In re Adcock CA3

Filed 2/4/22 In re Adcock CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
In re MARK ADCOCK on Habeas Corpus. C089547
(Super. Ct. No. 05F01670)
THE PEOPLE, C089581
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
MARK ADCOCK,
Defendant and Appellant.
In 2008, a jury convicted petitioner, defendant, and appellant Mark Desmond
Adcock of first degree murder. (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a) [statutory section references
that follow are to the Penal Code].) The jury also found true the special circumstance
allegations that the murder was committed during a robbery and a burglary. (§ 190.2,
subd. (a)(17)(A), (G).) Defendant was not the actual killer. The trial court sentenced
1
defendant to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. This court affirmed the
conviction. (People v. Adcock (Mar. 24, 2009, C058167) [nonpub. opn.].)
After defendant’s conviction became final, the California Supreme Court decided
People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks), People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522(Clark), and later In re Scoggins (2020) 9 Cal.5th 667 (Scoggins) which clarified the
meaning of the special circumstance statute. That statute provides that a person who is
not the actual killer but “who, with reckless indifference to human life and as a major
participant” aids or abets an enumerated felony that results in a death may be convicted
of special circumstance murder and sentenced to death or life imprisonment without
parole. (§ 190.2, subd. (d).) Banks and Clark clarified that fact-finders must examine an
aider and abettor’s personal culpability that led to a death during the commission of a
felony before imposing a sentence of death or life without parole, and the Supreme Court
provided guidance on how to make that evaluation. (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 800-
803; Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at pp. 618-623.)
Also subsequent to defendant’s conviction, the Legislature adopted Senate Bill
No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.; Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4, eff. Jan. 1, 2019) (Senate Bill
1437). Senate Bill 1437 limited felony murder liability to those who in the course of
committing an enumerated felony actually killed someone, aided and abetted the actual
killer with the intent to kill, or were a major participant in the underlying felony and
acted with reckless indifference to human life. (§ 189, subd. (e).) Senate Bill 1437 also
provided in section 1170.95 a procedure for defendants previously convicted of felony
murder to petition for resentencing if under the amended felony murder statutes they
could not have been convicted.
Defendant filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the trial court contending
that in light of Banks, substantial evidence did not support the special circumstance
findings that he was a major participant in the robbery and burglary and acted with
reckless indifference to human life. Defendant also filed a petition under section 1170.95
2
to have his sentence vacated for the same reason. The trial court denied both petitions,
finding that neither made a prima facie case for relief.
In C089547, defendant petitions this court for a writ of habeas corpus, contending
that substantial evidence does not support the special circumstance findings as clarified in
Banks and Clark that he was a major participant in the underlying felonies and acted with
reckless indifference to human life. The petition includes evidence that was not
presented at trial. We issued an order to show cause.
In C089581, defendant appeals from the denial of his petition to vacate his
sentence under section 1170.95. He contends the trial court erred both procedurally and
substantively in denying the petition.
We consolidated the matters for argument and decision. 1
We deny the petition for habeas corpus, and although the trial court committed
procedural error in denying the petition to vacate, we conclude the error was harmless
and affirm the trial court’s denial of that petition.
FACTS AND HISTORY OF THE PROCEEDINGS
We repeat the facts of the crime from our opinion on direct appeal.
“The murder
“Daryl Sussdorf owned and operated Nugget Auto Sales, a used car dealership in
Sacramento. He ran the business by himself, without any employees. He provided the
financing for his customers; they would purchase their cars and make payments at the
dealership later. Sussdorf recorded the payments on account cards and in a receipt book.
When an account was paid off, Sussdorf would deliver the title document to the
customer.
1 Because we have consolidated the cases, defendant’s request for judicial notice of
the records in his direct appeals is moot.
3
“Most of Sussdorf’s customers paid with cash, so he often had a lot of cash at the
dealership. He commonly carried several hundred dollars in his wallet or pocket. He did
not make a bank deposit every day; instead, he would do so after accumulating a lot of
money. He kept a moneybag in the office for making deposits.
“The door to the dealership’s office locked automatically, so Sussdorf knew who
was coming and going. The office had two floors. There were security cameras outside
the dealership but they did not work. On two occasions, codefendant Russell Jones had
purchased cars from Sussdorf.
“In January 2005, (all of the events described herein occurred in 2005 unless
otherwise indicated), Sussdorf’s wife was suffering from terminal cancer. Their
daughter, Kathy Jenson, was caring for her. Sussdorf and Jenson spoke by telephone
approximately five to 10 times per day.
“On January 21, at about 4:15 p.m., Lon’ette Cannon went to the dealership and
paid Sussdorf $400. He was alone. Cannon chatted with him for a few minutes and then
left at 4:30 p.m.
“Jenson last spoke to Sussdorf at about 5:00 p.m. that evening. After that, she
telephoned him several times but he did not answer or return her calls. He would usually
arrive home at about 6:45 p.m. or call to say that he was running late.
“By 7:00 p.m., Jenson was very concerned because neither she nor her mother had
heard from Sussdorf. She sensed that something was wrong, so she picked up her fiancé,
Chris Valenzuela, and went to the dealership. While en route, Valenzuela telephoned 911
and told the Sacramento County Sheriff’s Department about the situation.
“Jenson and Valenzuela arrived at the dealership at about 8:15 p.m., and her
brother, Dale Sussdorf, arrived soon afterward. Valenzuela started looking around. The
office door was locked and the blinds were closed, but Valenzuela could see inside by
looking through the gaps between each blind. He saw a large amount of blood and
papers scattered about.
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“Sacramento County Sheriff’s Deputy Quis Formoli arrived a few minutes after
Jenson and Valenzuela. Dale Sussdorf kicked open the door and Formoli went inside.
“There was blood in many places on the first floor of the building, including on
the floor, on the blinds, and under the desk chair. Skull fragments and soft tissue were on
a wall, and body tissue was on the floor. In addition, there was blood on the staircase,
blood dripping down an upstairs wall, and blood on the upstairs carpet.
“Sussdorf was sitting in a chair on the second floor. His jeans were down below
his knees. His head was bleeding profusely and he was gasping for air. He did not
respond to Deputy Formoli.
“Deputy Formoli went back downstairs and told Valenzuela about Sussdorf’s
condition. Valenzuela, who was a firefighter and emergency medical technician, went
upstairs with Formoli. They administered first aid until paramedics arrived.
“The paramedics removed Sussdorf’s clothing in order to treat him. A detective
later examined Sussdorf’s jeans and observed that the right rear pocket had been torn
from the seams that attached it to the pants. There was no money in any of the pockets.
“Behind the desk on the first floor, sheriff's deputies found an empty tan wallet. It
looked very similar or identical to Sussdorf’s wallet. A bank bag was present in the
office.
“A receipt book was on the desk on the first floor. It contained a receipt dated
January 21 for “400” from Lon’ette Cannon. Also on the first floor, deputies found an
account card with codefendant Jones’s name written in Sussdorf’s handwriting. There
was blood on the bottom of the card. The card was found with other account cards and
was not the only card with blood on it. No money was found in the office.
“Sussdorf had suffered 11 blows to his head. Ten days later, he died of his
injuries. The injuries were consistent with blows from a hammer.
5
“Defendant’s admissions to J.B.
“J.B. met defendant in 1992 or 1993. They lost contact but in 2004 they resumed
their social relationship and used heroin together. J.B. later stopped using heroin and
underwent Methadone and Cyboxin treatment.
“One day during a telephone conversation, defendant told J.B. that defendant was
in trouble. Defendant began to say that he had been with someone who had ‘beat[en a]
man up side his head . . . with a hammer.’ J.B. told defendant to stop talking because the
police might be listening, and to speak with him in person instead.
“J.B. then met defendant at the Methadone Clinic in Sacramento, where they both
were patients. Defendant told J.B. the following: he and another ‘guy’ went to ‘hit a
lick,’ which means to rob someone, at an auto dealership. The victim was an old man.
They ‘stripped’ (robbed) the victim and, while they were doing so, defendant’s cohort
‘went crazy’ and started beating the victim with a hammer. This ‘spooked’ defendant,
who went outside and acted as a lookout.
“Defendant told J.B. that he and his companion took $800 from the victim.
Afterward, they used the money to purchase crack cocaine and heroin and got high.
Defendant did not tell J.B. that the victim had died; J.B. learned that from the news.
“J.B. informed investigator Andre Lemay of the California Department of Justice
that he knew about the crime. Lemay put J.B. in contact with the Sacramento Sheriff’s
Department. J.B. then told Detectives Cabral and Kolb what defendant had told him.
“J.B. later learned that a foundation was offering a $5,000 reward in connection
with this crime. He told Lemay that he hoped to qualify for the reward. He could get the
reward if there was a conviction.
“In 1998, J.B. had been convicted of felony burglary. Then in 2004, he had been
convicted twice of that offense. He served a prison sentence for the 1998 conviction.
After that conviction, he became a police informant. He had provided information to
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Andre Lemay on occasion. He had also provided information to the Oakland Police
Department. For his convictions in 2004, he received consideration in sentencing
because he was providing information to law enforcement.
“J.B. informed the Sacramento County District Attorney’s Office that defendant’s
friends and family had called him and threatened his life. The District Attorney’s Office
relocated him for his safety. The office spent about $22,300 on J.B., including moving
expenses, hotel stays, periodic rent payments, and return trips to testify. The office does
not pay his daily living expenses. That was the only money that J.B. received for
providing information about this case.
“Defendant’s arrest and statements to law enforcement
“On February 23, after speaking with J.B. and obtaining an arrest warrant,
Detectives Cabral and Kolb, together with other officers, arrested defendant in San
Francisco. During the ride back to Sacramento, defendant waived his Miranda (Miranda
v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436) rights and spoke with the detectives. The conversation
was recorded but road noise made the recording difficult to hear.
“Defendant told the detectives that he and codefendant Jones walked from Jones’s
home to the dealership to do a ‘lick,’ which means a robbery. Defendant waited at the
corner while Jones went inside. When Jones came back outside, they walked to a bus
stop.
“The detectives interviewed defendant on videotape when they returned to
Sacramento. During the interview, defendant said the following: J.B. was a family
friend. On the day of the crime, Jones was wearing a puffy black jacket and red gloves.
Jones was in Sussdorf’s office for a total of 10 to 15 minutes. Jones told defendant that
he had hit Sussdorf ‘several times’ because he did not want Sussdorf to come after him.
During the bus ride afterward, Jones showed defendant Sussdorf’s wallet, which
contained checks from Nugget Auto Sales. Jones took $860 from Sussdorf’s pocket, and
7
he and defendant spent it on drugs and a motel room. The duo stayed in the motel from
the Friday to the Sunday following the murder. The murder weapon, a hammer, was
disposed of there. Jones was worried about blood being on his jacket.
“Defendant told the detectives that a ‘lick’ was ‘like a petty theft’ or ‘like going
into a grocery store.’ It also meant getting money from someone. At one point during
the interview defendant stated that, prior to the robbery, Jones would not tell him how he
was going to get the money. At another point, defendant stated that Jones had told him
he might be able to get into the office and grab some cash while the person who worked
there was dealing with customers. Defendant did not know that Jones planned to carry
out a ‘strong-armed robbery.’ Defendant denied ever leaving the sidewalk during the
robbery, and he told the detectives that they should check the security cameras to verify
this.
“Defendant was consistent in his story to the detectives. He expressed willingness
to help the detectives, and he volunteered to wear a wire, to make a pretextual telephone
call to Jones, or to be placed in a room with Jones and have the conversation recorded.
The detectives used the last two techniques.
“It was stipulated that on the day of the attack, defendant and Jones checked into a
Motel 6 in Sacramento, checked out two days later, and paid in cash.
“Searches of Jones’s residence
“Jones’s house was searched on the day of his arrest. The search yielded a pair of
gloves that were made of red fibers that matched fibers found on Sussdorf’s jeans.
“The search also yielded a receipt dated April 21, 2003. ‘Daryl’ had handwritten
on the receipt that he had received $250 from Jones and was still owed $1,158.
“The search also yielded a hammer.
“A few days after the search, detectives returned to the Jones residence and asked
Jones’s mother whether she had a black puffy jacket. Jones’s mother retrieved a black
8
puffy jacket from Jones’s bedroom closet. Bloodstains on the jacket contained
Sussdorf’s DNA. Jones’s mother testified that she did not know whose jacket it was, but
she had seen Jones wearing a puffy jacket. A photograph of Jones taken the month
before the attack appeared to show him wearing the jacket.
“Defense
“J.B. had been relocated to Sacramento after having testified in a San Francisco
homicide. In an affidavit supporting defendant’s arrest warrant, Detective Kolb wrote
that J.B. was a ‘mercenary informant,’ meaning a person who supplies information for
money. The affidavit also said that J.B. was known as a reliable informant who had
provided reliable information on serious cases in the Bay Area.
“One or two days after the attack, Detective Kolb posted reward notices near the
dealership. The notices said that Sussdorf had been brutally assaulted at his place of
business. There was news coverage of the crime, and the police held a press conference.
At the conference, the police did not release the details of the homicide, such as the fact
Sussdorf had been beaten. When J.B. spoke with Kolb, he provided information that had
not been released to the public.
“Codefendant Jones did not present any evidence.” (People v. Adcock, supra,
(C058167), pp. 2-10.)
Verdict, sentence, and post-trial actions
Defendant and Jones were tried together before separate juries. As mentioned,
defendant’s jury convicted defendant of first degree murder and found true special
circumstance allegations that the murder was committed within the course of a robbery
and a burglary. (§§ 187, subd. (a); 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A), (G).) The trial court
sentenced defendant to state prison for life without parole.
On direct appeal, this court affirmed the judgment. (People v. Adcock, supra,
(C058167).) The California Supreme Court denied review.
9
Defendant subsequently filed numerous petitions for habeas corpus. All were
denied.
On March 6, 2019, defendant filed the two petitions in the superior court that give
rise to this matter. In the petition for habeas corpus, defendant contended that under
Banks, insufficient evidence supported the jury’s findings on the robbery and burglary
special circumstances that he was a major participant in the underlying felonies and acted
with reckless indifference to human life.
In the second petition, defendant sought to vacate his murder conviction pursuant
to section 1170.95. Defendant requested the court appoint counsel for him, as provided
in the statute.
The trial court denied both petitions in a single order. The court denied the habeas
corpus petition because defendant failed to make a prima facie claim for relief. The
evidence this court had relied upon on direct appeal in holding that sufficient evidence
supported the special circumstance findings had met the demands of Banks and Clark.
The trial court denied the section 1170.95 petition without appointing counsel for
defendant or receiving briefing from the People. The court found that because defendant
failed to establish in his habeas corpus petition that the special circumstance findings
should be vacated, his 1170.95 petition also failed. The court also found defendant
would be convicted of special circumstance felony murder today on a finding consistent
with Banks and Clark based on the evidence presented at trial that he was a major
participant who acted with reckless indifference to human life.
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DISCUSSION
I
C089547
In his petition for habeas corpus, defendant contends that under Banks and Clark,
insufficient evidence supports the jury’s special circumstance findings. He claims that
evidence attached to the petition that was not presented at trial, the trial evidence of his
statements to detectives, and the lack of evidence showing his personal involvement in
the murder establish that under Banks and Clark, he was not a major participant in the
robbery and did not act with reckless indifference to human life.
In its return, the People contend that defendant’s petition does not establish a
ground for relief. The People ask us to disregard defendant’s additional evidence,
arguing that our review on this petition is for substantial evidence within the record, not
evidence outside of the record, that supports the findings. The People also contend that
the evidence in the record supports the special circumstance findings consistent with the
requirements of Banks and Clark. Further, the People claim that the petition is
procedurally barred because it is untimely and successive.
A. Scope and standard of review
Generally, claims that were raised and rejected on direct appeal cannot be raised
again in a habeas corpus petition. (In re Waltreus (1965) 62 Cal.2d 218, 225 [“habeas
corpus ordinarily cannot serve as a second appeal”].) Also, sufficiency of the evidence
claims generally are not cognizable on habeas corpus. (In re Lindley (1947) 29 Cal.2d
709, 723.)
However, an exception to these rules allows us to take up defendant’s petition.
“Where a decision clarifies the kind of conduct proscribed by a statute [such as Banks
and Clark did], a defendant whose conviction became final before that decision ‘is
11
entitled to post-conviction relief upon a showing that his [or her] conduct was not
prohibited by the statute’ as construed in the decision. ([People v.] Mutch [(1971)]
4 Cal.3d [389,] 392.) ‘In such circumstances, it is settled that finality for purposes of
appeal is no bar to relief, and that habeas corpus or other appropriate extraordinary
remedy will lie to rectify the error: “Habeas corpus is available in cases where the court
has acted in excess of its jurisdiction. [Citations.] For purposes of this writ as well as
prohibition or certiorari, the term ‘jurisdiction’ is not limited to its fundamental meaning,
and in such proceedings judicial acts may be restrained or annulled if determined to be in
excess of the court’s powers as defined by constitutional provision, statute, or rules
developed by courts. [Citations.] In accordance with these principles a defendant is
entitled to habeas corpus if there is no material dispute as to the facts relating to his
conviction and if it appears that the statute under which he was convicted did not prohibit
his conduct.” ’ (Id. at p. 396.)” (Scoggins, supra, 9 Cal.5th at pp. 673-674.)
In assessing defendant’s claim, we apply the substantial evidence standard of
review. “The standard of review for a sufficiency of the evidence claim as to a special
circumstance is whether, when evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value is
viewed ‘in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the allegation beyond a reasonable doubt.’ (People
v. Dickey (2005) 35 Cal.4th 884, 903; see People v. Halvorsen (2007) 42 Cal.4th 379,
419.) The standard is the same under the state and federal due process clauses. (People
v. Berryman (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1048, 1082-1083.) We presume, in support of the
judgment, the existence of every fact the trier of fact could reasonably deduce from the
evidence, whether direct or circumstantial. (People v. Prince (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1179,
1251.)” (Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 610.)
Defendant, as the petitioner, bears the burden of demonstrating that the special
circumstance finding must be vacated for insufficient evidence. (People v. Duvall (1995)
9 Cal.4th 464, 474.) “[A] postconviction challenge to a special circumstance finding
12
under Banks and Clark presents a legal question for the reviewing court. ([In re] Miller
[(2017)] 14 Cal.App.5th [960,] 979-980.) The challenge ‘does not require resolution of
disputed facts; the facts are a given’—the appellate court simply determines if they are
sufficient to support the special circumstance finding under the multifactor guidance
articulated in Banks and Clark. ([Id.] at p. 980.)” (People v. Jones (2020)
56 Cal.App.5th 474, 483, review granted Jan. 27, 2021, S265854.)
This raises the question of whether we will consider the evidence defendant
attached to his petition that is outside of the trial record. The evidence consists of an
unauthenticated document which purports to be a written statement by the informant,
J.B., that he gave to police three years before trial. The statement was not introduced at
trial. It differs somewhat from J.B.’s trial testimony. Defendant summarized the
statement in his petition.
In the statement, J.B. states that defendant told him he stood outside the dealership
as the lookout while his accomplice went inside. Wondering what was taking so long,
defendant went into the business office and saw his accomplice beating the victim with a
hammer. Defendant told his accomplice, “let’s go!” They took $800 from the victim’s
wallet and left.
Defendant contends that this additional evidence and his statements to police that
he never entered the dealership show that the evidence supporting his special
circumstance findings is insufficient under Banks and Clark. He asserts that J.B.’s trial
testimony is insufficient to support the findings.
We will not consider the additional evidence. Sufficiency of the evidence review
is limited to “the evidence actually presented to the jury.” (People v. Reed (2018)
4 Cal.5th 989, 1007, fn. 9.) When courts determine whether to grant a petition for habeas
corpus based on the application of Banks and Clark to a prior conviction, we consider
“the ‘totality of the circumstances’ derived from the evidence presented in defendant’s
trial (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 802)[.]” (In re Miller, supra, 14 Cal.App.5th at
13
p. 974.) By asking us to consider the additional evidence, defendant effectively creates a
disputed issue of fact in hope we will reweigh the evidence and make a factual
determination on whether he was a major participant in the felonies and acted with
reckless indifference to human life. We, however, do not reweigh evidence, judge its
credibility, or resolve evidentiary or factual conflicts when we review for substantial
evidence. The additional evidence will not aid us in determining whether substantial
evidence supports the jury’s special circumstance findings. The testimony of a single
witness is sufficient to prove any fact. (Evid. Code, § 411.)
B. Merits of the petition
1. Legal background
The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments prohibits
excessive punishments. (Atkins v. Virginia (2002) 536 U.S. 304, 311 & fn. 7.) The
amendment “encompasses a narrow proportionality principle.” (Harmelin v. Michigan
(1991) 501 U.S. 957, 997.) “ ‘[I]t is a precept of justice that punishment for crime should
be graduated and proportioned to the offense.’ [Citation.]” (Atkins, at p. 311.)
The proportionality principle’s most extensive application has been in death
penalty cases. (Harmelin v. Michigan, supra, 501 U.S. at p. 997.) However, the
California Supreme Court has held that its standards for determining death penalty
proportionality apply equally to cases like the one before us involving eligibility under
section 190.2, subdivision (d) for a sentence of life imprisonment without parole. (Banks,
supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 804.)
In Enmund v. Florida (1982) 458 U.S. 782 (Enmund) and Tison v. Arizona (1987)
481 U.S. 137 (Tison), the United States Supreme Court applied the proportionality
principle to determine whether imposing capital punishment against a felony murder
accomplice who did not kill or a felony murder aider and abettor violated the Eighth
Amendment. The Enmund court stated that in determining proportionality, the focus
14
must be on the defendant’s culpability. The high court “insist[s] on ‘individualized
consideration as a constitutional requirement in imposing the death sentence,’ [citation],
which means that we must focus on ‘relevant facts of the character and record of the
individual offender.’ [Citation.]” (Enmund, at p. 798.)
In Enmund, the court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits imposition of the
death penalty on a person “who aids and abets a felony in the course of which a murder is
committed by others but who does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend that a killing
take place or that lethal force will be employed.” (Enmund, supra, 458 U.S. at p. 797.)
The petitioner Enmund was the getaway driver for two people who robbed and murdered
a senior couple. He had parked about 200 yards away from the crime scene while the
crime occurred. (Id. at p. 784.) The high court reversed his death penalty judgment
because his participation in the felony murder was too attenuated and there was no proof
he had any culpable mental state. He did not kill or intend to kill, and there was no
evidence he had intended to participate in or facilitate a murder. (Id. at p. 798.)
In Tison, the Supreme Court held that an intent to kill was not a required finding to
impose the death penalty on a felony murder aider and abettor. (Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at
pp. 152, 157-158.) In Tison, two brothers helped their father and his cellmate, both
convicted murders, escape from prison. The brothers entered the prison carrying
numerous firearms in an ice chest and they armed the two men. The group brandished
their weapons to escape the facility. (Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at p. 139.) Later, a tire on
the group’s car blew out. The group flagged down a motorist, forced him, his wife, their
two-year-old son, and their 15-year old niece into the group’s disabled car, and drove
both cars further into the desert. (Id. at pp. 139-140.) The commandeered family was
ordered to stand next to the group’s disabled car. As the brothers stood by the victims’
car, their father and his cellmate shot and killed the family members. The brothers made
no effort to help the victims but later stated they were surprised by the shooting. They
drove away from the scene in the victims’ car. (Id. at pp. 140-141.) The Arizona
15
Supreme Court affirmed the brothers’ death sentences by interpreting Enmund to require
a finding of intent to kill and by finding the brothers possessed that intent because it was
foreseeable that lethal force might be used or life taken in accomplishing the underlying
felony. (Tison, at pp. 143-145, 150.)
The Supreme Court vacated the Tison brothers’ death sentences. It rejected the
Arizona Supreme Court’s reformulation of intent to kill as amounting to little more than a
restatement of the felony-murder rule. “[T]he possibility of bloodshed is inherent in the
commission of any violent felony and this possibility is generally foreseeable and
foreseen . . . .” (Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at p. 151; id. at pp. 150-151.)
Nonetheless, the Tison court held that intent to kill was not a required finding to
impose the death penalty on a felony murder aider and abettor. (Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at
pp. 157, 158.) Enmund, in assessing the proportionality of Enmund’s death sentence,
dealt with two distinct subsets of felony murders. At one pole was Enmund, “the minor
actor in an armed robbery, not on the scene, who neither intended to kill nor was found to
have had any culpable mental state.” (Tison, at p. 149.) Capital punishment was
disproportionate in those cases. (Id. at p. 150.) At the other pole was the felony
murderer who actually killed, attempted to kill, or intended to kill. The death penalty in
those circumstances did not violate the Eighth Amendment. (Ibid.)
The Tison brothers fell “into neither of these . . . categories.” (Tison, supra,
481 U.S. at p. 150.) They did not intend to kill. However, they fell outside the category
of felony murderers for whom Enmund held the death penalty to be disproportional.
“[T]heir degree of participation in the crimes was major rather than minor, and the record
would support a finding of the culpable mental state of reckless indifference to human
life.” (Tison, at p. 151.) The record showed they “subjectively appreciated that their acts
were likely to result in the taking of innocent life.” (Id. at p. 152.)
Against a backdrop of state legislatures and courts that approved the death penalty
in such aggravated felony murders, the Supreme Court determined that imposing the
16
death penalty in “these midrange felony-murder cases” was not disproportionate under
the Eighth Amendment. (Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at pp. 155, 157-158.) Critical facets of
the individualized determination mandated by Enmund were the defendant’s mental state
and his or her degree of participation in the felony. (Tison, at pp. 156-158.) The court
held “that major participation in the felony committed, combined with reckless
indifference to human life, is sufficient to satisfy the Enmund culpability requirement.”
(Tison, at p. 158.) A showing of intent to kill was not required.
In 1990, California voters passed Proposition 115, which sought to codify the
holding in Tison. The text of new section 190.2, subdivision (d) mirrored the holding of
Tison and was intended to bring state law into conformity with the case. (Banks, supra,
61 Cal.4th at p. 798.) Under the statue, in the case of first degree felony murder, “every
person, not the actual killer, who, with reckless indifference to human life and as a major
participant” aids or abets the crime may be convicted of special-circumstance murder and
punished by death or life imprisonment without parole. (§ 190.2, subd. (d).)
Tison, however, did “not attempt to precisely delineate the particular types of
conduct and states of mind warranting imposition of the death penalty . . . .” (Tison,
supra, 481 U.S. at p. 158.) In Banks and Clark, the California Supreme Court sought to
provide further guidance for determining a felony murder aider and abettor’s eligibility
for the death sentence or life imprisonment without parole. (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at
pp. 800-801.)
Under Tison and Enmund, a sentencing body “must examine the defendant’s
personal role in the crimes leading to the victim’s death and weigh the defendant’s
individual responsibility for the loss of life, not just his or her vicarious responsibility for
the underlying crime.” (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 801, original italics.) The statute
“imposes both a special actus reus requirement, major participation in the crime, and a
specific mens rea requirement, reckless indifference to human life.” (Id. at p. 798, fn.
omitted.)
17
We now apply the California Supreme Court’s specific direction to determine
whether substantial evidence supports the jury’s findings that defendant was a major
participant and acted with reckless indifference to human life.
2. Analysis
a. Major participant
Regarding the conduct requirement, “Tison and Enmund establish that a
defendant’s personal involvement must be substantial, greater than the actions of an
ordinary aider and abettor to an ordinary felony murder such as Earl Enmund. The
defendants’ actions in [Tison and Enmund] represent points on a continuum. (Tison, at
pp. 149-151.) Somewhere between them, at conduct less egregious than the Tisons’ but
more culpable than Earl Enmund’s, lies the constitutional minimum for death
eligibility. . . . [A] jury presented with this question must consider the totality of the
circumstances.” (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 802.)
The Banks court set forth the following factors which distinguish the Tisons from
Enmund and which a finder of fact may consider when determining whether an aider and
abettor’s culpability was sufficient to make him or her a major participant in the felony
and death eligible: “What role did the defendant have in planning the criminal enterprise
that led to one or more deaths? What role did the defendant have in supplying or using
lethal weapons? What awareness did the defendant have of particular dangers posed by
the nature of the crime, weapons used, or past experience or conduct of the other
participants? Was the defendant present at the scene of the killing, in a position to
facilitate or prevent the actual murder, and did his or her own actions or inaction play a
particular role in the death? What did the defendant do after lethal force was used? No
one of these considerations is necessary, nor is any one of them necessarily sufficient.
All may be weighed in determining the ultimate question, whether the defendant’s
participation ‘in criminal activities known to carry a grave risk of death’ (Tison, supra,18
481 U.S. at p. 157) was sufficiently significant to be considered ‘major’ (id. at p. 152; see
Kennedy v. Louisiana [(2008)] 554 U.S. [407,] 421).” (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at
p. 803.)
Applying the Banks factors here, we conclude defendant was a major participant
in the robbery and burglary that led to the victim’s murder. No evidence indicates
defendant planned how to rob the victim, but the evidence shows that both defendant and
Jones intended to rob the victim. Defendant told J.B. that he and Jones “went to hit a
lick,” which means to rob someone. Defendant told J.B. “[t]hey went there to rob him
. . . .” Defendant told Detective Cabral that he and Jones went to the auto dealership
because it “had money there, and they were going to go get some money from that
business.” Defendant said they went there “to hit a lick,” a street term used to describe a
robbery.
There is no evidence that defendant supplied Jones with the hammer or used it
himself. There is also no evidence he was aware that Jones possessed the hammer. And
there is no evidence defendant had any past experience or conduct with Jones that
involved violent crime.
However, defendant actively participated in the robbery. Defendant told J.B. that
both he and Jones robbed the victim. Defendant said he and Jones “stripped this dude
and that while they were stripping the guy,” Jones began beating the victim. Defendant
told J.B. that he and Jones robbed “somewhere around $800” from the victim.
Most significantly, defendant facilitated the murder. He was present at the scene
of the killing and in a position to facilitate or prevent the actual murder, and his own
actions or inaction played a particular role in the death. Defendant told J.B. that as they
were robbing the victim, Jones “went crazy” on the victim and began beating him with a
hammer. Although the attack “spooked” him, instead of attempting to stop the attack,
defendant facilitated it by going outside of the building and acting as a lookout.
Defendant told J.B. that he went outside and “looked out,” meaning he “[w]atched.” He
19
“went outside and looked out, made sure, you know.” “Looked out” was the term
defendant used.
During and after lethal force was used, defendant did not go to the victim’s aid.
Instead, he and Jones left the dealership, used the robbery proceeds to buy crack cocaine
and heroin, and got high.
Defendant claims the record does not establish that the jury believed J.B.’s
testimony that he was present at the scene of the killing inside the dealership and then left
to act as a lookout after the beating started. During closing argument, the prosecutor
asserted the special circumstances were true by assuming for argument that defendant
remained outside the dealership and asking for true findings even if defendant never
entered the building or had been two miles away.
Defendant takes the prosecutor’s statements out of context. When the prosecutor
made the statements, he was not discussing the felony-murder special circumstance.
Rather, he was explaining to the jury the definition and concept of aiding and abetting a
crime as they had been instructed and that defendant could be guilty of felony murder as
an aider and abettor. In any event, we do not review the evidence to determine if the jury
believed J.B. We review for substantial evidence supporting the verdict.
The evidence shows defendant was a major participant in the felonies. He
participated in the incident more than the getaway driver in Enmund but somewhat less
than the Tison brothers in Tison. Unlike Enmund, defendant actively participated in the
robbery. More similar to the Tison brothers, defendant also facilitated the murder by
looking out while Jones continued to attack the victim with the hammer. Becoming a
lookout after seeing Jones use lethal force is more culpable than being solely a getaway
driver. Defendant did not attempt to stop the attack or come to the aid of the victim.
These facts indicate defendant’s actions lean closer to the Tison side of the Tison-
Enmund spectrum of culpability.
20
When viewed under the clarification provided by Banks, the record contains
substantial evidence that supports the jury’s determination that defendant was a major
participant in the underlying felonies.
b. Reckless indifference to human life
The requirements of being a major participant and acting with reckless
indifference “significantly overlap . . . in general, for the greater the defendant’s
participation in the felony murder, the more likely that he acted with reckless indifference
to human life.” (Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at p. 153.) There are some felonies as to which
one could conclude that any major participant necessarily exhibits reckless indifference
to human life. (Id. at p. 158, fn. 12.) However, the California Supreme Court has
determined that armed robbery, by itself, is not one of those felonies. (Banks, supra,
61 Cal.4th at p. 810, fn. 9.)
Regarding the mental component of culpability, “Tison, and in turn section
190.2(d), look to whether a defendant has ‘ “knowingly engag[ed] in criminal activities
known to carry a grave risk of death.” ’ (People v. Estrada [(1995)] 11 Cal.4th [568,]
577, quoting Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at p. 157.) The defendant must be aware of and
willingly involved in the violent manner in which the particular offense is committed,
demonstrating reckless indifference to the significant risk of death his or her actions
create.” (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 801.)
The Supreme Court in Clark and Scoggins provided additional guidance on
determining reckless indifference: Reckless indifference to human life has a subjective
and an objective element. (Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 617.) As to the subjective
element, “[t]he defendant must be aware of and willingly involved in the violent manner
in which the particular offense is committed,” and he or she must consciously disregard
“the significant risk of death his or her actions create.” (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at
p. 801; see Clark, at p. 617.) As to the objective element, “ ‘[t]he risk [of death] must be
21
of such a nature and degree that, considering the nature and purpose of the actor’s
conduct and the circumstances known to him [or her], its disregard involves a gross
deviation from the standard of conduct that a law-abiding person would observe in the
actor’s situation.’ ” (Clark, at p. 617, quoting Model Pen. Code, § 2.02, subd. (2)(c).)
“Awareness of no more than the foreseeable risk of death inherent in any armed crime is
insufficient” to establish reckless indifference to human life; “only knowingly creating a
‘grave risk of death’ ” satisfies the statutory requirement. (Banks, at p. 808.) Notably,
“the fact a participant [or planner of] an armed robbery could anticipate lethal force might
be used” is not sufficient to establish reckless indifference to human life. (Ibid.; see
Clark, at p 623.)
“We analyze the totality of the circumstances to determine whether [the
defendant] acted with reckless indifference to human life. Relevant factors include: Did
the defendant use or know that a gun would be used during the felony? How many
weapons were ultimately used? Was the defendant physically present at the crime? Did
he or she have the opportunity to restrain the crime or aid the victim? What was the
duration of the interaction between the perpetrators of the felony and the victims? What
was the defendant’s knowledge of his or her confederate’s propensity for violence or
likelihood of using lethal force? What efforts did the defendant make to minimize the
risks of violence during the felony? (Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at pp. 618-623) ‘ “[N]o
one of these considerations is necessary, nor is any one of them necessarily sufficient.” ’
(Id. at p. 618, quoting Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 803.)” (Scoggins, supra, 9 Cal.5th at
p. 677.)
The evidence in the record does not support a number of these factors. There is no
evidence that defendant used a weapon or knew prior to the robbery that any kind of
weapon would be used. The record discloses that only one weapon was used, and it was
used by Jones. There is no evidence that defendant knew of Jones having a propensity
for violence or the likelihood that Jones would use lethal force. The duration of the
22
offense was 10-15 minutes. However, the finding of reckless indifference does not
require a finding under each of the Clark factors. No one of them is necessary.
The evidence we rely on to support the finding that defendant was a major
participant also sufficiently supports the finding that defendant acted with reckless
indifference. Defendant was physically and intentionally present at the scene. He told
J.B. that Jones started beating the victim with a hammer “while they were stripping
[robbing] the guy[.]” Jones “went crazy on the dude.” On cross-examination, J.B. stated
that defendant said Jones “started beating the man up side his head with a hammer.”
Defendant told J.B. that seeing Jones beat the victim with a hammer “spooked him” and
scared him. At that point, aware that lethal force was being used as part of the robbery in
which he was participating, defendant made no effort to minimize the risk of violence,
restrain Jones, or aid the victim. Instead, he went outside to be a lookout.
This evidence satisfies the subjective and objective elements of reckless
indifference. Upon seeing Jones go “crazy on” the victim by attacking him with a
hammer during the robbery and becoming a lookout, defendant consciously disregarded
the risk of death his action of being a lookout created. Subjectively, he knew that lethal
force was being used, and becoming a lookout without stopping Jones from hitting the
victim in the head with a hammer in the manner he was hitting the victim would likely
result in the victim’s death. Objectively, defendant’s disregard of these facts and
becoming a lookout instead of staying inside to attempt to abate the violence or aid the
victim was a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a law-abiding person
would observe in the defendant’s situation.
Defendant contends the evidence does not support a conclusion that he reasonably
would have succeeded if he had tried to intervene physically in the beating or save the
victim’s life. Defendant was unarmed, and he assertedly had no reason to believe Jones
would continue the beating. The relevant issue, however, is not whether he would have
reasonably succeeded. The issue is whether a law-abiding person in defendant’s
23
situation, aware of Jones’s actions and the victim’s risk of death, would have done
nothing other than become a lookout for the actual killer. We believe not.
Substantial evidence in the record, reviewed for consistency with Banks and
Clark, supports the jury’s determination that defendant was a major participant in the
underlying felonies and acted with reckless indifference to human life. The imposition of
the special circumstance sentence on defendant is thus not disproportional and violative
of his Eighth Amendment rights. We will deny the petition for habeas corpus. Because
we have decided the petition on the merits, we need not address the People’s procedural
arguments.
II
C089581
Defendant appeals from the trial court’s denial of his petition under section
1170.95 to vacate his sentence. He contends the trial court erred procedurally by not
appointing counsel for him, not issuing a show cause order, and by not conducting a
hearing after defendant made a prima facie showing for relief. He also claims the trial
court erred substantively by relying on this court’s opinion on his direct appeal which did
not review the sufficiency of the evidence based on Banks and Clark, and because
insufficient evidence supports the finding that he was a major participant who acted with
reckless indifference to human life.
Defendant correctly claims that the trial court erred procedurally, although not as
defendant argues. The California Supreme Court in People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th
952 (Lewis) recently clarified the procedural requirements for making a prima facie
determination under section 1170.95. Pursuant to that statute, a convicted felony
murderer who could not be convicted under the amended felony murder statutes may
retroactively seek relief by filing a petition in the sentencing court. The petition must
state whether the petitioner seeks the appointment of counsel. (§ 1170.95, subd.
24
(b)(1)(C).) “[P]etitioners who file a complying petition requesting counsel are to receive
counsel upon the filing of a compliant petition.” (Lewis, at p. 963.)
The People have 60 days after service of the petition to file a response, and the
petitioner has 30 days from that point to file a reply. (§ 1170.95, subd. (c).) After the
appointment of counsel and briefing, the court determines whether the petitioner has
made a prima facie showing. This inquiry is limited. The court must take the petitioner’s
factual allegations as true and make a preliminary assessment whether the petitioner
would be entitled to relief if his or her factual allegations were proved. If the court
determines the petitioner would be entitled to relief, it must issue an order to show cause.
(§ 1170.95, subd. (c); Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971.)
“ ‘[A] court should not reject the petitioner’s factual allegations on credibility
grounds without first conducting an evidentiary hearing.’ [Citations.] ‘However, if the
record, including the court’s own documents, “contain[s] facts refuting the allegations
made in the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a credibility determination
adverse to the petitioner.” ’ [Citations.]” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971.)
The trial court erred by determining that defendant had not stated a prima facie
case without first providing counsel and receiving briefing. The error is statutory error,
not constitutional error. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 972-973.) As a result, it is
reviewed for prejudice under the Watson standard of review. (Lewis, at p. 974; see
People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.) Under that standard, defendant must
demonstrate there is a reasonable probability that in the absence of the error, he would
have obtained a more favorable result. (Ibid.) “More specifically, a petitioner ‘whose
petition is denied before an order to show cause issues has the burden of showing “it is
reasonably probable that if [he or she] had been afforded assistance of counsel his [or
her] petition would not have been summarily denied without an evidentiary hearing.” ’
[Citation.]” (Lewis, at p. 974.)
25
Defendant cannot make the required showing of prejudice. Denying defendant’s
petition for writ of habeas corpus, we have rejected the argument defendant makes in his
section 1170.95 petition and have determined as a matter of law that substantial evidence
supported his special circumstance findings as those findings were interpreted under
Banks and Clark. There is nothing appointing a lawyer would have or could have done to
change that.
Defendant asserts that the trial court erred by relying on this court’s opinion on his
direct appeal even though we did not affirm the sufficiency of the evidence based on
Banks and Clark in that opinion. He also claims that in any event, insufficient evidence
supports the finding that he was a major participant who acted with reckless indifference
to human life. Having just determined on the habeas corpus petition that substantial
evidence supports the special circumstance findings consistent with the directives set
forth in Banks and Clark, we affirm the trial court’s ruling on the petition’s merits based
on our analysis in C089547 without further discussion. As a result of our denying habeas
corpus, the issue of the trial court’s relying on our opinion on direct appeal is moot.
DISPOSITION
In C089547, the petition for writ of habeas corpus is denied.
In C089581, the judgment denying the petition to vacate defendant’s sentence
under section 1170.95 is affirmed.
HULL, Acting P. J.
We concur:
DUARTE, J.
RENNER, J.
26