People v. Martinez CA4/3

Filed 4/23/21 P. v. Martinez CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, G058995
v. (Super. Ct. No. 19CF1910)
FREDDIE MARTINEZ, JR., OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Lance Jensen, Judge. Affirmed.
James M. Crawford, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Steve Oetting and
Heather B. Arambarri, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* * *
INTRODUCTION
Defendant Freddie Martinez, Jr., challenges his convictions for aggravated
assault on a peace officer, brandishing a deadly weapon to resist arrest, and resisting and
obstructing a peace officer.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion under Pitchess v. Superior Court
(1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess) to review the personnel files of two of the police officers
involved in the incident. The court did not err in finding that defendant had not made the
necessary showing of good cause.
During the trial, one of the officers testified that defendant “assaulted” her
during the incident. Even if the trial court erred in admitting the testimony, the evidence
against defendant was so strong that there is no reasonable probability that he would have
obtained a more favorable outcome in the absence of the error.
Substantial evidence supported the convictions for aggravated assault on a
peace officer and brandishing a deadly weapon to resist arrest. Three of the police
officers involved in the incident testified at trial and the videos from their body cameras
corroborated their testimony.
Finally, the trial court did not err in refusing defendant’s proposed pinpoint
instruction because the content of that instruction was covered by the standard instruction
which was given to the jury.
Concluding that none of defendant’s arguments has merit, we affirm the
judgment of conviction.
STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On July 9, 2019, Tustin Police Department Officers Charles Mitchell and
Michelle Jankowski responded to a call reporting trespassing at the Tustin Marine Corps
Air Station. The dispatcher told the officers a man had been seen jumping over the air
station fence and trying to enter a building. When the officers arrived at the scene, they
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saw a woman jump over a fence from the air station to the street. The woman told them
that there were at least two or three other people in a brown building inside the air station.
The officers detained the woman and called for backup. Officers Cody Clay and Colton
Kirwin responded to the scene; Officer Mitchell remained outside with the detained
female, and the three other officers entered the air station.
Officers Jankowski, Clay, and Kirwin announced themselves and entered
the brown building. After they had cleared the first floor, Officer Mitchell entered the
brown building to assist in clearing the second floor. Officers Mitchell and Jankowski
went up a back staircase to conduct a search of the second floor while Officers Clay and
Kirwin maintained their position on the first floor.
At that point, defendant appeared at the top of an internal stairway near
Officers Clay and Kirwan, carrying what appeared to be a metal-tipped spear, saying
things like, “This is my house,” “Do you have a warrant?” and “Are you allowed to be
here?” Defendant was being aggressive, yelling, and making irrational statements.
Defendant was holding what was later identified as a metal pipe as if he were preparing
to throw it or use it as a weapon. The officers repeatedly told him to put the pipe down.
Officer Kirwan radioed to Officers Mitchell and Jankowski that there was a suspect with
a pipe. Defendant then walked back up the stairs, into a room, and shut the door behind
him.
Officers Mitchell and Jankowski announced themselves as they reached the
second floor from the back area of the building. Officer Jankowski made contact with
Patricia Ratliff, defendant’s girlfriend, in a room on the second floor. As Officer
Jankowski attempted to handcuff Ratliff, defendant entered the room holding a metal
pipe, which was about two feet long. Defendant was about five or six feet away from the
officers, began screaming at them, and had an angry look on his face. Defendant was
holding the pipe like a baseball bat.
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Officers Mitchell and Jankowski believed they were in danger. Jankowski
testified she believed she had been assaulted by defendant “because the distance between
me and him, he could have struck me with the pipe and the pipe alone is a threatening
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manner [sic] with how large it was.” Officer Jankowski believed defendant could have
struck her with the pipe based on the distance between them. Defendant closed the door
to the room, then turned back to face the officers; he was standing between the officers
and the door. The room became darker after the door was closed. The officers ordered
defendant to drop the pipe multiple times, but he failed to comply. Defendant did not
comply with their orders despite the fact both officers were pointing their guns at him; he
was yelling and being aggressive and appeared ready to fight.
Both officers believed defendant was going to assault them and were in fear
for their safety. Officer Mitchell fired his gun at defendant three times, and Officer
Jankowski fired her gun at defendant one or two times. (The appellate record does not
reveal the extent of defendant’s injuries.) Defendant lowered the pipe to his side just
before the shots were fired. Officer Mitchell testified that by brandishing the pipe,
defendant was preventing him and Officer Jankowski from performing their duties.
Officer Jankowski testified defendant was a threat to her, her partner, and Ratliff.
Ratliff testified that she and defendant were staying in a vacant building at
the air station in July 2019. On July 9, they heard a noise and defendant went to see
where it was coming from, taking with him a metal pipe the couple used as a bar to lock
the door. Ratliff began to follow defendant and then saw police officers pointing their
guns at defendant, yelling, “Hey, put it down.” Two other officers burst into the room
through another door, and defendant came back into the room saying, “What’s going
on?” The officers who had entered the room were yelling “put it down” and pointing
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The trial court overruled defendant’s counsel’s objections that Jankowski’s testimony
lacked foundation or called for a conclusion.
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their guns at defendant. Ratliff told defendant to put down the pipe and backed out of the
room. She then heard gunfire, but did not actually see the shooting.
Defendant was charged in an information with two counts of aggravated
assault on a peace officer (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (c) [counts 1 and 2]), two counts of
exhibiting a deadly weapon to resist arrest (id., § 417.8 [counts 3 and 4]), and one count
of resisting and obstructing an officer (id., § 148, subd. (a)(1) [count 5]). The
information alleged defendant had a prior prison conviction and had not remained out of
custody for five years before the commission of the present offenses. (Id., § 667.5,
subd. (b).) A jury found defendant guilty of all counts.
Defendant was sentenced to a term of five years four months in prison: the
midterm of four years on count 1 and a term of 16 months on count 2. The trial court
stayed execution of sentence on counts 3 and 4 pursuant to Penal Code section 654, and
suspended the sentence on count 5. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
I.
THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ERR IN DENYING DEFENDANT’S PITCHESS MOTION.
Before trial, defendant sought discovery of the personnel records of
Officers Mitchell and Jankowski, pursuant to Pitchess, supra, 11 Cal.3d 531. The trial
court denied the motion without conducting an in camera review of the documents. We
review the trial court’s order for abuse of discretion. (People v. Cruz (2008) 44 Cal.4th
636, 670.) This standard of review determines the result here because the decision
whether to permit the review of records by the trial court is a close call in this case.
A Pitchess motion must be supported by “[a]ffidavits showing good cause
for the discovery or disclosure sought, setting forth the materiality thereof to the subject
matter involved in the pending litigation and stating upon reasonable belief that the
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governmental agency identified has the records or information from the records.”
(Evid. Code, § 1043.)
“[O]n a showing of good cause, a criminal defendant is entitled to
discovery of relevant documents or information in the confidential personnel records of a
peace officer accused of misconduct against the defendant. [Citation.] Good cause for
discovery exists when the defendant shows both ‘“materiality” to the subject matter of
the pending litigation and a “reasonable belief” that the agency has the type of
information sought.’ [Citation.] A showing of good cause is measured by ‘relatively
relaxed standards’ that serve to ‘insure the production’ for trial court review of ‘all
potentially relevant documents.’” (People v. Gaines (2009) 46 Cal.4th 172, 179.)
While a defendant need not corroborate or show motivation for the alleged
officer misconduct, he or she must provide “‘a plausible scenario . . . that might or could
have occurred.’ [Citation.] A scenario is plausible when it asserts specific misconduct
that is both internally consistent and supports the proposed defense.” (Garcia v. Superior
Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 63, 71.)
“[D]efendant need demonstrate only ‘a logical link between the defense
proposed and the pending charge’ and describe with some specificity ‘how the discovery
being sought would support such a defense or how it would impeach the officer’s version
of events.’” (People v. Gaines, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 182.) The trial court’s inquiry
does not involve “an assessment or weighing of the persuasive value of the
evidence . . . presented [or] which should have been presented. [Citations.] Indeed, a
defendant is entitled to discover relevant information under Pitchess even in the absence
of any judicial determination that the potential defense is credible or persuasive.” (Ibid.)
“If the defendant establishes good cause, the court must review the requested records
in camera to determine what information, if any, should be disclosed.” (Id. at p. 179.)
Defendant’s attorney’s declaration in support of the Pitchess motion alleges
that defendant complied with the officers’ orders, did not threaten the officers, and did
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not hold the pipe in a batter’s stance, and that the officers’ body camera videos would
verify defendant’s account of the incident. The attorney further alleged that the defense
at trial would be that the officers fabricated the reasons they shot defendant, used
excessive force, and made false statements. Therefore, the attorney argued, the officers’
personnel records would be relevant to the defense to the extent they showed the officers
had previously lacked credibility, engaged in use of excessive force, filed false police
reports, provided false testimony, or committed crimes of moral turpitude.
At the hearing on the Pitchess motion, the trial court questioned whether
defendant’s compliance with the officers’ orders or the officers’ use of excessive force
was relevant or material. As the court explained: “[The defense of whether or not
defendant assaulted the officers] has nothing to do with force because the assault happens
before the force was used. In other words, the crimes, more or less, have been committed
prior to the shooting.”
Ultimately, in exercising its discretion, the trial court denied the motion
because defendant had failed to establish that the officers’ personnel records were
relevant or material to any potential defense. “[T]he defense has failed to present a
specific factual scenario that establishes a plausible factual foundation to support an
allegation that would warrant the court to review the officers’ personnel files. The three
sentences in the declaration itself claiming that the officers lied and/or falsified their
reports is not [a] sufficient, specific factual scenario, but rather denials that the officers
stated and conclusions stating that the officers merely lied, a conclusion not backed by
really a specific factual scenario, nor does it appear to be backed by the video. The court
feels it is not enough to warrant a review of the officers’ files.”
Our review is guided in large part by the appellate decisions in People v.
Sanderson (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1334 (Sanderson), and People v. Thompson (2006)
141 Cal.App.4th 1312 (Thompson). In Sanderson, the defendant was convicted of
making criminal threats; two police officers heard the defendant make the threats.
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(Sanderson, supra, at p. 1337.) The defendant claimed he did not make the threats and
sought the officers’ personnel records to support his defense that the officers had falsified
their police reports. (Id. at p. 1338.)
The trial court denied the defendant’s Pitchess motion without conducting
an in camera hearing, finding that the defendant had failed to establish good cause:
“‘[T]he concern of the Court is that if this were to constitute a plausible basis for release
of these records, then any time a defendant says, “I didn’t say that,” their peace officer
records concerning dishonesty would be discoverable, and I do not believe for one
moment that’s what this case law contemplates. This is merely a credibility question. [¶]
The officer says, “This is what I heard.” [¶] The defendant saying, “I never said that.”
[¶] If that could be the basis for a Pitchess motion to discover records, that could happen
in every single case.’” (Sanderson, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at p. 1339.)
The appellate court held that the defendant’s denial of the statements
attributed to him, without the presentation of “‘an alternate version of the facts’” was
insufficient to demonstrate good cause on the Pitchess motion. (Sanderson, supra,
181 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1340-1341.)
In Thompson, supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at page 1315, the defendant was
arrested after purchasing drugs from an undercover police officer. The defendant denied
the statements in the police report and sought the personnel records of the officers
involved. (Id. at pp. 1315, 1317.) The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s denial of
the defendant’s Pitchess motion, without conducting an in camera review of the records,
because the defendant had failed to “present a factual account of the scope of the alleged
police misconduct, and [did] not explain his own actions in a manner that adequately
support[ed] his defense.” (Id. at p. 1317.)
Using the analysis of Sanderson and Thompson, we conclude that the trial
court did not err by denying defendant’s Pitchess motion without conducting an
in camera review of the documents requested. Defendant failed to establish good cause
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for the motion because the personnel records sought were not relevant to any plausible
defense, given that even if excessive force had been used it occurred after the alleged
assault, and the body camera videos showed not only defendant’s actions but the officers’
response to those actions. The trial court’s findings were within its discretionary
authority.
II.
ADMISSION OF THE OFFICER’S OPINION THAT DEFENDANT HAD ASSAULTED HER
WAS NOT PREJUDICIAL.
Defendant argues that the trial court prejudicially erred by permitting
Officer Jankowski to offer a lay opinion that defendant assaulted her. The trial court has
broad discretion to admit or exclude lay opinion testimony, and we review to determine
whether the court abused that discretion. (People v. Maglaya (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th
1604, 1609; see People v. Ramirez (2021) 10 Cal.5th 983, 1028 [trial courts have “wide
discretion” regarding admissibility of evidence].)
On direct examination, Officer Jankowski testified as follows, with the
challenged testimony italicized:
“Q. And what was his demeanor when he first entered the room?
“A. Aggressive.
“Q. What was he doing that you think that he was aggressive?
“A. He had the pipe up in what I deem as a batter’s stance. I believe he
was yelling something, but I couldn’t make out what he was yelling at the time.
“Q. And at this point did you feel like you were in danger?
“A. Yes.
“Q. Why did you feel like you were in danger at this point?
“A. He had a metal pipe that was three feet long. We are trained that if
there is a short distance, like there was in that room, that it can do harm to us. It could
potentially kill us.
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“Q. And when he first walked in the room, your gun was holstered,
correct?
“A. Yes.
“Q. Did that heighten your safety risk?
“A. Absolutely.
“Q. And why?
“A. Because now I have to redraw my weapon in order to engage a
suspect.
“Q. And, at that point, when he first walked in, how close did he get to you
when he first walked in that room?
“A. The only distance between me and him was Patricia between us.
“Q. And do you know if those two made contact, Patricia and the
defendant?
“A. I don’t.
“Q. And what did you do when you saw defendant walk in the room?
“A. I retracted, so I went back to gain some distance between me and the
suspect.
“Q. And it looked like you were—you had Patricia’s hands behind her
back and you were about to handcuff her. [¶] Do you know if you even had the
handcuffs out at that point?
“A. I don’t believe I did.
“Q. And so when that happened, did you jump back?
“A. I would assume I did.
“Q. [¶] . . . [¶] At that moment when he came in with the pipe, before
anything else, at that moment, did you feel that you had been assaulted by the defendant
and the pipe?
“A. Yes.
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“Q. Why?
“A. Because the distance between me and him, he could have struck me
with the pipe and the pipe alone is a threatening manner with how large it was.
“[Defendant’s counsel]: Objection. Lack of foundation. Calls for a
conclusion.
“The Court: Hold on. Let me see. Overruled.
“[Prosecutor] [¶] Q. The distance that he was when he first walked in the
building or when he walked into that room, to you, did you believe that he could have
struck you with a pipe from that distance that he was away from you?
“A. Yes.” (Italics added.)
A witness may not express an opinion as to a defendant’s guilt. (People v.
Vang (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1038, 1048.) In People v. Torres (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 37,
47 to 48, cited by defendant, the Court of Appeal concluded that a police officer’s
opinion that the defendant’s conduct constituted robbery was an inadmissible opinion of
guilt.
The Attorney General argues that Officer Jankowski was testifying as a lay
witness and testified to her own perception of defendant’s actions and how those actions
made her feel at the time. But if the witness’s perception of the facts becomes a legal
conclusion as to the issue of defendant’s guilt, error may occur.
We need not decide whether the trial court erred, because any error was
harmless. Whether an error in the admission or exclusion of evidence was prejudicial is
reviewed under the standard of People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836: Is it
reasonably probable defendant would have obtained a more favorable result in the
absence of the error? (People v. Coffman and Marlow (2004) 34 Cal.4th 1, 76.)
Defendant argues that the jury “was led to erroneously believe [defendant] had assaulted
Officer Jankowski based on her improper opinion testimony.”
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Absent Officer Jankowski’s testimony that she felt she had been assaulted
when defendant entered the room holding the pipe in a threatening manner from a
position close enough to hit her, there was overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt of
all crimes charged. The testimony of Officers Mitchell, Jankowski, and Clay, combined
with the video evidence from their body cameras, established the charges of aggravated
assault as well as the charges of brandishing a deadly weapon. It is not reasonably
probable defendant would have obtained a more favorable result as to any of the charges
in the absence of Officer Jankowski’s testimony that defendant had assaulted her.
III.
THERE WAS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
AND BRANDISHING A DEADLY WEAPON.
Defendant argues there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions
for aggravated assault and brandishing a deadly weapon because the People failed to
prove he used the pipe as a deadly weapon or in a manner that could have caused any
injury to either Officer Jankowski or Officer Mitchell. In considering these arguments,
we review the appellate record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine
whether it contains evidence that is of reasonable, credible, and solid value that the jury
could find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Gomez (2018)
6 Cal.5th 243, 278.)
A metal pipe is not a deadly weapon as a matter of law. (People v. Burton
(2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 447, 457.) The People were therefore required to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that defendant used the pipe in a manner that was capable of producing
and likely to produce great bodily injury. (In re B.M. (2018) 6 Cal.5th 528, 533 (B.M.)
[assault with a deadly weapon]; People v. Simons (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1100, 1107
[brandishing a deadly weapon to prevent arrest].)
“‘In determining whether an object not inherently deadly or dangerous is
used as such, the trier of fact may consider the nature of the object, the manner in which
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it is used, and all other facts relevant to the issue.’” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 533.)
The evidence in the present case shows that defendant was holding a two-foot-long pipe
in the stance of a baseball batter, at a distance of five or six feet from Officers Jankowski
and Mitchell. Defendant had closed the door behind him, both causing the room to
become darker and making it more difficult to see, while blocking one of the means of
escape from the room for both defendant and the officers.
Defendant argues that the People failed to meet their burden of proof
because there was no evidence that defendant “actually used the pipe in a manner that
was capable of producing and likely to produce death or great bodily injury. [Defendant]
never attempted to hit either officer with the pipe and never made any movements as if he
was going to hit the officers with the pipe.” We disagree. Continuing to hold a metal
pipe like a baseball bat in a darkened room within six feet of armed police officers
shouting orders to drop the pipe constitutes actual use of the object in a manner capable
of producing, and likely to produce, death or great bodily injury. The crimes charged do
not require proof of an injury or even of physical contact. (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at
p. 535; People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1028; People v. Brown (2012)
210 Cal.App.4th 1, 7 [“Because the statute speaks to the capability of inflicting
significant injury, neither physical contact nor actual injury is required to support a
conviction”].) We therefore conclude the convictions for aggravated assault and
brandishing a deadly weapon were supported by substantial evidence.
IV.
THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ERR BY DENYING DEFENDANT’S REQUEST
FOR A PINPOINT INSTRUCTION.
Defendant argues the trial court prejudicially erred by failing to instruct the
jury with the following pinpoint instruction: “[W]hat likely to produce great bodily
injury means, and that’s the use of an object in the manner likely to produce death or
great bodily injury requires more than a mere possibility that serious injury could have
13
resulted from the way the object was used.” The defendant drew the language from B.M.,
supra, 6 Cal.5th 528, and People v. Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th 1023. The trial court
denied the request on the ground the jury would be instructed with CALCRIM No. 860
and would thus be adequately instructed on the issue raised by defense counsel:
“CALCRIM 860 clearly defines and addresses the issues that counsel indicated and that
would encompass that case authority, if it is applicable to this particular case.”
A pinpoint instruction, even if correct on the law, may be refused if it is
duplicative. (People v. Mora and Rangel (2018) 5 Cal.5th 442, 499.) Defendant’s
proposed pinpoint instruction added nothing to the standard instruction with which the
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jury was instructed.
2
The jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 860, as follows: “The defendant is
charged in Counts 1 and 2 with assault with a deadly weapon on a peace officer in
violation of Penal Code section 245(c). To prove that the defendant is guilty of this
crime, the People must prove that, one, the defendant did an act with a deadly weapon
that by its nature would directly and probably result in the application of force to a
person . . . ;
“Two, the defendant did that act willfully;
“Three, when the defendant acted, he was aware of facts that would lead a reasonable
person to realize that his act, by its nature, would directly and probably result in the
application of force to someone . . . ;
“Four, when the defendant acted, he had the present ability to apply force with a deadly
weapon to a person;
“Five, when the defendant acted, the person assaulted . . . was lawfully performing his
or her duties as a peace officer;
“Six, when the defendant acted, he knew or reasonably should have known that the
person assaulted was a peace officer who was performing his or her duties;
“And, seven, the defendant did not act in defense of someone else.
“Someone commits an act willfully when he or she does it willingly or on purpose. It is
not required that he or she intend to break the law, hurt someone else or gain any
advantage. The People are not required to prove that the defendant actually touched
someone. The People are not required to prove that the defendant actually intended to
use force against someone when he acted. No one needs to actually have been injured by
the defendant’s act, but if someone was injured, you may consider that fact, along with all
the other evidence, in deciding whether the defendant committed an assault.
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In B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th 528, the court noted: “The use of an object in a
manner ‘likely to produce’ death or great bodily injury [citation] requires more than a
mere possibility that serious injury could have resulted from the way the object was
used.” (Id. at p. 534.) In that case, the defendant used a butter knife and made downward
slicing motions toward the victim’s legs, which were covered by a blanket. (Id. at
p. 531.) The victim felt pressure on her legs (id. at p. 532); everyone agreed the knife
used was not sharp (id. at p. 531). The Supreme Court’s reference to “more than a mere
possibility of serious injury” addresses the specific facts of that case. (Id. at p. 534.) In
contrast, in the present case the type of deadly weapon, the manner in which it was used,
and the other circumstances surrounding the assault all established far more than a mere
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possibility of serious injury.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by failing to modify the
proposed instruction, assuming it was either incomplete or argumentative. The trial court
explained why it was denying the requested pinpoint instruction—the standard jury
instruction covered the issues the pinpoint instruction sought to address. Modification of
the proposed instruction was therefore not required.
“A deadly weapon is any object, instrument, or weapon that is used in such a way that
it is capable of causing and likely to cause death or great bodily injury. In deciding
whether or not an object is a deadly weapon, consider all the surrounding
circumstances.” (Italics added.)
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Even if the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury with the proposed pinpoint
instruction, the error would be harmless because the totality of the circumstances
surrounding the crimes establishes far more than a “mere possibility” of serious injury.
(See B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 534.) There is no reasonable probability that defendant
would have obtained a more favorable result in the absence of the alleged error. (People
v. Larsen (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 810, 830-831 [failure to give pinpoint instruction
reviewed for prejudice under People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d 818].)
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
FYBEL, ACTING P. J.
WE CONCUR:
THOMPSON, J.
GOETHALS, J.
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