People v. Shaffer CA1/1

Filed 4/29/21 P. v. Shaffer CA1/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A158950
v.
CHARLES LEROY SHAFFER, (Napa County
Super. Ct. No. CR173868)
Defendant and Appellant.
After defendant Charles Leroy Shaffer pleaded not guilty by reason of
insanity to the involuntary manslaughter of his nephew, he was committed to
Napa State Hospital. Two years later, the Napa County District Attorney
filed a Penal Code section 1026.51 petition to extend his civil commitment.
Following a jury trial, the jury found the allegations in the petition true, and
the court ordered defendant’s commitment extended for two more years.
Shaffer maintains there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s
verdict, and that the court erred in admitting exhibits relating to the
committing offense, including the 911 call and photographs of the victim and
crime scene. We affirm.
1 All further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
1
BACKGROUND
The Underlying Offense
On Christmas day in 2014, defendant, along with his wife and son,
visited relatives. He drank beer throughout the day. At one point, he pulled
out a pocketknife and suggested killing some rabbits that were in cages and
giving them to the neighbors.
After dinner, defendant’s wife and son went home. Defendant stayed
and planned to get a ride home with his nephew and the nephew’s girlfriend,
who had not been drinking. The three of them left the gathering at about
10:15 p.m. Defendant was very intoxicated and needed help getting to the
car.
Defendant was in the rear passenger seat, his nephew was in the front
passenger seat, and the nephew’s girlfriend was driving. As they drove, the
group chatted about what a nice Christmas it had been. The nephew asked
defendant to stop kicking his seat, but “nobody was mad.” When they drove
onto a bridge, defendant started screaming, told the girlfriend to pull over,
and said he was going to beat up his nephew.
From the corner of her eye, the girlfriend saw defendant’s arm coming
from the back seat of the car, and “thought he was hitting” his nephew. She
saw defendant hit his nephew “four or five times.” Defendant yelled “pull the
car over. I’m gonna beat the fuck out of this dude.” The girlfriend pulled
over, and “saw blood gushing from the side . . . of his head.” She called 911,
but at that point did not realize defendant had used a knife.
Defendant then seemed to “snap[] out of it,” and “looked kind of lost.”
The nephew’s girlfriend testified she believed defendant “had some kind of
episode.” When the 911 operator instructed her to put pressure on the
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nephew’s wound, she gave her sweatshirt to defendant who put it on the
wound.
Paramedics could not revive the nephew, and he was pronounced dead
at the scene. Police found a knife in the backseat of the car, and arrested
defendant. They took photographs of his nephew, the knife, and the inside of
the car, some of which were admitted into evidence at the hearing.
A criminalist estimated that defendant’s blood alcohol level at the time
of the killing would have been about .26, based on his tested blood alcohol
level of .19 at about 3:00 a.m. in the morning after the incident.
Defendant pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to the charge of
involuntary manslaughter and use of a knife, and was committed to Napa
State Hospital.
The Commitment Hearing
About two years later, the Napa County District Attorney filed a
petition to extend defendant’s commitment, alleging defendant represented a
substantial danger of physical harm to others by reason of mental disease,
defect or disorder.
At the hearing, a coworker testified about a 2013 incident similar to the
one which lead to defendant’s commitment. The coworker and defendant
attended a work-related party. Defendant became noticeably intoxicated and
could “barely stand up.” The coworker offered to drive him home, and a
woman who knew where defendant lived came along. She sat in the front
passenger seat, and defendant sat in the back seat. As they were driving
toward defendant’s home, he started repeating “who are these people? We
need to get out of here.” Then defendant began hitting the coworker in the
back of the head. As the coworker blocked defendant’s hand, he heard the
female passenger’s head hit the window. He pulled over, and the woman said
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defendant had hit her. Defendant got out of the car, and asked “I thought we
were going home?” When told he had attacked his coworker, he said he did
not remember it. After the woman called her husband, defendant’s wife
arrived, yelled at defendant to get in the car, and they left.
Another coworker testified defendant showed him a video at work
which showed Russian soldiers “executing a guy with a knife in the neck.”
“[T]hey had thrown him to the ground, were stepping on him, and then they
used a bayonet knife to shove it in the guy’s neck.” It seemed odd to the
coworker, and there was no work purpose to it, nor something that commonly
happened in the shop.
The same coworker also testified if defendant drinks enough alcohol he
“become[s] a different person” and gets “more aggressive and more handsy.”
In one incident, they were drinking at a bar, and a man was outside selling
knives. Defendant went outside to see how much the knives were, and when
he returned he was “really mad at the guy.” The coworker testified defendant
“had that Popeye look and gritting through his teeth saying he didn’t like
that guy and he wanted to go out there and beat him up.”
The prosecution presented the testimony of four expert witnesses, one
on rebuttal. All the medical professionals agreed that although defendant
was in institutional remission and currently asymptomatic, he suffered from
both alcohol-use disorder and “other specified trauma and stressor related
disorder.” All opined that due to his mental disease, defect or disorder,
defendant represented a substantial danger of physical harm if released into
the community.
The specifics of the experts’ testimony follows:
Dr. Sarah Moseman, a clinical psychologist, explained defendant had
“specified trauma and stressor-related disorder,” which is a condition in
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which “a person has symptoms that are characteristic or typical of post-
traumatic stress disorder ([PTSD]) but they don’t quite meet full criteria for
that diagnosis.” There are eight criteria required to diagnose a person with
post-traumatic stress disorder, and defendant had only seven.
Defendant met the first of those criteria, being exposed to actual or
threatened death, based on “multiple instances of witnessing violence,
exposure to actual or threatened death” in the military while stationed in
both Afghanistan and the Philippines. While in the Philippines, he was
attacked in a taxicab. He was also exposed to violence while in jail for the
underlying offense, when his cellmate attempted suicide. As to the second
criterion, intrusive symptoms associated with the traumatic event, defendant
reported nightmares and “thrash[ing] about” in his sleep, which lead him to
sleep separately from his wife. He also had “instances of suspected
dissociation or being separate from his consciousness where he just kind of
blacked out and wasn’t really aware of what was going on.” The psychologist
described the two instances in which defendant attacked people when he was
being driven in a car, including the incident in which he killed his nephew, as
examples.
The third PTSD criterion is “avoidance of stimuli associated with a
traumatic event.” As to that, defendant avoided talking or thinking about his
time in the military. When driving, defendant would “leave extra room
between cars in case he had to quickly evade which was similar to when he
was deployed in Afghanistan . . . to evade incoming attacks.” He also would
“sit close to exits” and “have a view point of the room to see if there was any
kind of possible threat.”
Dr. Moseman did not believe defendant met the fourth criterion, which
was “negative alterations in cognition and mood.”
5
The fifth criterion is “marked alterations and arousal and reactivity
associated with the traumatic event.” Defendant reported trouble sleeping, a
startle response, and hypervigilance, all of which meet the fifth criterion.
The sixth criterion is that the disturbance last more than a month.
Defendant reported “his symptoms started in about March of 2012 when he
returned and then lasted until early 2016 while he was in jail following his
crime.”
The seventh PTSD criterion is “the disturbance caused clinically
significant distress or impairment in social or occupational areas of
functioning.” Dr. Moseman opined that, although defendant did not report
“global overall difficulty functioning in his life,” the fact that he killed his
nephew “under the circumstances that he did” demonstrated he met the
seventh criterion.
The eighth criterion is “the disturbance is not attributable to
physiological effects of a substance.” Dr. Moseman testified “the symptoms
themselves cannot be due solely to using alcohol or drugs. In [defendant’s]
case it appears that using alcohol exacerbated or made worse his symptoms
but did not cause them all. They occur even when he [is] sober.”
Because defendant met only seven of the eight criteria, Dr. Moseman
opined he suffered from “other specified trauma and stress related disorder,”
which is a “mental disease, defect, or disorder.” She also noted defendant’s
records indicated he continued to suffer from symptoms of PTSD after he was
jailed in 2016. She explained people who have PTSD symptoms but are
diagnosed with “other stressor-related disorder” can have periods without
symptoms which then reoccur. Such an individual might only be triggered or
exhibit symptoms in certain situations and may not exhibit symptoms in a
low-stress environment.
6
Dr. Moseman opined defendant also had alcohol use disorder, also a
mental defect, disease or disorder. His disorder was in remission, due to
being in an environment where alcohol was unavailable. Dr. Moseman
testified defendant met two of the criteria for alcohol use disorder; using more
alcohol than intended, and continuing to use despite social or interpersonal
“problems caused or exacerbated by the alcohol.” Defendant had reported
drinking twice the amount of alcohol he consumed before his military
deployment. He was using alcohol to “self[-]medicate PTSD symptoms.” The
social problems caused by his alcohol use included having sex with a friend of
his wife’s while intoxicated but having no memory of it, and the two incidents
in which he attacked people while in the back seat of cars.
Dr. Moseman utilized a violence risk-assessment tool called the HCR-
20, which looks at 20 risk factors. It is “an acceptable measure for violence
risk assessment” in the scientific community, is used at state hospitals, and
is “a fairly accurate measure.” Ten of the 20 risk factors are historical,
because “one of the greatest predictors of a person’s future behavior is past
behavior and their past history.”
In evaluating defendant, Dr. Moseman considered her discussions with
defendant, review of his records, his trauma disorder and alcohol use
disorder, his past violent behaviors, his problems with personal relationships,
his lack of insight into his alcohol problem and failure to develop a forensic
relapse prevention plan. She opined defendant had a mental disease,
disorder or defect and that because of those disorders, posed a substantial
danger to others if released. She also opined he has a serious difficulty
controlling that dangerous behavior.
Cynthia Perez, a forensic mental health clinician who worked for Napa
County Mental Health Con-Rep, testified as an expert in substance abuse
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assessment and treatment. She also qualified as an expert in evaluating
whether patients can be safely released into the community. Perez explained
a patient committed to the state hospital can be released to Con-Rep, which is
a structured board and care. It is a “step[-]down” from the hospital, but still
a supervised environment.
Perez conducted three assessments of defendant for Con-Rep. In one
interview, defendant told her he owned a brewery with a friend, and asked if
she thought “it would be okay if [he] tasted the beer,” which she found “very
concerning.” Perez and her supervisor also reviewed defendant’s “Forensic
Relapse Prevention Plan,” and concluded it lacked substance.
Based on her interviews of defendant and review of his file, Perez
opined defendant did not have insight into the severity of his alcohol use or
the relation between his alcohol use and his violence. She explained he
minimized his alcohol use and denied any connection between his alcohol use
and killing his nephew. Perez recommended he continue on the substance
abuse unit of the hospital and “be more aware and get more familiar with
triggers and how he’s going to deal with alcohol out in the community.” She
noted defendant had “only been sober since he’s been in a controlled
environment.” Perez opined defendant could not be safely released into the
community, and if he were released “without Con-Rep[,] he would pose a
substantial danger to the community.”
Dr. Muhammad Tariq, a Napa State Hospital staff psychiatrist
assigned to the substance recovery unit, was defendant’s treating
psychiatrist. He testified defendant was diagnosed with “other specified
trauma and stress related disorder” because he did not meet one of the
criterion for a post-traumatic stress diagnosis. Defendant was also diagnosed
with “alcohol use disorder mild in sustained remission in a controlled
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environment[,] because he had been in a controlled environment since the
offense.” Dr. Tariq agreed with those diagnoses, which qualified as a “mental
disease, disorder, or defect.”
Dr. Tariq testified defendant had just started taking medication for his
alcohol use disorder that “helps with cravings so the patients would have less
urge to drink.” Hospital reports from 2018 indicated defendant had reported
symptoms of PTSD, which contradicted his self-reporting of no symptoms
since 2016. He evaluated defendant a week prior to trial, and concluded he
represented a “substantial danger of physical harm to others if he’s released
into the community not on Con-Rep.” He explained defendant’s past
behavior, including defendant’s “significant history in terms of the death of
his nephew,” was part of his assessment. Dr. Tariq also based his opinion on
defendant’s “history of mental illness,” and “history of significant alcohol use
disorder.” Because defendant had “done well in the hospital” and “recently
been working on improving his insight in terms especially related to his
alcohol use disorder,” Dr. Tariq recommended defendant’s commitment be
extended but he be released to a “structured outpatient treatment program”
known as “Con-Rep.” Dr. Tariq opined defendant would “have serious
difficulty controlling his dangerous behavior if he’s released into the
community unsupervised.”
The defense called Dr. David Joseph, a clinical psychologist, to testify
about the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and the
evaluation of clinical risk assessment. He reviewed defendant’s hospital and
medical records and the police report regarding defendant’s killing of his
nephew. He also interviewed defendant, and administered two psychological
tests, the MMPI and the “post traumatic stress disorder checklist” for the
military (PCLM).
9
Dr. Joseph testified defendant met only one of the criteria for PTSD,
that he had experienced a traumatic event. Based on the MMPI results and
his hospital records, Dr. Joseph concluded defendant was a reliable reporter
of his symptoms. He saw nothing in the hospital records indicating
defendant had “angry flareups,” nightmares, or a “flashback.” It was
“difficult” to assess “his state in terms of alcohol . . . because he’s in an
environment where alcohol isn’t available.” He concluded defendant did not
currently suffer from a mental disorder, did not pose a substantial danger of
physical harm to others, and saw no evidence defendant had serious
difficulties controlling his dangerous behavior. He acknowledged defendant
did not have much insight into his own symptoms, and “he could be having
symptoms right now and he just might not know it.”
In rebuttal, the prosecution called Mikel Matto, an assistant clinical
professor of psychiatry at the University of California San Francisco medical
school. He reviewed defendant’s military, hospital, and police records, and
interviewed him for about three and a half hours. Matto agreed with
defendant’s diagnosis of alcohol use disorder and “trauma or stressor related
disorder,” and testified both qualify as a mental disease, defect or disorder.
Matto talked with defendant about the killing of his nephew. Matto
was concerned that defendant did not use “active phrasing” in describing his
killing of his nephew. Instead, defendant described the killing as “ ‘my sister
lost her son,’ ” “ ‘the time my nephew got stabbed,’ ” or “the thing that got me
here,” rather than saying “ ‘I killed my nephew,’ ” which is important because
it would “indicate[] a level of insight and accountability that’s important for
relapse prevention.” Defendant told Matto his PTSD symptoms got better
when he was in jail, and “in early [2016] they were gone.” Matto found it
unusual that PTSD symptoms would “last[] for years—2012, 2013, 2014,
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2015, into 2016” but would resolve when defendant was in jail and receiving
no treatment. In Matto’s experience, PTSD symptoms tended to get worse in
jail or prison.
Matto conducted a risk assessment of defendant using the HCR-20,
which is a violence risk assessment instrument. The most prevalent factor’s
in defendant’s case were the incidents of violence, “typically while
intoxicated, of demonstrating aggressive behavior, violent behavior, and
including assaults and ultimately the killing of his nephew. That was
obviously a highly relevant factor.” Matto explained past behavior is “some of
the best evidence of how people will behave in the future.” Other risk factors
were defendant’s alcohol use disorder, his trauma and stress related disorder,
and his lack of insight into his alcohol use disorder. Matto opined defendant
had poor insight in regards to the alcohol use disorder and did not appear to
understand his alcohol disorder causes him to act violently. For example,
even though in 2013 defendant attacked a friend while a passenger in a car
and blacked out, he sought no treatment after that incident and continued to
drink alcohol.
Matto’s opinion was that based on defendant’s mental disease, defect,
or disorder he posed a “substantial danger of physical harm to others and
[has] serious difficulty controlling that dangerous behavior.”
Defendant’s wife testified on his behalf. She opined defendant was a
truthful person, and “[i]n the community he’s always been peaceful as far as I
know.” She acknowledged he “killed his nephew during an incident.” She
testified he was involved in another incident “that would be similar to this
[when] he was drinking.” Defendant was getting a ride home, and she “got a
phone call from people that were in the car saying come get [defendant].” She
also testified about an incident in which she and defendant had been
11
drinking all day, and invited a woman to come to their home. After the wife
went to bed, she woke up and found defendant having sex with the woman.
She testified defendant “was not aware what was going on.”
Defendant’s wife visited him while he was in jail and in the Napa State
Hospital. She “never thought he had a mental health problem to begin with,”
and did not discuss his treatment with him. Defendant “never spoke” to her
about experiencing PTSD symptoms. She had been in the military for almost
30 years, so she “recognized some signs,” but defendant told her “he was
okay.” She was not aware defendant had been diagnosed with alcohol use
disorder, but she would not support him drinking alcohol in the future
because “he has an issue with it.” She had no concerns he would act violently
again if he was released “[b]ecause he has never done anything like this
before.” She did not discuss his diagnoses when she visited him because it
might upset him and she did not “want to take the chance of him being
upset.”
When defendant was first arrested, she told the detective “one of two
things happened. He’s either suffering—he had a psychotic break from PTSD
or he was invaded by a demon because he would never ever do this.” She
“heard” about the other incident when defendant was a passenger in the back
of a car, but the coworker who was driving “didn’t say that he had been hurt”
and he “mentioned that . . . [defendant] . . . might have hit” the female
passenger. She then acknowledged defendant “told me he remembered he
had hit [the driver], and he doesn’t remember hitting [the female passenger],
but he remembered hitting [the driver] by accident. As to his behavior when
he drank alcohol, she testified that even after eight or nine drinks, defendant
“just got more funny . . . and he got more loving.”
12
A friend and coworker of defendant’s testified he believed defendant
was honest and “had a penchant for wanting to do things accurately and by
the book.” He thought defendant’s killing of his nephew was “way out of
character,” and did not “have any concerns with him being released.” He
hoped defendant’s time in the state hospital had helped him “with some
coping skills to kind of relieve that tension and that pressure that a lot of
your veterans don’t get.”
Defendant testified about traumatic events in his life. In 1988, he was
stationed in the Philippines. He and a friend were in the back seat of a taxi
when the driver took off in the wrong direction, then stopped to let in a man
with a gun who pointed it at defendant. As the driver started to leave,
defendant and the friend jumped out of the moving vehicle.
In the mid-1990’s, defendant and a friend were walking home when
they were attacked by a group of “gangster kids.” Defendant told his friend
they should “get out of here,” and “fought [his] way through.” He realized his
friend was not with him, “got some people,” and went back to find his friend
“laying in the street bleeding.” He had been stabbed 15 or 16 times.
In 2006 or 2007, defendant was deployed to Afghanistan. He worked as
an armed escort, escorting people into areas “people wouldn’t normally have
access to.” There were times when he was doing that work that he felt
unsafe. Defendant was deployed a second time to Afghanistan in 2011-2012,
and given a more dangerous assignment designated “HRC,” meaning high
risk of capture. His job was to drive an armored vehicle in urban areas
outside the base, which they did in convoys for safety. Defendant and his
passengers would all act as lookouts for danger on the road. They
experienced hostility or threats on a daily basis. One night, his base was
attacked by rockets and mortars. He took cover by laying on the floor during
13
the attack. It was “very scary” because it was the first time he had been
under direct fire. Defendant personally knew people who had been killed in
Afghanistan.
When he returned home, defendant suffered from nightmares and
flashbacks. He was “hyperalert, hypervigilant, [and had] serious anxiety.”
He was easily startled, and “didn’t like confined spaces.” When he drove,
defendant “was always scanning . . . [l]ooking for a way out.” He would see
“something in the news that might trigger thoughts that was coming back.”
His alcohol consumption increased, from “a beer or two” each evening to
“four, five, six, seven beers.” Defendant “thrash[ed] around” so much during
his nightmares that he and his wife stopped sleeping in the same bed.
Defendant recalled some of the events of Christmas 2014. He was at
his mother’s house with other family members, including his nephew. He
became “highly intoxicated” and thinks he had about 10 beers. Defendant
remembered nothing “from the time I got in that vehicle until the time I was
on the side of the highway.” He only remembered talking to a sheriff’s
deputy on the side of the road, being asked if he had any weapons. and being
questioned afterwards. Defendant testified he had blacked out from alcohol
on several occasions before the killing, including when he hit his friend in the
backseat of a car, when he had sex with a woman “who was not [his] wife,”
and when he was “a young guy in school.”
Defendant testified he never discussed tasting beer at his brewery with
Perez from Con-Rep. Instead, he had discussed his “future plans for the
brewery” with another provider. Defendant explained he owned a brewery
with some partners, and would taste the beer “at the end of a brewing session
. . . before there’s even alcohol in it.” He felt that provider was “confused so
that went into his report stating that I was gonna taste beer or requesting
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beer tasting. . . . ” Defendant acknowledged there were “[a] couple of
incidents” of confusion between him and mental health professionals.
The jury found defendant suffered from a “mental disease, defect, or
disorder,” and as a result of that mental disease, defect or disorder, he
“now. . . [p]oses a substantial danger of physical harm to others if released;
and . . . [h]as serious difficulty controlling his behavior if released.” The court
ordered his commitment at Napa State Hospital extended until December,
2021.
DISCUSSION
Substantial Evidence Supports the Jury’s Finding That Defendant
Has Serious Difficulty Controlling His Dangerous Behavior
Legal Standard
“Under section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(1), ‘[a] person may be committed
beyond the term prescribed by subdivision (a) only under the procedure set
forth in this subdivision and only if the person has been committed under
Section 1026 for a felony and by reason of a mental disease, defect, or
disorder represents a substantial danger of physical harm to others.’ At no
less than 90 days before the term of commitment ends, the prosecuting
attorney may file a petition for extended commitment in the superior court
which issued the original commitment. (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(2).) The person
named in the petition has a right to be represented by an attorney and the
right to a jury trial. (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(3).) If, after trial, the court or jury
finds the patient ‘by reason of a mental disease, defect, or disorder represents
a substantial danger of physical harm to others,’ the patient will be
recommitted for an additional period of two years from the date of
termination of the previous commitment. (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(8).)” (People v.
Zapisek (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 1151, 1159.)
15
“[S]ection 1026.5, subdivision (b)(1) should be interpreted as requiring
proof that a person under commitment has serious difficulty in controlling
dangerous behavior. . . .”2 (People v. Bowers (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 870, 878
(Bowers).) “The People are not required to prove the defendant ‘ “is
completely unable to control his behavior.” ’ (People v. Williams (2003) 31
Cal.4th 757, 771. . . , quoting Kansas v. Crane (2002) 534 U.S. 407, 411, . . .
(Crane).) Instead, the defendant’s ‘impairment need only be serious, not
absolute.’ (Williams, at p. 773.) As the Crane court explained, ‘there may be
“considerable overlap between a . . . defective understanding or appreciation
and . . . [an] ability to control . . . behavior.” ’ ” (People v. Kendrid (2012)
205 Cal.App.4th 1360, 1370.)
“ ‘ “Whether a defendant ‘by reason of a mental disease, defect, or
disorder represents a substantial danger of physical harm to others’ under
section 1026.5 is a question of fact to be resolved with the assistance of expert
testimony.” [Citation.] “In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence to support a
section 1026.5 extension, we apply the test used to review a judgment of
conviction; therefore, we review the entire record in the light most favorable
to the extension order to determine whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the requirements of section 1026.5(b)(1) beyond a reasonable
doubt. [Citations.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] A single psychiatric opinion that
an individual is dangerous because of a mental disorder constitutes
2 That additional requirement was added following the California
Supreme Court’s opinion in In re Howard N. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 117, (Howard
N.). In that case, the court considered the extended detention scheme under
Welfare and Institutions Code section 1800 et seq., (id. at p. 122) and
concluded due process required a finding that the person’s “mental deficiency,
disorder, or abnormality” caused him or her “to have serious difficulty
controlling his [or her] dangerous behavior.” (Id. at p. 135.)
16
substantial evidence to support an extension of the defendant’s commitment
under section 1026.5.” (Bowers, supra, 145 Cal.App.4th at pp. 878-879.)
The Evidence
Defendant does not dispute that he suffers from a mental disease,
defect, or disorder. Nor does he contend there was not a sufficient showing of
“future dangerousness.” Instead, defendant maintains there was no
substantial evidence that he “currently has serious difficulty controlling his
dangerous behavior.” (Boldface omitted.)
Relying on People v. Galindo (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 531 (Galindo),
defendant claims an extension of a commitment requires “both a prediction of
future dangerousness and evidence of a current lack of volitional control.”
Asserting the evidence showed his “behavior was that of a model patient,”
defendant maintains there was no substantial evidence he currently has
serious difficulty in controlling dangerous behavior.
In Galindo, the defendant, who suffered from bipolar disorder and
antisocial personality disorder, was recommitted following a trial. (Galindo,
supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at pp. 533-534.) The defendant claimed there was
insufficient evidence he had serious difficulty controlling his dangerous
behavior, despite evidence that he had actually engaged in dangerous
behavior while committed, including “pursu[ing] a ‘very fragile psychotic
patient’ ” after being told to stop. (Id. at pp. 534, 538.)
The court acknowledged there was “abundant evidence that defendant’s
behavior was dangerous and that he did not, in fact, control it. However, the
fact he did not control his behavior does not prove that he was unable to do
so, thus making him ‘dangerous beyond [his] control.’ (Howard N., supra,
35 Cal.4th at p. 128.)” (Galindo, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 539.) The court
explained “[t]here was little, if any, evidence that he tried to control his
17
behavior, that he encountered serious difficulty when trying to do so, or that
his difficulty was caused by his mental condition. Rather, the evidence
strongly suggested that defendant did not try to control his dangerous
behavior, because he perceived no reason to do so.” (Ibid.) No expert in that
case had opined that defendant “tried to control his dangerous behavior but
encountered serious difficulty in doing so.”3 (Ibid.) Thus, the court reversed
the order extending commitment. (Id. at p. 540.)
Contrary to defendant’s claim, Galindo does not aid him. The Galindo
court made a distinction between not controlling dangerous behavior and
being unable to control dangerous behavior and concluded the inability to
control dangerous behavior was the critical factor. (Galindo, supra,
142 Cal.App.4th at p. 539.) In contrast, the evidence and expert testimony in
this case showed that while defendant did not engage in dangerous behaviors
while committed, he would have serious difficulty controlling his dangerous
behavior in a noninstitutional setting.
The court in People v. Williams (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 861 (Williams),
addressed circumstances similar to those here. In Williams, the defendant
was committed after being found not guilty by reason of insanity of attempted
murder and assault on a custodial officer, among other charges. (Id. at
p. 863.) Defendant was diagnosed with “alcohol and amphetamine
dependence and personality disorder NOS (not otherwise specified).” (Id. at
p. 864.) He had “never been violent or threatening during his
hospitalization.” (Id. at p. 866.)
3 The extension of commitment hearing in Galindo was held before the
decision in Howard N. (Galindo, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 539.)
18
At his commitment extension trial, the prosecution’s expert testified
defendant had only started attending substance abuse recovery two-three
months before trial. (Williams, supra, 242 Cal.App.4th at p. 866.) His
relapse plan was not “realistic,” “appeared to consist only of physically
avoiding temptation,” and seemed to have been “ ‘done hastily at the last
minute to make sort of an impression.’ ” (Id. at pp. 867, 874.) The expert
testified defendant “was not a danger to others in a hospital setting, but if
released without supervision, he would pose a ‘really significant’ danger.”
(Id. at p. 867.)
The court rejected defendant’s claim that “his lack of violence since he
was hospitalized showed he could control his behavior.” (Williams, supra,
242 Cal.App.4th at p. 875.) The court explained the issue was “not whether
defendant could put on a facade of friendliness and cooperation in the
hospital setting in order to achieve his goal of unsupervised release, but
whether he would have serious difficulty in controlling dangerous behavior
once he had attained that goal and no longer had expert help or support to
keep him on the straight and narrow.” (Ibid.) The court concluded
“defendant’s prior history of violence was connected to his substance abuse,
which he was not able to engage in while hospitalized. Since he had no
credible relapse prevention plan, his lack of violence in confinement was not
substantial evidence that he could control his impulse toward violence on
unsupervised release.” (Ibid.)
So too here. Although defendant had not engaged in dangerous
behavior while institutionalized, he suffers from both other specified trauma
disorder and alcohol use disorder, which can trigger his dangerous and
violent behavior. Defendant had a significant history of past violence
triggered by alcohol use. He had only recently begun to address his alcohol
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use disorder and lacked insight into the connection between it and his violent
behavior. His relapse prevention plan was inadequate. Indeed, defendant
told mental health professionals that he planned to operate a brewery upon
release and asked if tasting the beer would be acceptable.
Substantial evidence supports the jury’s verdict.
Admission of Evidence Regarding the Commitment Offense
Defendant maintains the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
certain evidence regarding the underlying commitment offense. He claims it
was error to admit six photographs of the victim showing his wounds, four
photographs showing the bloody front and back seat of the car, and a
photograph of the knife used. He also objects to admission of an audio
recording of the 911 call, a transcript of that call, and the actual knife used.
Defendant maintains this evidence was “not relevant to the question before
the jury,” and was more prejudicial than probative under Evidence Code
section 352.
The issues in dispute were whether defendant “suffers from a mental
disease, defect, or disorder,” and whether “[a]s a result of his mental disease,
defect, or disorder, he now: . . . [p]oses a substantial danger of physical harm
to others; AND . . . [h]as serious difficulty in controlling his dangerous
behavior.”
Defendant claims “[t]he commitment offense was not in dispute,” and
asserts “[w]hat is relevant is how a defendant is doing presently in the
location where he or she has been committed.” He later concedes, however,
“that the facts underlying the commitment offense were relevant.”
“ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence, including evidence relevant to
the credibility of a witness . . . having any tendency in reason to prove or
disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
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action.” (Evid. Code, § 210.) In determining whether defendant has serious
difficulty controlling his dangerous behavior, relevant evidence “include[s] . . .
previous instances of violent behavior . . . , as well as the determination of the
treatment staff . . . [defendant’s] behavior at that facility and psychiatric
evaluations.” The statutory scheme contemplates that the “trier of fact shall
be aided by the expert testimony of psychologists or psychiatrists. (§ 1026.5,
subd. (b)(7).)” (People v. Superior Court (Blakely) (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 202,
215.) “As we have recognized, ‘[p]revious instances of violent behavior are an
important indicator of future violent tendencies.’ ” (Kansas v. Hendricks
(1997) 521 U.S. 346, 358; id., at p. 350 [considering civil commitment under
the Kansas Sexually Violent Predator Act].) And, evidence of the nature and
severity of the underlying crime are also relevant foundational facts
underlying the expert’s opinions in the case. Indeed, defendant concedes
“that under People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 665, for the prosecution
experts to rely on certain details of the commitment offense, those details
must be independently proven.”
Thus, these exhibits were relevant to the issues at trial.
Defendant next claims the exhibits at issue “had little to no probative
value regarding [his] mental state now,” but “pack[ed] an emotional wallop.”
He maintains the photographs were “bloody,” and the audio and written
transcript of the 911 call made by his nephew’s girlfriend after the stabbing
were “highly charged,” and the girlfriend’s “upset is evident.”
“The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its probative value
is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will . . .
create substantial danger of undue prejudice. . . .” (Evid.Code, § 352.) “ ‘The
prejudice which exclusion of evidence under Evidence Code section 352 is
designed to avoid is not the prejudice or damage to a defense that naturally
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flows from relevant, highly probative evidence.’ [Citations.] ‘Rather, the
statute uses the word in its etymological sense of “prejudging” a person or
cause on the basis of extraneous factors.’ ” (People v. Zapien (1993) 4 Cal.4th
929, 958.)
“ ‘The admission of photographs of a victim lies within the broad
discretion of the trial court when a claim is made that they are unduly
gruesome or inflammatory.’ ” (People v. Ramirez (2006) 39 Cal.4th 398, 453.)
“Such a photograph may be admitted if: (1) the photograph is relevant, and
(2) its probative valued is not substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair
prejudice.” (People v. Mendez (2019) 7 Cal.5th 680, 707-708 (Mendez).)
“ ‘[A] court may admit even “gruesome” photographs if the evidence is
highly relevant to the issues raised by the facts, or if the photographs would
clarify the testimony of a medical examiner.’ [Citation.] ‘We have
consistently upheld the introduction of autopsy photographs disclosing the
manner in which a victim was wounded as relevant not only to the question
of deliberation and premeditation but also aggravation of the crime and the
appropriate penalty, all of which were at issue here.’ ” (People v. Ramirez,
supra. 39 Cal.4th at pp. 453-454.) “ ‘[G]ruesome’ ” and “ ‘disturbing’ ”
photographs may be admitted if they do not “ ‘sensationalize an alleged
crime’ ” and are not “ ‘unnecessarily gruesome.’ ” (Mendez, supra, 7 Cal.5th
at p. 708, italics omitted.)
The court considered each photo individually as to whether it should be
excluded under Evidence Code section 352. In considering whether the
photographs of the victim and crime scene at issue were more prejudicial
than probative, the court reasoned the prosecution had “to show proof of
dangerousness now beyond a reasonable doubt. And what makes these
photographs disturbing, if they are at all disturbing, is that it shows a
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dangerous attack. And so they are highly probative.” They court excluded a
photo of the victim’s face as overly prejudicial, but concluded the photo of the
knife used, the knife itself, and the photos of the victim and crime scene were
not more prejudicial than probative.
As to the 911 call, the court explained: “When the court listens to this
9-1-1 call and really contemplates what the relevance is, the court directly
finds it to be relevant to [CALCRIM No.] 3453 in the inquiry of the jury as to
whether the [defendant] poses a substantial danger of physical harm to
others and has serious difficulty in controlling his dangerous behavior.
Something that was interesting about this call was that after the call was
made that the caller really felt that she wasn’t in any danger. That the level
of dangerousness had subsided. That it was a momentary attack and things
kind of went back to normal. It also goes to the intoxication. Specifically to
the difficulty in controlling a dangerous behavior. From what I understand of
the facts the long-term alcohol diagnosis and difficulty in controlling that
over a number of incidents mixed with the dangerousness of the attack is
going to be critical points for the jury . . . [and] this phone call is highly
relevant as proof of that specifically to dangerous or not.”
As to the photo of the knife used in the killing and the knife itself, the
court stated, “I think a photograph of the knife, its probative value is not
substantially outweighed by a substantial danger of undue prejudice. It was
the weapon that was used during the attack and that will be admitted.” “The
physical knife itself . . . [is] something that they can hold in their hands. Of
course the knife is not something that would go to the jury on their own so
that they’re passing around a knife. But it is the weapon that caused the
death in this case, and I think that the jury should be able to inspect it and
see it potentially if the proper foundation is laid. . . . I’m going to admit it
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over 352. . . . [I]t’s definitely relevant. I don’t believe it would create a
substantial danger of undue prejudice or confuse the issue or misled the
jury.”
In sum, the exhibits were relevant to the issue of whether defendant
had serious difficulty controlling his dangerous behavior. As in Mendez, “the
record demonstrates the trial court was ‘aware of [its] duty to weigh the
prejudicial effect of the photographs against their probative value’ and
performed that duty ‘carefully,’ . . . weigh[ing] against finding an abuse of
discretion.” (Mendez, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 708.) Although some of the
exhibits depicted blood, severe injuries, and an upset witness, their effect was
only “ ‘the prejudice or damage to a defense that naturally flows from
relevant, highly probative evidence.’ ” (People v. Zapien, supra, 4 Cal.4th at
p. 958.) The court did not abuse its discretion in admitting these exhibits.
DISPOSITION
The order extending defendant’s commitment is affirmed.
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_________________________
Banke, J.
We concur:
_________________________
Humes, P.J.
_________________________
Margulies, J.
A158950, People v. Shaffer
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