People v. Wardrip

The defendant was charged with the murder of one Hugh Duffy. He first pleaded "Guilty," but afterwards withdrew that plea and pleaded "Not guilty." He was convicted of murder in the first degree, and judgment of death followed. He appeals from the judgment and from an order denying the motion for a new trial.

The main contentions of appellant for a reversal are based on the refusal of the court to give certain instructions asked by appellant, and those discussed in the briefs are numbers 18, 19, 22, 25, and 26.

Number 26 is merely a statement to the jury that if they should find the appellant guilty of murder in the first degree they have the discretion of determining whether the punishment should be death or imprisonment for life; but in another part of the instruction the jury were expressly so instructed, and were clearly told what the form of their verdict should be in order to express their discretion touching the penalty of death or imprisonment. They were fully informed on the subject.

Number 25, which is in substance to the effect that a murder committed after the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate a burglary, and when the party is in flight, is not done in such perpetration or attempt to perpetrate within the meaning of section 189 of the Penal Code. This proposed instruction was not applicable to the evidence in the case, which shows that, if appellant killed Duffy, the killing was in immediate connection with the burglary, and before flight.

Number 22 was merely that a confession to be admissible must be freely and voluntarily made, etc.; but the court had given the instruction, substantially, in other parts of the charge; among other things it had said: "In considering the weight to be given to any alleged confession made by defendant, you should consider all the testimony in the case upon that point, the position of the defendant at the time, his surroundings, his strength of mind as shown by the evidence, and any hopes or fears, if any, that may have influenced him."

Number 18, to the effect that "when there was evidence of admissions made by defendant, he is entitled to have the whole of the statement or admission heard and considered by the jury," was covered by other parts of the instruction, and defendant was not prejudiced by the refusal to give it. On this subject the jury was told that "In considering the evidence as to the oral admissions of the defendant touching the matters involving the offense with which he is charged, you will take into consideration all the statements made by him, whether for or against himself, and give such statements fair consideration."

The only point in the case which calls for any extended notice is based upon the refusal of the court to give the requested instruction number 19, which is as follows: "The jury is instructed that, in considering the testimony in this case, they will receive with caution all evidence of the oral admissions of the defendant against himself." It is provided in section 2061 of the Code of Civil Procedure that the jury is to be so instructed, "on all proper occasions." But in Kauffman v. Maier, 94 Cal. 269, it was held by the court in Bank, after an elaborate discussion of the question, that such an instruction was in violation of the provision of the state constitution that "judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact." In People v. O'Brien,96 Cal. 180, Kauffman v. Maier was approved, although it was said that possibly such instruction might be given as to the witnesses for the people — reference being made to section 1111 of the Penal Code, which, however, merely announces the rule that a defendant cannot be convicted on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. In the later case of People v. Sanders, 114 Cal. 216, decided in Department, where the judgment was reversed for other reasons, it is merely said, in the course of an elaborate opinion, that an instruction similar to the one here in question was unobjectionable and should have been given; but no reference is made to Kauffman v. Maier, 94 Cal. 269, and the attention of the court was evidently not called to the question of the constitutionality of the part of section 2061, which directs the giving of such instruction. We think that, as the former decisions of the court stand, the weight of authority is to the point that the instruction here in question is in violation of the constitutional injunction against judges charging as to matters of fact; but, in our view of the matter, it is not necessary for us here to finally determine that question. The proposed instruction states a mere commonplace within the general knowledge of jurors; and we do not think that either the giving or the refusing of such an instruction would warrant a reversal. As was said in Kauffman v. Maier, "It is a matter of common knowledge that the statements of a witness to the verbal admission of another are liable to be erroneous, and for that reason should be received with caution." In People v. Newcomer,118 Cal. 263, a reversal was sought because an instruction somewhat similar to the one here under review had been given, but the court said that instruction "could not possibly have done any harm, for it was merely telling the jury to do certain things which jurors would do without being so told. Therefore, it was not reversible error." For the same reason, the refusal to give the instruction here in question is not ground for a reversal.

There are no other points in the case which call for special notice. We think that the appellant had a fair legal trial.

The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.

Angellotti, J., Shaw, J., Van Dyke, J., Beatty, C.J., and Lorigan, J., concurred.