DocketNumber: Crim. No. 12539
Citation Numbers: 258 Cal. App. 2d 812
Judges: Lillie
Filed Date: 2/13/1968
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 1/12/2022
Defendants Baldwin and Angelí were convicted of first degree robbery (§ 211, Pen. Code) and first degree murder (§ 187, Pen. Code) ; they appeal from the judgments.
Around 9:20 p.m. on February 24, 1965, Russell Poto, a clerk in the Silverlake Liquor Store, was found lying unconscious with a gunshot wound in his head behind the counter near the cash register by Sergeant Gorence, off duty, who had entered the store to buy milk; shortly thereafter Poto died. On the floor near the ice box was a spent .22 caliber cartridge case (Exh. 17). The cash register was open and empty; $334 had been taken. Officer Wolfer, a ballistic expert, testified that he examined the .22 caliber shell (Exh. 17) found on the floor of the liquor store and a .22 caliber sawed-off rifle (Exh. 11) found in a suitcase in Angelí’s apartment, and has “abso
Appellants urge that there was no probable cause for and no exigent circumstances justifying Baldwin’s arrest thus the arrest, subsequent search of the apartment and seizure of articles found therein were unlawful. “The question of probable cause to justify an arrest without a warrant must be tested by the facts which the record shows were known to the Officers at the time the arrest Avas made. ’ ’ (People v. Talley, 65 Cal.2d 830, 835 [56 Cal.Rptr. 492, 423 P.2d 564]; People v. Privett, 55 Cal.2d 698, 701 [12 Cal.Rptr. 874, 361 P.2d 602] ; People v. Lara, 67 Cal.2d 365, 373-374 [62 Cal.Rptr. 586, 432 P.2d 202].) The following was offered on the issue of probable cause.
Around 9 p.m. on March 2, 1965, Officer Joncich, Call No. 44, Communications Division, received a call from a male who stated, ‘ ‘ I am going to say this one time. The boy that shot the clerk in the liquor store in Silverlake—in Silverlake is at 1811 Tamarind, apartment 201. He is taking a shower. He is getting ready to pull another job. You had better get him before he kills somebody else.” Asked the boy’s name, the caller replied, “Richard Baldwin.” Officer Joncich did not recall mention of a .22 caliber weapon or Baldwin’s physical description but according to Lieutenant NeAvton, Homicide, Officer Joncich relayed to him, in addition to the above information, that Baldwin “was a male Caucasion, tall and dark” and “had the .22 that he used on the holdup murder in the room Avith him. ’ ’
At 9 :10 Lieutenant Sloan and Sergeant Buckland, Robbery, received all of the above information from Lieutenant Newton. Both officers had been at the scene of the Silverlake robbery on February 24, 1965, and had seen an empty .22 caliber casing (Exh. 17) on the floor near the body. Lieutenant Sloan, Sergeant Buckland and Officer Ferrone went to 1811 Tamarind. LTpon arrival they checked the mail boxes and found that apartment 201 Avas registered to Angell. Sergeant Buckland talked to the landlady Avho knew of no “Richard Baldwin” living there; he asked for a description of Angell but the one she gave did not correspond vdth that given by Lieutenant Newton. Then Sergeant Buckland suggested that they “go up to 201 and talk to whoever was at the apartment and see if
Sergeant Buekland had his badge and ID in his left hand when he knocked on the door of apartment 201; immediately the door was opened by a man fitting the description of Baldwin who then stepped back. At that instant Sergeant Buck-land viewed the inside of the apartment; he saw on a dresser against the wall a dark revolver and a pair of dark glasses, on the bed a chrome automatic handgun and on the floor some green jump wires with four clips. Sergeant Buekland said, “Police officers”; Baldwin hesitated a second, “then wheeled and started toward the gun that was on the dresser” about 11 feet from the officer. Sergeant Buekland dropped his badge and ID and started after him, grabbing the back of Baldwin’s coat, at the same time drawing his revolver. Sergeant Buck-land gave him a quick search, arrested him for robbery and “perhaps homicide” and handcuffed him. Then he told Baldwin that it was his duty to inform him of his constitutional rights—that he did not have to make any statements, that he is entitled to have an attorney with him at all times and that if he did make any statement it may be used against him in any criminal proceedings arising out of the arrest. Sergeant Buekland then picked up the dark revolver on the dresser and checked it, found it empty and put it in his pocket, the glasses, the chrome automatic from the bed and removed the clip with seven rounds of ammunition, jump wires, a pair of gloves, some surgical tubing with clips on the end that he ‘1 felt would be used to quickly tie a person with,” a Union 76 map on which were some markings just below the Silver Lake Reservoir, near the location of the Silverlake Liquor Store, and a newspaper clipping of the shooting on Silverlake headlined “Moonlighting Clerk Shot”; in the breakfast bar he found a suitcase in which was a sawed-off .22 rifle (Exh. 11). Meanwhile Officers Murphy and Rutert arrived and Sergeant Buck-land related to them all of the conversation from the time Lieutenant Newton talked to him, all that had occurred at the Tamarind apartment, that he had arrested Baldwin for robbery murder, that Baldwin had an accomplice living there by the name of Angelí who was registered to the apartment, and the description of Angelí given to him by the landlady.
Officers Murphy and Rutert waited in the apartment about an hour and a half. Officer Murphy went down to the police ear to radio in for any messages; he saw two men, one who appeared to match the description of Angelí, walking on Tama
Time was of the essence when the officers went to the Tamarind address; they had information, although anonymous, that Baldwin, who had already killed one man and had in his possession the .22 he had used, was getting ready to pull another job and should be stopped before he killed somebody else. That a .22 had been used in the liquor store slaying was verified by the finding of an empty .22 caliber cartridge casing on the floor near Poto’s body by Lieutenant Sloan. The situation confronting the officers indicated the need for swift action. They reasonably could have concluded from the telephone message not only that the subject of the call, having already committed one felony, was about to commit another, but that he could not be expected to remain stationary for long. (People v. Sandoval, 65 Cal.2d 303, 310 [54 Cal.Rptr. 123, 419 P.2d 187].) These circumstances permitted no delay and warranted the officers in going to the address to investigate further. While the anonymous information, even though in part verified by the officer’s personal knowledge, may not have been sufficient alone to constitute probable cause for arrest, absent an emergency (Willson v. Superior Court, 46 Cal.2d 291, 294 [294 P.2d 36] ; People v. Reeves, 61 Cal.2d 268, 273-274 [38 Cal.Rptr. 1, 391 P.2d 393]; People v. Gallegos, 62 Cal. 2d 176, 179 [41 Cal.Rptr. 590, 397 P.2d 174]; People v. Davis, 205 Cal.App.2d 517, 521 [23 Cal.Rptr. 152]), the fact is, contrary to that urged by appellants, that no arrest was made solely upon this information; nevertheless, it required the officers in the discharge of their duties to make an investigation. Actually, it would not have been unreasonable for them to go directly to apartment 201 to seek an interview with the suspect. (People v. Michael, 45 Cal.2d 751, 754 [290 P.2d 852].) Their investigation having failed to verify the information the officers had in their possession, they went to apartment 201 to see if there was any reason for someone to give the police a call of this nature.
The door was opened by a man who fit Baldwin’s description. At this point Baldwin contends that the testimony is “sharply conflicting” and, on his own testimony that he made
Confronted with the information relayed to him by Lieutenant Newton, in part verified by his own knowledge that an empty .22 cartridge easing was on the floor near the victim of the liquor store robbery, and his personal observations of the man who opened the door and of the guns and other paraphernalia in the room behind him, Sergeant Buckland had reasonable cause to believe that the man “who wheeled and started toward the gun” on the dresser upon learning the three men were police officers, was Richard Baldwin who had committed the Silverlake Liquor Store holdup, killed one man, had with him the .22 he had used in the shooting and was about to “pull another job”; and that Baldwin was going for the gun to shoot it out with the officers. If this be not sufficient to require Sergenat Buckland’s quick action to protect himself and his fellow officers, it is hard to conjure up a stronger case short of having the gun pointed directly at him. With Baldwin’s unexpected conduct, Sergeant Buckland’s opportunity for further investigation ceased and immediate action was required; under these circumstances the officer could not be expected to do other than make the arrest. (People v. Schader, 62 Cal.2d 716, 723 [44 Cal.Rptr. 193, 401 P.2d 665].) In Schadev, the officer was advised by radio that another officer had been killed 15 minutes earlier and the two suspects were driving in a given direction; shortly thereafter he stopped a Cadillac with one passenger. The officer testified that the driver (Schader), because of his informal dress and youth, “did not fit” the Cadillac. Schader got out of the car and asked if he had done something wrong; the officer drew his gun and directed him to lie on the ground, then heard Schader shout a warning to Turner who was hiding in the rear of the Cadillac. Holding that the officer had ample reason to stop the vehicle and arrest the occupants, the court said at page 723: “With the information that one police officer had already been slain, however, Officer Morris was under no compulsion to investigate further before making the arrest. His immediate duty was to arrest the driver of the suspect vehicle, disarm him of any weapons, with a minimum of risk to his own personal safety, and proceed with his investigation.” Again at pages 724-725 : “Officer Morris was entitled to protect himself from the dangers that befell Officer MeKnight; thus the officer while conducting the investigation had the right to arrest defendant. Under such circumstances as faced this officer, society must risk the ar
However, it appears from the trial judge’s lengthy statement that he also concluded that Sergeant Buckland had reasonable cause to arrest Baldwin; there is ample evidence to support his conclusion. (People v. Talley, 65 Cal.2d 830, 837 [56 Cal.Rptr. 492, 423 P.2d 564].) Confronted with his own personal knowledge and observations corroborating the anonymous information received by him through official channels (Willson v. Superior Court, 46 Cal.2d 291, 294 [294 P.2d 36] ; People v. Davis, 205 Cal.App.2d 517, 521 [23 Cal.Rptr. 152]), and the suspicious conduct of Baldwin further substantiating the information (People v. Melchor, 237 Cal.App.2d 685, 693 [47 Cal.Rptr. 235] ; People v. Currier, 232 Cal.App.2d 103, 107 [42 Cal.Rptr. 562]; People v. Landry, 230 Cal.App.2d 775, 780 [41 Cal.Rptr. 202]), Sergeant Buckland at the moment of arrest had reasonable cause to believe that Baldwin had robbed the liquor store and shot the clerk (People v. Schader, 62 Cal. 2d 716, 722 [44 Cal.Rptr. 193, 401 P.2d 665]); the information received from the anonymous call was sufficiently corroborated so that reliance thereon was reasonable. (People v. Talley, 65 Cal.2d 830, 836 [56 Cal.Rptr. 492, 423 P.2d 564].) Thus, the subsequent search of Angell’s apartment and seizure of guns and other effects found therein were clearly incident to the arrest and hence not “unreasonable” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. (People v. Webb, 66 Cal.2d 107, 111-112 [56 Cal.Rptr. 902, 424 P.2d 342]; People v. Lara, 67 Cal.2d 365, 373 [62 Cal.Rptr. 586, 432 P.2d 202].) This also disposes of Baldwin’s further contention that his oral admissions were inadmissible as the product of an unlawful arrest, search and seizure.
Baldwin was arrested around 10 p.m. on March 2, 1965, and advised by Sergeant Buckland of his constitutional rights; several hours later Angell was arrested and advised of his constitutional rights by Officer Murphy. No statements were made by defendants at that time.
The following day (March 3, 1965) at 10:50 a.m., Sergeants Henry and Yietti interviewed Angelí; the tape was received in evidence (Exh. 18-A). At the outset Sergeant Yietti told An
Following this, around 11:25 a.m., the officers talked to Baldwin; Sergeant Yietti told him “like they told you last night—but I want to tell you again that you can have an attorney any time you want and you can remain silent—don’t have to tell us anything. And if you tell us anything it can be used against you in a trial, understand that?”; Baldwin replied affirmatively. Baldwin said he had served time for a violation of the Dyer Act and one escape; he denied knowing anything about the liquor store robbery on Silverlake on February 24, 1965, ever being in the liquor store, ever telling Angelí he had been in the liquor store, and ever being on any robberies in Los Angeles with Angelí. He said if Angelí told them he had admitted that he shot a man in the Silverlake Liquor Store he was “crazy” and lying. Then the officers brought in Angelí and in Baldwin’s presence asked Angelí to repeat what had occurred the night of the Silverlake robbery. Angelí said that Baldwin came to his apartment with a suitcase containing a rifle, told him he had been on a robbery in Silverlake with another person and the other person shot the clerk in the liquor store; that the sawed-off .22 rifle belonged to Baldwin. At this point Baldwin admitted ownership of the .2-2 rifle and that he sawed it off, but denied telling Angelí about
Of the following the trial judge ruled inadmissible Baldwin’s written confession (Exh. 21) and that portion of the tape recording the interview with Baldwin (Exh. 20-A) ; and ruled admissible Angelí’s written confession (Exh. 22) and that portion of the tape recording Angell’s interview (Exli. 20-A). Around 12:15 p.m., after the above interview with Baldwin and Angelí, Sergeants Henry and Vietti took Baldwin, at his request, to lunch at the Police cafeteria. After lunch, at 1:20 p.m., in the Police Administration Building, Baldwin executed a hand-written statement (Exh. 21) and acknowledged therein that he had been advised of his constitutional rights, reciting the same. Thereafter the officers interviewed Baldwin and Angelí together; the conversation was taped (Exh. 20-A). Sergeant Henry told Angelí that Baldwin had made a written confession of the liquor store robbery, then read it to him—Angelí entered the store first to see if anyone other than the clerk was present and ordered a six-pack of beer, he (Baldwin) entered the store and stepped to the end of the counter and when the clerk opened the cash register he showed him the gun and demanded the money, the clerk said something and he raised the gun to put a bullet into the wall but he was either off in his aim or the clerk moved his head for when the gun went off the clerk fell to the floor, he told Angelí they should get the money and go and he read of the clerk dying a few days later, although he thought the bullet just grazed him. Angelí asked Baldwin if he had written the statement; Baldwin replied, “This is the truth, ain’t it?” Then Angelí told the officers that it was true; that he had gone to the liquor store first and picked up a six-pack of beer; when he was paying for it, Baldwin came in and the robbery took place; he got money out of the cash register. Baldwin said that both of them had taken change out of the register; Angelí said
The record shows that at the time of arrest and at the outset of the police interview each defendant was fully advised of his constitutional rights; such admonitions were adequate to comply with the mandate of People v. Dorado, 62 Cal.2d 338 [42 Cal.Rptr. 169, 398 P.2d 361]. People v. Sanchez, 65 Cal.2d 814, 824 [56 Cal.Rptr. 648, 423 P.2d 800] ; People v. Thomas, 65 Cal.2d 698, 704-705 [56 Cal.Rptr. 305, 423 P.2d 233].) Inasmuch as the trial took place before the date of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974], the standards there laid down are not here controlling. {People v. Rollins, 65 Cal.2d 681, 691 [56 Cal.Rptr. 293, 423 P.2d 221]; People v. Rivers, 66 Cal.2d 1000, 1003 [59 Cal. Rptr. 851, 429 P.2d 171].)
Pointing to the guilt of Baldwin, and sufficient to support his conviction, is the undisputed fact of the Silverlake robbery and shooting with a sawed-off .22 rifle; the evidence found in the apartment where Baldwin was arrested—a city map marked very near the location of the Silverlake Liquor Store, a newspaper clipping of the shooting and the sawed-off .22 rifle used in the holdup; and Baldwin’s admission that he and another person who carried his sawed-off .22 rifle went to the liquor store, the latter went inside while he waited in the car, he heard a gun go off, and the other person got into his car, said “Let’s go” and gave him $30. The fact that Baldwin’s admission involved someone other than Angell may be advantageous to Angell but does not any the less serve to implicate Baldwin in the crimes. Although the evidence against Baldwin, excluding his written confession and subsequent oral admissions, is more than ample to sustain his conviction, we point up the conversation between Baldwin and Sergeant Vietti during lunch on March 3, 1965, first, because Angell (who confessed because Baldwin confessed) claims that his oral and written confessions were inadmissible as secured by use of an “illegally obtained confession” “inveigled from Baldwin” by police “in violation of his constitutional right to counsel,” and second, because respondent herein (§ 1252, Pen. Code) seeks a reversal of the trial court’s ruling that Baldwin’s written confession and subsequent oral statements are inadmissible.
According to Sergeant Vietti, around 12:15 p.m. on March 3, 1965, he and Sergeant Henry took Baldwin to their “main office”; while the officers did paper work Baldwin waited to be returned to his cell; the officers said they were going to lunch, and Baldwin asked “if we would take him up there (police cafeteria) with us, so we went to eat”; during lunch Baldwin asked him, “when he was going to the County”; “I told him we were going to file on him the next morning and would arraign him on that same day, and that is when he asked me if that’s when he would be assigned a Public Defender, and I said, ‘Ves, that’s when you are formally charged and that’s when you will get the Public Defender. ’ ” Asked three times on cross-examination if Baldwin did not say “I want a lawyer and want to get the Public Defender, ’ ’ Sergeant Vietti emphatically answered that he did not, testifying that “He [Baldwin] did not say ‘I want the Public Defender’ ” at any time. At the preliminary hearing Sergeant Vietti testified that he told Baldwin he had a right to consult a lawyer, ‘1 could have an attorney any time he wanted to,” but did not tell him 11 that if he did not have funds he could call a Public Defender,” and Baldwin “apparently knew about Public Defenders.” (The trial judge did not consider this to be impeaching.) On voir dire examination, Baldwin testified that at lunch he told Sergeant Henry he wanted to see a public defender, and asked him if he could do so; Sergeant Vietti answered that when he was arraigned in court the following day he would be given counsel appointed by the judge; he also thought he couldn’t get the public defender until he went to court and at that time he believed that he could not have the services of a lawyer before he got to court. (Richard Buckley, then chief deputy public defender, testified that the public defender has responded to requests of suspects after arrest and prior to arraignment, and the public defender is available to them.) Baldwin admitted he had been advised of his constitutional rights, including the right to counsel, when arrested and on March 3,1965.
After extensive argument the trial judge found in connection with Baldwin’s written confession—1 ‘ There is no question that Mr. Baldwin did not request an attorney. He did not request the services of the public defender, . . .’’At this point the trial judge totally committed himself to a rejection of Baldwin’s testimony that he told Sergeant Henry he wished to consult with an attorney and wanted to see a public defender, asked if he could do so and said that he wanted to see a public defender as soon as he could (this is somewhat inconsistent with Baldwin’s further testimony that at that time he did not know he could talk to the public defender), and accepted as credible the testimony of Sergeant Vietti that at no time did Baldwin say that he wanted a lawyer or the public defender. Continuing, the trial judge said, “. . . but it might be construed that he was misled into thinking that the public defender would not be available for him at the interrogation and not until he actually—the case was filed in court. That could be construed that way. I am quite sure that Mr. Baldwin is sophisticated in the legal arts sufficiently to know better, but take it from there.” The judge simply found that Baldwin was not misled into thinking the public defender was not then available.
While we accept the trial judge’s factual conclusions as conclusive, they neither establish that the police “inveigled from Baldwin” by “illegal conduct” a written confession in “violation of his constitutional right to counsel” nor, as a matter of law, support the ruling excluding Exhibit 21 (Baldwin’s written confession) and Exhibit 20-A (that portion of the tape recording interview with Baldwin). We adhere to this conclusion notwithstanding the trial judge’s subsequent vague and meaningless statement, unexplained in the record and wholly unsupported by any of his stated findings and conclusions, that he felt “there is doubt as to anything taken from the defendant Baldwin after the conversation with respect to
However, whether or not we reverse the ruling excluding Baldwin’s written confession, which appears to be but a repetition of his prior oral admission of complicity in the holdup, the trial court’s conclusions, reached from a consideration of all of the evidence, in no degree establishes either the “lawless conduct of the police” mentioned in Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 [9 L.Ed.2d 441, 83 S.Ct. 407] or the “illegal actions of the police” found in People v. Bilderbach, 62 Cal.2d 757 [44 Cal.Rptr. 313, 401 P.2d 921], in obtaining Baldwin’s confession. Regardless of the ruling excluding the confession, the trial judge's conclusions simply do not justify the application of People v. Bilderbach, 62 Cal.2d 757 [44 Cal.Rptr. 313, 401 P.2d 921], The officers scrupulously advised Baldwin of his constitutional rights. The court found, as borne out by the record, that the officers treated Baldwin with “courtesy and dignity,” and that all of his statements, including his written confession, were freely and voluntarily given and no coercion, threats or force were used; and that Baldwin neither requested counsel or the public defender nor was misled into believing that the public defender was not available to him. Not one of these findings supports Angell’s proposition that Baldwin’s confession was “inveigled” from him by officers in violation of Baldwin’s constitutional rights. At no time did the trial court so find or even intimate that there was any illegal conduct on the part of the police,- to the contrary, in his discussion before making his ruling he commented, “it might be construed that innocently Sergeant Vietti may have misled Mr. Baldwin into thinking the public defender was available at that time,” but as hereinabove pointed up, later specifically found that Baldwin had not been misled. The purpose of the exclusionary rule would not be served by excluding Angell’s confession as a “ ‘fruit’ tainted” by the Baldwin confession. For whatever reasons Baldwin’s confession was excluded, it was not, according to the trial judge himself, because of any illegal or improper conduct on the part of the police.
The judgments are affirmed.
Wood, P. J., and Fourt, J., concurred.
Baldwin testified on voir Aire examination that when he heard the knock he turned the tumbler on the door and the door flew open; he saw a gun pointed at him; he did not turn Ms back on Sergeant Buckland but was forced backwards and immediately seized; a chrome pistol was lying on the edge of the table and on the top of the dresser was a brown box inside of which was a .22 caliber pistol and three boxes of ammunition; he made no movement toward the box and did not proceed in the direction of the gun on the table.
Officer Ferrone, the last person in the room, testified that the door was opened by Baldwin, Baldwin rushed toward the back of the room, Sergeant Buckland took several steps, seized him and placed him under arrest; he saw a chrome automatic on the bed but the first time he saw the .22 black revolver was at the station. In his report he wrote that on the dresser was a brown box in which they later found a .22 revolver. Lieutenant Sloan the second officer in the apartment, testified that almost immediately after he entered he saw the black revolver on the top of the box on the dresser and the chrome colored automatic lying on the bed; as he and Officer Ferrone came through the door, Sergeant Buckland 1' grabbed the man and had ahold of him. ’ ’