People v. Larios CA5

Filed 5/5/22 P. v. Larios CA5
Opinion following transfer from Supreme Court
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE,
F078759
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. VCF211993C)
v.
RICHARD RODRIGUEZ LARIOS, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Tulare County. Gary L. Paden,
Judge.
Jeffrey S. Kross, under appointment by the Court of Appeal; and Cheryl L.
Harbottle for Defendant and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra and Rob Bonta, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Eric L.
Christoffersen and Jeffrey D. Firestone, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
-ooOoo-
Richard Rodriguez Larios appeals from an order denying a petition for recall of
sentence and resentencing on three counts of attempted murder. The petition was filed
pursuant to Penal Code1 section 1170.95 as originally enacted by Senate Bill No. 1437
(2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 1437). In a prior decision, this court concluded the
petition was properly denied because section 1170.95 afforded no relief to defendants
convicted of attempted murder. The California Supreme Court has ordered the prior
decision vacated and directed us to reconsider the cause in light of Senate Bill No. 775
(2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 775).
Senate Bill 775 amended section 1170.95 to expressly provide for the availability
of relief to persons convicted of “attempted murder under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).) The legislation also added a provision
concerning petitioners’ entitlement to appointed counsel. (Id., subd. (b)(3).) Although
Larios requested the appointment of counsel and was unrepresented when his petition
was denied, the record shows he was convicted of attempted premeditated murder based
on a theory of direct aiding and abetting liability. In other words, he was not convicted
under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. We thus conclude he was not
prejudiced by the lack of representation. The challenged order will be affirmed on those
grounds.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
We grant Larios’s request to take judicial notice, pursuant to Evidence Code
section 452, subdivision (d), of the unpublished opinion in People v. Larios (Aug. 19,
2011, F059866) (Larios I). The opinion provides the following summary:
“Larios and his codefendant Ronnie Zuniga were two of three Norteno occupants
of a brown or tan Mercury Cougar automobile that stopped to get gas at a convenience
store on Bardsley Avenue in Tulare. Already there at a gas pump was a black Nissan
Maxima occupied by two Surenos, Irving Rodriguez and Juan Saucedo, and a friend of
Rodriguez’s since childhood, 17-year-old Stephanie [G.] After some staring or ‘mad
dogging’ between the rival gang members at the gas pumps, and a brief verbal exchange
1All undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2.
between Norteno Zuniga and Sureno Saucedo when the two men went inside the store to
pay for gas, the Cougar followed the Maxima when the Maxima drove away from the
convenience store. A short distance away, approximately five gunshots were fired from
the Cougar, at least four of which struck the Maxima. None of the bullets struck any of
the three occupants of the Maxima, although [Stephanie G.] received cuts from shattered
window glass.
“A first trial ended in a mistrial when the jury could not reach a verdict. In the
second trial, the subject of this appeal, a jury found both Larios and Zuniga guilty of three
counts of premeditated attempted murder (… §§ 664/187, subd. (a)) and one count of
shooting at an occupied motor vehicle (§ 246). The jury also found that the crimes were
committed for the benefit of a street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(4)) and that a principal
personally discharged a firearm in the commission of each crime (§ 12022.53, subds. (c)
and (e)(1)). Each defendant was sentenced to a term of 54 years to life.” (Larios I,
supra, F059866, fn. omitted.)
In Larios I, this court directed the trial court to strike the 20-year section 12022.53
enhancement imposed and stayed on count 4, but in all other respects, affirmed. The
remittitur issued on November 3, 2011.
On January 2, 2019, Larios petitioned the Tulare Superior Court for relief under
section 1170.95. By checking boxes on a preprinted form, Larios alleged he was
convicted of first or second degree murder pursuant to the felony-murder rule or the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, and that he “could not now be convicted of
1st or 2nd degree murder because of changes made to [sections] 188 and 189, effective
January 1, 2019.” By checking additional boxes, Larios declared: “I was not the actual
killer”; “I did not, with the intent to kill, aid, abet, counsel, command, induce, solicit,
request, or assist the actual killer in the commission of murder in the first degree”; and “I
was not a major participant in the felony or I did not act with reckless indifference to
human life during the course of the crime or felony.”
3.
Larios’s petition further requested the appointment of counsel “during [the] re-
sentencing process.” One week later, on January 9, 2019, the trial court ruled as follows:
“The Petition is denied. Petitioner was convicted of Three (3) counts of Attempted
Murder (in violation of … Section 664/187) and is unable to establish a prima facie basis
of eligibility for relief.”
A timely notice of appeal was filed on January 25, 2019. Larios’s appointed
appellate counsel asked this court for an independent review of the record to determine
whether there were any arguable issues. (See People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436.)
After being notified of his right to file a separate brief (see People v. Kelly (2006) 40
Cal.4th 106, 120), Larios made supplemental contentions regarding the applicability of
the natural and probable consequences doctrine to his case. After considering those
arguments, this court requested briefing from counsel on whether Senate Bill 1437
eliminated any theories of derivative liability for attempted murder.
In December 2019, this court issued an opinion affirming the denial of Larios’s
section 1170.95 petition. The California Supreme Court later accepted the case for
review on a grant-and-hold basis. In February 2022, the cause was transferred back to
this court with directions to vacate the prior decision and reconsider the appeal in light of
Senate Bill 775. The parties have since filed supplemental briefs.
The People contend “Senate Bill No. 775’s amendments to section 1170.95 are of
no benefit to [Larios] because, although he was convicted of three counts of attempted
murder, he was not convicted under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. …
Remand would therefore be futile because he is ineligible [for resentencing].” Larios
argues Senate Bill 775 applies retroactively to his case; the trial court’s failure to appoint
counsel was a reversible error; and “there is no basis in the record to determine whether
the jury relied on an inadequate theory of aiding and abetting.”
4.
DISCUSSION
Senate Bill 1437 “amend[ed] the felony murder rule and the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability is not
imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was
not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to
human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).) In short, the Legislature intended for
“[a] person’s culpability for murder … [to] be premised upon that person’s own actions
and subjective mens rea.” (Id., subd. (g).) This was accomplished through amendments
to sections 188 and 189.2 Senate Bill 1437 also created section 1170.95, which provides
a procedure by which those convicted of murder can seek retroactive relief if the changes
in the law would affect their previously sustained convictions. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015,
§ 4.)
As originally enacted, section 1170.95 required the filing of “a petition in the
sentencing court averring that: ‘(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed
against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony
murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine[;] [¶] (2) The
petitioner was convicted of first degree or second degree murder following a trial or
accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the petitioner could be convicted for first
degree or second degree murder[;] [¶] [and] (3) The petitioner could not be convicted of
first or second degree murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective
January 1, 2019.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 959 (Lewis).) In
2The 2019 amendment to section 188 added the following provision: “Except as stated in
subdivision (e) of Section 189, in order to be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime shall act
with malice aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or her
participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3), italics added; Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 2.) The
amendments to section 189 pertain to the felony-murder rule, but they are not relevant to
Larios’s case because “California has no crime of attempted felony murder.” (People v. Billa
(2003) 31 Cal.4th 1064, 1071, fn. 4, citing People v. Bland (2002) 28 Cal.4th 313, 328.)
5.
both the current and former versions of section 1170.95, the petition must also state
“[w]hether the petitioner requests the appointment of counsel.” (Id., subd. (b)(1)(C).)
With the recent enactment of Senate Bill 775, the Legislature clarified “that
persons who were convicted of attempted murder or manslaughter under a theory of
felony murder and the natural probable consequences doctrine are permitted the same
relief [under section 1170.95] as those persons convicted of murder under the same
theories.” (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 1, subd. (a).) Section 1170.95 now provides, in
relevant part:
“(a) A person convicted of felony murder or murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine or other theory under which
malice is imputed to a person based solely on that person’s participation in
a crime, attempted murder under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine, or manslaughter may file a petition with the court that sentenced
the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder, attempted murder, or
manslaughter conviction vacated and to be resentenced on any remaining
counts when all of the following conditions apply:
“(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed against the
petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony
murder, murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine or
other theory under which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that
person’s participation in a crime, or attempted murder under the natural
and probable consequences doctrine.
“(2) The petitioner was convicted of murder, attempted murder, or
manslaughter following a trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at
which the petitioner could have been convicted of murder or attempted
murder.
“(3) The petitioner could not presently be convicted of murder or
attempted murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective
January 1, 2019.” (Italics added.)
Senate Bill 775 also “[c]odifies the holdings of [Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pages]
961–970, regarding petitioners’ right to counsel and the standard for determining the
existence of a prima facie case.” (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 1, subd. (b).) As relevant here,
Lewis held petitioners “are entitled to the appointment of counsel upon the filing of a
6.
facially sufficient petition [citation] and that only after the appointment of counsel and
the opportunity for briefing may the superior court consider the record of conviction to
determine whether ‘the petitioner makes a prima facie showing that he or she is entitled
to relief.’” (Lewis, supra, at p. 957.) Section 1170.95 now provides that “[u]pon
receiving a petition in which the information required by [subdivision (b)] is set forth or a
petition where any missing information can readily be ascertained by the court, if the
petitioner has requested counsel, the court shall appoint counsel to represent the
petitioner.” (Id., subd. (b)(3).)
The erroneous denial of counsel at the “prima facie stage” of section 1170.95
proceedings is reviewable for prejudice under the standard of People v. Watson (1956) 46
Cal.2d 818. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 974.) The aggrieved petitioner “must
therefore ‘demonstrate there is a reasonable probability that in the absence of the error he
… would have obtained a more favorable result.’ [Citations.] More specifically, a
petitioner ‘whose petition is denied before an order to show cause issues has the burden
of showing “it is reasonably probable that if [he or she] had been afforded assistance of
counsel his [or her] petition would not have been summarily denied without an
evidentiary hearing.”’” (Ibid.)
“[A]t the prima facie stage, a petitioner’s allegations should be accepted as true,
and the court should not make credibility determinations or engage in ‘factfinding
involving the weighing of evidence or the exercise of discretion.’” (Lewis, supra, 11
Cal.5th at p. 974.) However, “[t]he record of conviction will necessarily inform the trial
court’s prima facie inquiry under section 1170.95.” (Id. at p. 971.) “‘[I]f the record,
including the court’s own documents, “contain[s] facts refuting the allegations made in
the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a credibility determination adverse to
the petitioner.”’” (Ibid., italics added.)
Turning to Larios’s claims, we need not reach the issue of retroactivity. Assuming
Senate Bill 775 applies retroactively, neither the trial court’s failure to appoint counsel
7.
nor its denial of the section 1170.95 petition are reversible errors. The record plainly
shows Larios is ineligible for relief as a matter of law.
An aider and abettor is one who acts “with knowledge of the criminal purpose of
the perpetrator and with an intent or purpose either of committing, or of encouraging or
facilitating commission of, the offense.” (People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 560.)
“[P]roof of an attempt by a direct perpetrator is sufficient for purposes of aiding and
abetting liability. If a direct perpetrator is thwarted and guilty only of an attempt, an
aider and abettor may still be guilty of aiding and abetting the attempt.” (People v. Perez
(2005) 35 Cal.4th 1219, 1226.)
Under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, “‘[a] person who
knowingly aids and abets criminal conduct is guilty of not only the intended crime [target
offense] but also of any other crime the perpetrator actually commits [nontarget offense]
that is a natural and probable consequence of the intended crime. The latter question is
not whether the aider and abettor actually foresaw the additional crime, but whether,
judged objectively, it was reasonably foreseeable. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Liability …
‘is measured by whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have or
should have known that the charged offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of
the act aided and abetted.’” (People v. Medina (2009) 46 Cal.4th 913, 920.)
“Unlike direct aiding and abetting liability, culpability under the natural and
probable consequences theory does not require an accomplice to share the direct
perpetrator’s intent.” (People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 844.)3 Direct aiding and
abetting liability “is based on the combined actus reus of the participants and the aider
3The Gentile opinion was superseded by Senate Bill 775 on an unrelated issue. The
California Supreme Court had concluded “that the procedure set forth in section 1170.95 is the
exclusive mechanism for retroactive relief and thus the ameliorative provisions of Senate Bill
1437 do not apply to nonfinal judgments on direct appeal.” (People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th
at p. 839.) In apparent response to this holding, the Legislature added subdivision (g) to section
1170.95. It states: “A person convicted of murder, attempted murder, or manslaughter whose
conviction is not final may challenge on direct appeal the validity of that conviction based on the
changes made to Sections 188 and 189 by Senate Bill 1437.”
8.
and abettor’s own mens rea.” (People v. Powell (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 689, 712–713.)
Senate Bill 1437’s amendments to sections 188 and 189 did not eliminate vicarious
liability under direct aiding and abetting principles. (Gentile, at p. 848.) Therefore,
persons convicted of attempted murder based on a theory of direct aiding and abetting are
not eligible for relief under section 1170.95. (See id., subd. (a)(3) [petitioner must show
he or she “could not presently be convicted of murder or attempted murder because of
changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019”].)
The jury that convicted Larios was instructed on attempted murder pursuant to
CALCRIM No. 600, which explained the requirement of an intent to kill. Further
instructions were given pursuant to CALCRIM No. 401 regarding direct aiding and
abetting liability. The jury was not instructed pursuant to CALCRIM Nos. 402 or 403,
nor was it otherwise instructed on the natural and probable consequences doctrine. (See
Bench Notes to CALCRIM No. 401 [stating, inter alia, “If the prosecution charges non-
target crimes under the Natural and Probable Consequences Doctrine, give CALCRIM
No. 402 … if both non-target and target crimes have been charged. Give CALCRIM
No. 403 … if only the non-target crimes have been charged”].)
Respondent notes the absence of “any instructions on [a] natural and probable
consequences theory.” Larios does not contend otherwise, but he argues the CALCRIM
No. 401 instruction was “legally incorrect” because it did not discuss principles of
implied malice. He specifically complains the instruction omitted “[t]he requirement that
[Larios] ‘knows that his conduct endangers the life of another and acts with conscious
disregard for life.’” The argument is nonsensical.
Knowing one’s conduct endangers the life of another and acting with conscious
disregard for life is the mental state of implied malice. (People v. Cravens (2012) 53
Cal.4th 500, 507; People v. Chun (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1172, 1181.) “Attempted murder
requires express malice, i.e., intent to kill. Implied malice—a conscious disregard for
life—suffices for murder but not attempted murder.” (People v. Stone (2009) 46 Cal.4th
9.
131, 139–140; see People v. Brito (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 316, 321 [“California courts
have consistently held that there are no crimes of attempted felony murder, attempted
murder based on implied malice, and attempted involuntary manslaughter, since all of
these crimes by definition do not require the defendant have the specific intent to kill”].)
Therefore, it was entirely proper that no instructions were given to Larios’s jury
regarding implied malice.
In summary, the record indicates Larios was prosecuted for attempted murder
based on a theory he was either the shooter or a direct aider and abettor who acted with
the intent to kill. The jury convicted him of attempted murder and made true findings on
allegations of premeditation and deliberation. Because Larios cannot show he was
convicted based on the natural and probable consequences doctrine, he is ineligible for
relief under section 1170.95 as a matter of law. (Accord, People v. Coley (2022) __
Cal.App.5th __, __ [2022 Cal.App. LEXIS 319 at *13].) It follows that Larios was not
prejudiced by the trial court’s failure to grant his request for appointed counsel.
DISPOSITION
The order from which the appeal is taken is affirmed.
PEÑA, J.
WE CONCUR:
POOCHIGIAN, Acting P. J.
FRANSON, J.
10.