) that re-
sulted in the cancellation of all claims of SNIPR’s patents.
SNIPR Tech. Ltd. v. Rockefeller Univ., No. 106,123, 2021
WL 8566747 (P.T.A.B. Nov. 19, 2021) (Decision); SNIPR
Tech. Ltd. v. Rockefeller Univ., No. 106,123, 2021 WL
8566749, at *1–2 (P.T.A.B. Nov. 19, 2021) (Judgment).
SNIPR appeals, contending that the Board never should
have subjected its first-inventor-to-file patents to a vestige
of the old first-to-invent system: an invention date contest
against Rockefeller’s first-to-invent application through an
interference. Because the text, purpose, and history of the
AIA make clear that first-inventor-to-file patents exclu-
sively governed by the AIA cannot be subject to an inter-
ference (save for one exception not applicable here), we
reverse.
BACKGROUND
I. Statutory Background
Patent priority establishes who is entitled to a patent
on a particular invention claimed by different parties.
Passed in 2011, the AIA changed how priority is deter-
mined, by converting the U.S. patent system from a first-
to-invent to a first-inventor-to-file system. Pub. L. No. 112-
29, 125 Stat. 284. Under the first-to-invent system, the
first person to invent a claimed invention had priority and
was entitled to a patent. See pre-AIA 1 35 U.S.C. § 102(g).
This is true even when a later inventor beats the first in-
ventor to filing a patent application. See id. When two dif-
ferent inventive entities claimed the same subject matter
in a patent or patent application, the Patent Office would
conduct an often arduous administrative proceeding—an
interference proceeding—to determine the right of priority,
i.e., who was the first inventor. Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 135;
1 “Pre-AIA” refers to the versions in effect immedi-
ately before the AIA’s effective date of March 16, 2013.
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4 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
H.R. Rep. No. 112-98, at 40–41 (2011); S. Rep. No. 111-18,
at 4 (2009)2. Under the AIA, however, interferences to de-
termine which inventor had the earliest invention date are
no longer necessary because it is now the first filer—not
the first inventor—who has priority and is entitled to a pa-
tent.
Congress had several reasons for transitioning to a
first-inventor-to-file system. Congress observed that using
a patent’s filing date to determine priority among compet-
ing inventors is objective and simple, whereas an invention
date determination “is often uncertain, and, when dis-
puted, typically requires corroborating evidence as part of
an adjudication.” H.R. Rep. No. 112-98, at 40; S. Rep.
No. 111-18, at 4. In particular, resolving such invention
date disputes required “a lengthy, complex and costly ad-
ministrative proceeding (called an ‘interference proceed-
ing’)” that “can take years to complete . . . , cost hundreds
of thousands of dollars, and require extensive discovery.”
H.R. Rep. No. 112-98, at 40–41; S. Rep. No. 111-18, at 4.
Moreover, the specter of an interference proceeding never
goes away for patent holders: “because it is always possible
that an applicant could be involved in an interference pro-
ceeding, companies must maintain extensive recording and
document retention systems in case they are later required
to prove the date they invented the claimed invention.”
H.R. Rep. No. 112-98, at 41; S. Rep. No. 111-18, at 4.
Congress also recognized that, by changing to a first-
inventor-to-file system, inventors and companies filing for
patent protection in foreign countries (which all use the
first-inventor-to-file system) would not be forced to follow
two different filing systems. H.R. Rep. No. 112-98,
at 41–42; S. Rep. No. 111-18, at 5. Indeed, the U.S. was the
last remaining country in the world to use a first-to-invent
2 The Senate Report relates to an earlier version of
the AIA, but is mostly identical to the relevant parts of the
House Report.
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 5
system prior to the passage of the AIA. David S. Abrams
& R. Polk Wagner, Poisoning the Next Apple? The America
Invents Act and Individual Inventors, 65 Stan. L. Rev. 517,
520 n.10 (2013) (citing Gerald J. Mossinghoff & Vivian S.
Kuo, World Patent System Circa 20XX, A.D., 38 IDEA 529,
548, 548 n.38 (1998)); see also H.R. Rep. No. 112-98, at 40–
41; S. Rep. No. 111-18, at 3–4 (both explaining that “[e]very
industrialized nation other than the United States uses a
patent priority system commonly referred to as ‘first-to-
file.’”). In short, Congress disliked interferences and
wanted to get rid of them, and also sought to align the
United States with the patent filing systems around the
world. 3
Converting to a first-inventor-to-file patent system re-
quired significant changes to the statutory scheme.
The AIA redefined what constitutes “prior art” against
a patent or application. AIA § 3(b)–(c). Before the AIA’s
passage, prior art referred to certain documents available
before the actual date of invention. See pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
§ 102(a), (e) (entitling a person to a patent unless the in-
vention was described in certain patents or printed publi-
cations “before the invention . . . by the applicant for
patent”). Under the AIA, prior art now refers to certain
documents available before the “effective filing date of the
claimed invention.” AIA § 3(b)(1) (amending 35 U.S.C.
§ 102(a)). Compare pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102, with 35
U.S.C. § 102. The AIA similarly changed the obviousness
3 Congress’s motivations are also reflected in the
text of the AIA itself, which states that the purpose of the
AIA is to: (1) provide inventors with greater certainty as
to the scope of protection provided by the grant of exclusive
rights to their discoveries, and (2) harmonize the U.S. pa-
tent system with “the patent systems commonly used in
nearly all other countries throughout the world,” “thereby
promot[ing] greater international uniformity and cer-
tainty.” AIA § 3(o), (p).
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6 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
standard to comport with a first-inventor-to-file world. Un-
der pre-AIA law, obviousness was considered “at the time
the invention was made”—i.e., the date of invention. Pre-
AIA 35 U.S.C. § 103. With the AIA, obviousness is now
considered from “the effective filing date of the claimed in-
vention.” 35 U.S.C. § 103.
Congress also removed the statutory requirement for
“priority of invention” entitling only the first inventor to a
patent and eliminated the mechanisms for determining
such priority. Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102(g) authorized either
the Patent Office under pre-AIA § 135 or a district court
under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 291 to conduct an interference
to determine who among competing inventors had “priority
of invention,” that is, who was the first inventor. 4 See also
pre-AIA § 135 (The Board “shall determine questions of
priority of inventions”). The AIA, however, removed inven-
tion priority as a patentability requirement from § 102.
AIA § 3(b)(1). Compare pre-AIA § 102(g), with 35 U.S.C.
§ 102. The AIA also repealed interferences in pre-
AIA §§ 135 and 291, replacing it with a new proceeding
called a “derivation.” AIA § 3(h), (i) (amending 35 U.S.C.
§§ 135, 291); 35 U.S.C. §§ 135, 291. Where interference
proceedings determined who was the first inventor, deriva-
tion proceedings determine whether an earlier filer had de-
rived the claimed invention from a later filer. Compare
pre-AIA §§ 102(g), 135, with 35 U.S.C. §§ 135, 291. Relat-
edly, Congress deleted all remaining references to interfer-
ences in the statutory scheme. AIA § 3(j) (eliminating
references to interferences in 35 U.S.C. §§ 134, 145, 146,
154, 305). The priority of invention requirement and re-
lated interferences were no longer relevant because patent-
ability under the AIA is based on the “effective filing date
of the claimed invention” instead of the actual date of
4 We collectively refer to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
§§ 102(g), 135, and 291 as the “Interference Provisions.”
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 7
invention. AIA §§ 3(b)(1), 3(c). Compare pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
§§ 102–103, with 35 U.S.C. §§ 102–103.
Given these and other significant changes, Congress
chose not to apply the AIA’s amendments retroactively to
existing patents and pending applications. Instead, Con-
gress enacted timing provisions specifying that the AIA’s
new first-to file regime “shall apply” to patents and appli-
cations that “contain[] or contained at any time . . . a
claim . . . that has an effective filing date . . . on or after
[March 16, 2013].” AIA § 3(n)(1) (emphasis added). Ac-
cordingly, for patents and applications with an effective fil-
ing date before March 16, 2013, the pre-AIA first-to-invent
system continues to apply. See AIA § 3(n)(1); Biogen MA,
Inc. v. Japanese Found. for Cancer Rsch., 785 F.3d 648, 655
(Fed. Cir. 2015) (explaining that under AIA § 3(n)(1), “new
AIA provisions [apply] only to new applications” and “in-
terference proceedings are to continue with respect
to . . . applications filed before March 16, 2013.”).
Congress also went out of its way to specify a small sub-
set of AIA first-inventor-to-file patents that would be none-
theless subject to interferences. Under this exception, pre-
AIA Interference Provisions “shall apply to each claim” of
any AIA first-inventor-to-file patent or application “if such
application or patent contains or contained at any time” a
claim with an effective filing date before March 16, 2013.
AIA § 3(n)(2). Thus, AIA § 3(n)’s effective date provisions
created three distinct categories of patents and applica-
tions:
Pure pre-AIA patents and applications: pa-
tents and applications that have only ever con-
tained claims with pre-AIA effective filing dates
(i.e., before March 16, 2013) are subject to the pa-
tentability requirements and Interference Provi-
sions in the pre-AIA versions of 35 U.S.C. §§ 102,
103, 135, and 291. AIA § 3(n)(1).
Pure AIA patents and applications: patents
and applications that have only ever contained
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8 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
claims with post-AIA effective filing dates (i.e., on
or after March 16, 2013) are subject to the patent-
ability requirements and derivation proceedings in
the AIA versions of 35 U.S.C. §§ 102, 103, 135, and
291. AIA § 3(n)(1).
Mixed patents and applications: patents and
applications that contain (or contained at any time)
at least one claim with a pre-AIA effective filing
date and at least one claim with a post-AIA effec-
tive filing date are subject to the patentability re-
quirements in the AIA versions of 35 U.S.C.
§§ 102–103 but are also subject to the pre-AIA In-
terference Provisions. See AIA § 3(n)(1)–(2).
II. The Patents and Application at Issue
The technology at issue relates to methods of selec-
tively killing bacteria in a mixed set of bacteria using clus-
tered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) gene editing. SNIPR owns a family of five pa-
tents directed to this technology: U.S. Patent Nos.
10,463,049; 10,506,812; 10,561,148; 10,524,477; 10,582,712
(SNIPR Patents). The SNIPR Patents claim priority to
PCT Application No. PCT/EP2016/059803, filed May 3,
2016. Because their effective filing dates are after March
16, 2013, the SNIPR Patents are pure AIA patents that
were examined and issued under the AIA’s first-inventor-
to-file patentability requirements.
Rockefeller’s Application No. 15/159,929 (Rockefeller
Application) is also directed to selectively killing bacteria.
It claims priority to PCT Application No.
PCT/US2014/015252, filed on February 7, 2014, and U.S.
Provisional Application 61/761,971 (Rockefeller Provi-
sional), filed February 7, 2013. Based on the Rockefeller
Provisional’s filing date, the Rockefeller Application is a
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 9
pure pre-AIA application. Appellee’s Br. 14; Intervenor’s
Br. 1 n.1. 5
III. Procedural Background
The Board initially declared an interference between
claims 20–33 of the Rockefeller Application and all claims
of the SNIPR Patents, to determine which party was the
first to invent the claimed subject matter. J.A. 666, 672–
73. Due to the Rockefeller Application’s earlier filing date,
the Board identified Rockefeller as the senior party, with
an accorded benefit date 6 of February 7, 2014, and SNIPR
as the junior party, with an accorded benefit date of May 3,
2016. J.A. 668–70, 673.
SNIPR moved to terminate the interference as con-
trary to the AIA because “interference[s are] unavailable to
assess patents that are governed by the AIA.” J.A. 872.
The Board subsequently redeclared an interference on
July 21, 2020, maintaining SNIPR’s benefit date but ac-
cording Rockefeller an earlier, pre-AIA benefit date of Feb-
ruary 7, 2013. J.A. 877, 881.
SNIPR again moved to terminate the interference, ar-
guing that the AIA eliminated interferences for AIA pa-
tents such as the SNIPR Patents. J.A. 922–35. The Board
denied SNIPR’s motion, reasoning that pre-AIA patent
claims (such as Rockefeller’s) must “comply with [pre-AIA]
35 U.S.C. § 102(g),” which requires an interference under
5 There is some dispute as to whether the Rockefeller
Application is a pure pre-AIA or mixed application. Appel-
lant’s Br. 36–37, 59; Intervenor’s Br. 1 n.1, 2. Regardless,
the status of the Rockefeller Application does not affect our
analysis.
6 The accorded benefit date is the date for which the
Board recognizes that a patent application provides a
proper constructive reduction to practice of the invention
under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102(g)(1). See 37 C.F.R.
§ 41.201.
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10 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
pre-AIA § 135 between the claims of the Rockefeller Appli-
cation and the SNIPR Patents. Decision, 2021 WL
8566747, at *2–6.
Because SNIPR had not filed any priority statement
asserting an invention date earlier than Rockefeller’s ear-
liest accorded benefit date, the Board found that SNIPR
failed to overcome Rockefeller’s senior party status. Id.
at *9. Thus, the Board entered judgment against SNIPR
and cancelled all claims of the SNIPR Patents. Judgment,
2021 WL 8566749, at *1–2.
SNIPR timely appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A) (2011).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Statutory interpretation is a question of law we review
de novo. VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc., 931 F.3d 1363, 1369
(Fed. Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). 7
DISCUSSION
The issue before us is whether pure AIA patents may
be part of an interference. Specifically, the dispute is
whether the Board has the authority to cancel SNIPR’s
pure AIA claims through an interference for lack of inven-
tion priority under pre-AIA § 102(g). SNIPR argues that
the pure AIA SNIPR Patents are exclusively governed by
AIA law, and thus cannot be part of an interference, a pro-
ceeding the AIA removed from the Patent Act. Appellant’s
Br. 39–52. Rockefeller and the Director respond that AIA
§ 3(n) requires Rockefeller’s pre-AIA application to be eval-
uated under pre-AIA § 102(g), which requires an interfer-
ence under pre-AIA § 135(a) to determine priority of
invention. Appellee’s Br. 14–15; Intervenor’s Br. 17–18.
Because pre-AIA § 135(a) authorizes the Director to de-
clare an interference between any interfering application
7 The Patent Office did not seek Chevron deference
for any of its statutory interpretations.
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 11
and “any unexpired patent,” they argue that the Director
can declare an interference that includes pure AIA patents
like SNIPR’s. Appellee’s Br. 19–21; Intervenor’s Br. 17–21.
We agree with SNIPR and hold that pure AIA patents
may not be part of an interference. 8 We do not interpret
the language “any unexpired patent” in pre-AIA § 135 to
include pure AIA patents. SNIPR’s pure AIA patents were
examined and issued under the AIA’s first-inventor-to-file
patentability requirements; they cannot then be cancelled
under the different, pre-AIA invention priority require-
ments. As such, the Director erred by declaring an inter-
ference involving the SNIPR Patents.
I. AIA § 3(n)
“Statutory interpretation begins with the language of
the statute, the plain meaning of which we derive from its
text and its structure.” McEntee v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,
404 F.3d 1320, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Based on the plain
language of AIA § 3(n) and the statutory purpose and his-
tory of the AIA, we conclude that pure AIA patents may not
be part of an interference.
AIA § 3(n) makes clear that only pure pre-AIA and
mixed patents may be part of an interference. Sec-
tion 3(n)(1) provides that the AIA’s amendments to the Pa-
tent Act, that is, the first-inventor-to-file regime, “shall
apply” to any patents that have ever contained a claim with
an effective filing date on or after March 16, 2013:
(n) EFFECTIVE DATE.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise
provided in this section, the amendments
made by this section shall take effect [on
8 Because we agree with SNIPR’s arguments that
the AIA bars subjecting its patents to an interference, we
need not address its arguments alleging other errors by the
Board. See, e.g., Appellant’s Br. 52–60.
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12 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
March 16, 2013], and shall apply to any ap-
plication for patent, and to any patent issu-
ing thereon, that contains or contained at
any time—
(A) a claim to a claimed invention
that has an effective filing date as
defined in section 100(i) of title 35,
United States Code, that is on or af-
ter [March 16, 2013]; or
(B) a specific reference under sec-
tion 120, 121, or 365(c) of title 35,
United States Code, to any patent
or application that contains or con-
tained at any time such a claim.
AIA § 3(n)(1) (emphasis added). The word “shall” is “both
mandatory and comprehensive” and “generally imposes a
nondiscretionary duty.” SAS Inst., Inc. v. Iancu, 138 S. Ct.
1348, 1354 (2018). Thus, the AIA’s first-inventor-to-file re-
quirements “shall” apply to patent claims with an effective
filing date on or after March 16, 2013; because § 3(n)(1)
does not permit the AIA’s amendments to apply retroac-
tively, pre-AIA law, then, continues to apply to patents
with an effective filing date before March 16, 2013. See id.;
see also Biogen, 785 F.3d at 655. 9 Because the AIA re-
pealed interferences in pre-AIA § 135 and replaced them
with derivations, interferences simply do not exist for AIA
patents unless Congress specifically provides otherwise.
On the very issue of whether any AIA patents may be
part of an interference, Congress specifically considered
9 In Biogen, we considered AIA § 3(n) to determine
whether the AIA eliminated the district court’s jurisdiction
to review interference decisions under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
§ 146. Biogen, 785 F.3d at 654. We did not, however, ad-
dress whether AIA § 3(n) allows pure AIA patents to be
part of an interference.
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 13
that question and created one limited exception for “mixed
patents” in AIA § 3(n)(2), which states:
(2) INTERFERING PATENTS.—The provisions of
sections 102(g), 135, and 291 of title 35, United
States Code, as in effect on [March 15, 2013], shall
apply to each claim of an application for patent,
and any patent issued thereon, for which the
amendments made by this section also apply, if
such application or patent contains or contained at
any time—
(A) a claim to an invention having an effec-
tive filing date as defined in section 100(i)
of title 35, United States Code, that occurs
before [March 16, 2013]; or
(B) a specific reference under section 120,
121, or 365(c) of title 35, United States
Code, to any patent or application that con-
tains or contained at any time such a claim.
AIA § 3(n)(2) (emphasis added); see supra Background § I.
So, for example, for any mixed patent or application that
includes a patent claim to which the AIA amendments ap-
ply (because that claim’s effective filing date is on or after
March 16, 2013), but also contains or once contained a pa-
tent claim having an effective filing date before March 16,
2013, then the pre-AIA Interference Provisions “shall ap-
ply.” Through this one exception, Congress specifically cir-
cumscribed the subset of patents and applications to which
the AIA applies that nonetheless may be subject to an in-
terference—so-called mixed patents and applications. The
provision of AIA § 3(n)(2) to expand the scope of interfer-
ence practice in a limited manner is thus strong evidence
that Congress did not wish to further open the interference
door to pure AIA patents and applications. “Where Con-
gress explicitly enumerates certain exceptions to a general
prohibition, additional exceptions are not to be implied, in
the absence of evidence of a contrary legislative intent.”
United States v. Smith, 499 U.S. 160, 167 (1991) (quoting
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14 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
Andrus v. Glover Constr. Co., 446 U.S. 608, 616–617
(1980)).
There is no hint of congressional intent to expose pure
AIA first-inventor-to-file patents and applications to inter-
ferences. To the contrary, the purpose and history behind
the AIA reinforce our understanding of the text. Congress
was dead set on eradicating interferences for new applica-
tions, criticizing them as lengthy, expensive, and requiring
companies to maintain extensive documentation and sys-
tems to prove the date of their invention. See H.R. Rep.
No. 112-98, at 41; S. Rep. No. 111-18, at 4. By enacting the
AIA, Congress “eliminate[d] costly, complex interference
proceedings” “[a]s part of the transition to a simpler, more
efficient first-inventor-to-file system.” H.R. Rep.
No. 112-98, at 42; S. Rep. No. 111-18, at 5–6. Congress’s
stated mission to eliminate interferences further supports
our understanding that AIA § 3(n) should not be read to
allow pure AIA patents to be part of interference proceed-
ings.
Read together, AIA § 3(n)(1) and AIA § 3(n)(2)’s limited
exception create two separate worlds for interferences:
pure pre-AIA and mixed patents are subject to interfer-
ences; pure AIA patents are not. 10 Accordingly, we con-
clude that the AIA bars pure AIA patents from being
subject to an interference.
II. Pre-AIA § 135
Rockefeller and the Director argue that the SNIPR Pa-
tents can be subject to an interference based on the
10 While AIA § 3(n) put applicants on notice that
mixed patents would be subject to AIA patentability re-
quirements and pre-AIA interferences, the Director
acknowledges that the Patent Office has never put appli-
cants on notice of her current interpretation that pure AIA
patents would also be subject to interferences. Oral Arg.
at 23:43–25:00.
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 15
language “any unexpired patent” in pre-AIA § 135(a). Ap-
pellee’s Br. 19–21; Intervenor’s Br. 17–21. In their view,
any pure AIA patent can be hauled into an interference for
an invention priority contest under pre-AIA law with a
pure pre-AIA or mixed application claiming the same sub-
ject matter.
Pre-AIA § 135(a) authorizes the Director to declare an
interference between an application that would interfere
with “any unexpired patent,” wherein the Board “shall de-
termine questions of priority of the inventions.” Pre-AIA
§ 135(a). Read in context with the AIA, however, the lan-
guage “any unexpired patent” from pre-AIA § 135 does not
include pure AIA patents.
“Our duty [in statutory construction] is to construe
statutes, not isolated provisions.” King v. Burwell, 576
U.S. 473, 486 (2015) (internal quotations and citations
omitted). Thus, “we must read the words in their context
and with a view to their place in the overall statutory
scheme.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Here, we must read pre-AIA § 135 in light of the AIA and
its effective date provisions in AIA § 3(n). For new appli-
cations, the AIA entirely replaced interference proceedings
with derivation proceedings in 35 U.S.C. § 135 and deleted
all other references to interferences in 35 U.S.C. §§ 134,
145, 146, 154, 305. AIA §§ 3(i), 3(j)(2). The AIA also re-
moved priority of invention as a basis for patentability, ren-
dering interferences meaningless for pure AIA patents.
AIA § 3(b)(1) (amending § 102 to have no requirement for
invention priority). Compare pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102, with
35 U.S.C. § 102. AIA § 3(n)(1) requires that the new ver-
sions of §§ 135 and 102 apply to pure AIA patents, while
AIA § 3(n)(1)–(2) requires that pre-AIA versions of §§ 135
and 102 apply to pure pre-AIA and mixed patents. Thus,
when pre-AIA § 135 is read in context with the AIA, it is
clear that the language “any unexpired patent” cannot re-
fer to pure AIA patents. Such a reading would be incon-
sistent with the plain language of AIA § 3(n), which does
not allow for pure AIA patents to be part of interferences,
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16 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
and the AIA amendments repealing interferences and the
priority of invention requirement for pure AIA patents.
Moreover, interpreting “any unexpired patent” in pre-
AIA § 135 to include pure AIA patents would defeat a cen-
tral purpose of the AIA. See King, 576 U.S. at 492 (reject-
ing an interpretation of the provision that would create the
very issues that the statutory scheme was designed to
avoid). The goal of the AIA was to transition the U.S. pa-
tent system to a first-inventor-to-file system and eliminate
the specter of interferences going forward for new applica-
tions. See supra Background § I. Yet the Director acknowl-
edges that this interpretation would permit pure AIA
patents to be dragged into interferences until the year
2034, when there are no more pre-AIA patents or applica-
tions. Oral Arg. at 26:46–27:18. We are not convinced that
Congress, without explicitly saying so, intended to subject
AIA patents to interferences for over twenty years after the
AIA’s effective date when the purpose of the AIA was to
move the U.S. patent system to a first-inventor-to-file sys-
tem and eliminate interferences. AIA § 3(o), (p); H.R. Rep.
No. 112-98, at 40–42; S. Rep. No. 111-18, at 4–6. Thus, the
language “any unexpired patent,” when read in context
with the AIA, cannot refer to pure AIA patents.
Relatedly, we also conclude that the specific provisions
of AIA § 3(n) control over the general “any unexpired pa-
tent” language in pre-AIA § 135. See Bulova Watch Co. v.
United States, 365 U.S. 753, 758 (1961) (“[A] specific stat-
ute controls over a general one ‘without regard to priority
of enactment.’”) (quoting Townsend v. Little, 109 U.S. 504,
512 (1883)). Unlike AIA § 3(n)(1), pre-AIA § 135 does not
specifically address whether pure AIA patents may be part
of interferences and subject to first-to-invent patentability
requirements. From these AIA statutory provisions, as ex-
plained above, the answer is no. See supra Discussion § I.
The specific provisions of AIA § 3(n) control over the gen-
eral “any unexpired patent” language in pre-AIA § 135.
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 17
Finally, Rockefeller’s and the Director’s interpretation
of pre-AIA § 135 would render superfluous Congress’s lim-
ited exception in AIA § 3(n)(2). Bilski v. Kappos, 561
U.S. 593, 607–08 (2010) (stating that courts should not “in-
terpret[ ] any statutory provision in a manner that would
render another provision superfluous”); Marx v. Gen. Rev-
enue Corp., 568 U.S. 371, 386 (2013) (“[T]he canon against
surplusage is strongest when an interpretation would ren-
der superfluous another part of the same statutory
scheme.”). Under Rockefeller’s and the Director’s interpre-
tation of “any unexpired patent” in pre-AIA § 135 as en-
compassing any pure pre-AIA, mixed, or pure AIA patent,
AIA § 3(n)(2) would not be necessary to subject mixed pa-
tents to interferences. We reject an interpretation that
would render AIA § 3(n)(2) superfluous. 11 Accordingly, we
conclude that “any unexpired patents” in pre-AIA § 135
does not include pure AIA patents.
III. Rockefeller’s and the Director’s Remaining Argu-
ments
Rockefeller and the Director assert that without an in-
terference, the Patent Office will be forced to issue two pa-
tents to the same invention under the pre-AIA and AIA
systems, which conflicts with the principle that only one
patent may be issued for an invention. Appellant’s
Br. 25–26; Intervenor’s Br. 17, 19–20, 21 n.10, 23–25, 27.
The AIA, however, provides several mechanisms that allow
the Patent Office to reconsider a patent it incorrectly
11 The Director asserts that pre-AIA § 135 “only bars
pure AIA applications and patents” from “provoking an in-
terference, not from any involvement in an interference.”
Intervenor’s Br. 21. Under pre-AIA § 135, “an application”
may provoke an interference with “any unexpired patent.”
The Director, however, fails to explain why “an application”
excludes pure AIA patents but “any unexpired patent” can
be understood differently to include pure AIA patents.
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18 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
granted: (1) inter partes review under 35 U.S.C. §§ 311–
319, (2) post-grant review under 35 U.S.C. §§ 321–329, and
(3) ex parte reexamination under 35 U.S.C. §§ 301–305. 12
And because a pure pre-AIA application will always have
an effective filing date before March 16, 2013, while a pure
AIA patent will have an effective filing date on or after that
date, the pure pre-AIA application, once published or pa-
tented, will be prior art to the pure AIA patent under 35
U.S.C. § 102(a)(2), thus ensuring that two patents for the
same invention will not be granted under the two different
regimes. Appellant’s Reply Br. 12; see Oral Arg. at 9:47–
10:00, 10:21–10:40, 39:42–40:18. Under the AIA, these are
the mechanisms available to ensure two patents do not is-
sue to the same invention.
The Director identifies a single, highly unusual sce-
nario in which a pure pre-AIA application would not be
prior art to a pure AIA patent under 35 U.S.C.
§ 102(b)(2)(B), thereby permitting two patents on the same
invention. Intervenor’s Br. 8–9. The Director’s scenario is
predicated on the alignment of several circumstances:
1) the AIA patent must have been filed on or after
March 16, 2013, see AIA § 3(n)(1);
2) the subject matter disclosed in the AIA patent
must have been previously disclosed by the inven-
tor of the AIA patent, see 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(2)(B);
3) the previous disclosure must have been made
less than one year before the AIA patent was filed
12 All parties generally agree that inter partes review,
post-grant review, and ex parte reexamination are availa-
ble to challenge the patentability of issued patents under
the AIA. Oral Arg. at 11:30–11:58, 16:20–16:52, 39:28–
40:06. Thus, SNIPR’s patents could be challenged through
inter partes review or ex parte reexamination.
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SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY 19
so that the previous disclosure cannot be consid-
ered prior art, see 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(1);
4) the pre-AIA application being considered as
prior art must be a U.S. patent, published applica-
tion, or published PCT application, see 35 U.S.C.
§ 102(a)(2);
5) the pre-AIA application being considered as
prior art must have an effective filing date before
March 16, 2013, see AIA § 3(n)(1);
6) the pre-AIA application must have been filed be-
tween the disclosure of the AIA invention and the
filing of the AIA application or patent, see 35 U.S.C.
§ 102(b)(2)(b); and
7) the pre-AIA application and the AIA patent must
claim the same invention.
As is apparent, this scenario is a remote one, contin-
gent on many facts coming together and the filing dates for
the AIA patent and pre-AIA application necessarily occur-
ring close in time around March 16, 2013 and less than a
year apart. The Director concedes that she is not aware of
this scenario having occurred. Oral Arg. at 20:20–21:21.
Given the unlikelihood of this obscure situation, we are not
persuaded that Congress believed interferences must be
permitted between pure AIA patents and pre-AIA applica-
tions up through 2034.
IV. SNIPR Patents
Having determined that the AIA excludes pure AIA pa-
tents from interferences, we now turn to the facts before
us. It is undisputed that the SNIPR Patents have an effec-
tive filing date after March 16, 2013 and are pure AIA pa-
tents. Appellant’s Br. 11, 32; Appellee’s Br. 3–4;
Intervenor’s Br. 10. Because pure AIA patents may not be
part of interferences, the Director erred by subjecting the
SNIPR Patents to an interference. This error is true
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20 SNIPR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED v. ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
regardless of whether the Rockefeller Application is a pure
pre-AIA application or a mixed application. 13
CONCLUSION
We have considered Rockefeller’s and the Director’s re-
maining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the
foregoing reasons, we reverse.
REVERSED
13 The filing date of Rockefeller’s published applica-
tion predates the earliest effective filing date of the SNIPR
Patents and is therefore prior art under the AIA’s 35 U.S.C.
§ 102(a). Whether that published application anticipates
any of SNIPR’s claims was never adjudicated during the
interference. Likewise, the Board never considered
whether the Rockefeller Application satisfies the written
description and enablement requirements for the claims
Rockefeller amended to correspond to the SNIPR Patents.
These issues remain disputed between the parties.